带水平加强层的高层混合结构抗震性能分析及振动台试验研究
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摘要
高层混合结构是由钢框架(或型钢混凝土框架、钢管混凝土框架)与钢筋混凝土筒体(或型钢混凝土筒体)组合而成,随着建筑高度的增加,需设置水平加强层(一般为伸臂桁架),这种结构体系在高层及超高层建筑中应用越来越多,但是关于该种结构体系在地震作用下的反应研究并不够深入,存在理论落后于实践的问题。本文以兰州红楼时代广场(典型的框架-核心筒-伸臂桁架加强层结构体系)为研究背景,对该种结构体系的抗震性能及振动台试验进行了研究,完成的工作和取得的主要成果如下：
(1)系统总结了国内外关于型钢混凝土剪力墙试验的结果,将型钢混凝土剪力墙的破坏划分为三个阶段,理论推导的同时加以试验数据的回归修正,得到了型钢混凝土剪力墙的骨架曲线,最后结合试验结果提出了四折线考虑刚度退化的定点指向型恢复力模型。该恢复力模型计算参数物理意义明确,便于计算机的程序化,可以为钢骨混凝土剪力墙结构的弹塑性动力分析提供一定的参考。采用OpenSEES中的纤维单元,并考虑剪切作用的影响,对型钢混凝土剪力墙进行了水平往复荷载作用下的滞回性能分析。将本文的滞回模型、纤维模型计算值与试验数据进行比较,三者吻合较好,表明本文提出的恢复力模型的可靠性。
(2)从方钢管混凝土柱的截面层次出发,结合试验结果,将构件的破坏分为了两个阶段,理论推导了构件的骨架曲线,得出了方钢管混凝土柱的三折线滞回模型。最后利用OpenSEES软件中的纤维梁柱单元,对方钢管混凝土柱进行了水平往复荷载作用下的滞回性能分析。将本文的滞回模型、纤维模型计算值与试验数据进行比较,三者吻合较好,表明本文提出的恢复力模型的可靠性。
(3)通过对伸臂桁架加强层受力机理的分析,将加强层模型简化为悬臂式格构钢柱模型,以结构顶点位移为控制指标,分析了伸臂梁的抗弯刚度、桁架腹杆的轴向刚度的变化对结构侧移的影响,提出了伸臂梁抗弯刚度与剪力墙抗弯刚度之比α、桁架腹杆轴向刚度与框架柱轴向刚度之比β的量化指标。最后通过两个工程案例,得出设置一道伸臂桁架加强层时线刚度比α的最优范围为0.25～1.0,β的最优范围为1.0～4.0；设置两道伸臂桁架加强层时线刚度比α的最优范围为0.25～1.0,β的最优范围为1.0～3.0；对于设置两道伸臂桁架加强层的结构,增加下部加强层伸臂梁抗弯刚度增加对结构抗侧移的效果明显优于增加上部加强层伸臂梁抗弯刚度的效果
(4)通过对静力弹塑性分析及动力弹塑性分析原理及方法的研究,总结了两种分析方法目前存在的问题,并对静力弹塑性的单一模态推覆分析做了改进,推导了多模态推覆分析的方法。结合本文研究背景的工程实例,分别对其进行了静力及动力弹塑性分析。通过对该结构不同加载模式的对比分析,得出不同的加载模式,结果相差较大,建议实际工程的设计分析宜采用多种加载模式进行综合判别；多模态推覆分析考虑了高阶振型的影响结果,对于高阶振型占主要作用的结构宜采用多模态推覆分析的方法；结构动力弹塑性分析,能够得到结构在罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性变形,但受所选地震波的影响比较大,需与静力弹塑性分析相结合,对结构的抗震性能做出综合判定。
(5)以兰州红楼时代广场为原型,进行了1：25比例缩尺模型的振动台地震模型试验,试验的加速度相似比为1.6：1,模型结构经历了相当于8度小震到8度大震的单向及双向水平地震动输入,得到了结构在各强度地震作用下的层间位移、层间加速度、层间剪力等的分布规律。通过有限元软件模拟与试验结果的对比分析,分析并总结了结构在试验时各工况下的试验现象,找出各种现象出现的原因。结合软件计算结果,综合判断了结构的薄弱部位,并给出相应的加强措施,可以为此类结构体系在高烈度区的设计和应用提供参考。
Hybrid structure is composed of steel frame (or steel reinforced concrete or concrete-filled steel tube frame) and reinforced concrete tube (or steel reinforced concrete tube), with the increase of the building height, need to set the strengthened layer (general for the outrigger truss), the structure of this system is more and more used in high-rise and super high-rise buildings, but the study of this kind structural system under the action of seismic response are not deep enough, have problems of the theory behind the practice. According to the Lanzhou Red Mansions Times Square Building as the research background (a typical Structural system of framework-core tube-outrigger trusses strengthened layer), study on the seismic performance and shaking table test of this kind of structure system, the completion of the work and the main results achieved are as follows:
(1) Summarized the test results of steel reinforced concrete shear wall at home and abroad, the destruction of steel reinforced concrete shear wall is divided into three stages, theoretical to experimental data regression correction, get the skeleton curve of steel reinforced concrete shear walls. Finally, based on the test results proposed the restoring force model of four polyline considering stiffness degradation with designated point type.This restoring force model's calculation parameters have clearly physical meaning, easy to computer programmed, it can provide certain reference for the elastic-plastic dynamic analysis of the structure with the steel reinforced concrete shear wall. Using fiber unit in program of OpenSEES, consider the impact of shearing at the same time, the steel reinforced concrete shear walls hysteretic behavior are analyzed under horizontal reciprocating loads. This article hysteretic model, fiber model calculated value and test data are compare together, the results shows that the degree of agreement of the three is good, prove that the reliability of the restoring force model proposed in this paper.
(2) From the level of cross-section of the steel square tubular column, combine with the test results, the destruction of steel square tubular column is divided into two stages, derivation the skeleton curve of the components, obtained three line hysteretic model of concrete-filled steel tube column. Finally, using the fiber beam-column element in OpenSEES program, the steel square tubular column hysteretic behaviors are analyzed under horizontal reciprocating loads. This article hysteretic model, fiber model calculated value and test data are compare together, the results shows that the degree of agreement of the three is good, prove that the reliability of the restoring force model proposed in this paper.
(3) Through the stress mechanism analysis of the outrigger truss strengthened layer, take the reinforced layer model simplified as cantilevered latticed steel columns model. Take vertex displacement of the structure as the control indicators, analysis changes in bending stiffness of outrigger beam and axial stiffness of the truss web impact on lateral displacement of the structure. Proposed quantitative indicators by outrigger beam bending stiffness and shear wall bending stiffness ratio α, truss web axial stiffness and the frame column axial stiffness ratio β. Finally, through the two projects, obtains that linear stiffness ratio a of one outrigger truss strengthened layer optimum range is0.25to1.0, linear stiffness ratio β optimum range is1.0to4.0; linear stiffness ratio a of two outrigger trusses strengthened layer optimum range is0.25to1.0, linear stiffness ratio β optimum range is1.0to3.0; For the two outrigger trusses strengthened layer structure, increase the lower part of the strengthened layer outrigger beam's bending stiffness to increases the effect of resistance to lateral of the structure than increase the upper.
(4) Through the static elastic-plastic analysis and dynamic elastic-plastic analysis principle and method of research, find out the problems of the two kinds analysis method, and static elastic-plastic analysis single modal pushover analysis to do an improved, derivation of a multi-modal pushover analysis method. Take advantage of the project of this paper's research background, respectively for the static and dynamic elastic-plastic analysis. Comparative analysis of the structure of different loading patterns, the results are quite different; Proposed that practical engineering design should adopt a variety of loading patterns to synthetic discriminant; Multi-modal pushover analysis considering the impact of higher modes, higher modes who dominant the structure should adopt a multi-modal pushover analysis method; In the structural dynamic elastoplastic analysis, can get the elastic and plastic deformation of the structure under the rare earthquake, but the influence of the selected seismic wave is relatively large, need to combined with the static elastoplastic analysis's result make a comprehensive judgment on the seismic performance.
(5) Take Lanzhou Red Mansions Times Square as the prototype, a shaking table model test of the1:25scale models to carried out, the acceleration of the test similar ratio is1.6:1, model structure experienced a series of earthquake equivalent to8degrees of small earthquake to8degrees of large earthquake one-way and two-way earthquake ground motion input, obtained the law of interlayer displacement, acceleration, interlayer shear force distribution of the structure under the effect of the intensity of earthquake. Comparative analysis by finite element software simulation and test results, analysis and summary the phenomenon of the structure in the test, find out the reasons of the various phenomena. Combined with software calculation results, the weak parts of the structure were comprehensive judgment and give the corresponding strengthening measures at the same time, can provide a reference for the design and application of this kind of structure system in high intensity area.
(1)系统总结了国内外关于型钢混凝土剪力墙试验的结果,将型钢混凝土剪力墙的破坏划分为三个阶段,理论推导的同时加以试验数据的回归修正,得到了型钢混凝土剪力墙的骨架曲线,最后结合试验结果提出了四折线考虑刚度退化的定点指向型恢复力模型。该恢复力模型计算参数物理意义明确,便于计算机的程序化,可以为钢骨混凝土剪力墙结构的弹塑性动力分析提供一定的参考。采用OpenSEES中的纤维单元,并考虑剪切作用的影响,对型钢混凝土剪力墙进行了水平往复荷载作用下的滞回性能分析。将本文的滞回模型、纤维模型计算值与试验数据进行比较,三者吻合较好,表明本文提出的恢复力模型的可靠性。
(2)从方钢管混凝土柱的截面层次出发,结合试验结果,将构件的破坏分为了两个阶段,理论推导了构件的骨架曲线,得出了方钢管混凝土柱的三折线滞回模型。最后利用OpenSEES软件中的纤维梁柱单元,对方钢管混凝土柱进行了水平往复荷载作用下的滞回性能分析。将本文的滞回模型、纤维模型计算值与试验数据进行比较,三者吻合较好,表明本文提出的恢复力模型的可靠性。
(3)通过对伸臂桁架加强层受力机理的分析,将加强层模型简化为悬臂式格构钢柱模型,以结构顶点位移为控制指标,分析了伸臂梁的抗弯刚度、桁架腹杆的轴向刚度的变化对结构侧移的影响,提出了伸臂梁抗弯刚度与剪力墙抗弯刚度之比α、桁架腹杆轴向刚度与框架柱轴向刚度之比β的量化指标。最后通过两个工程案例,得出设置一道伸臂桁架加强层时线刚度比α的最优范围为0.25～1.0,β的最优范围为1.0～4.0；设置两道伸臂桁架加强层时线刚度比α的最优范围为0.25～1.0,β的最优范围为1.0～3.0；对于设置两道伸臂桁架加强层的结构,增加下部加强层伸臂梁抗弯刚度增加对结构抗侧移的效果明显优于增加上部加强层伸臂梁抗弯刚度的效果
(4)通过对静力弹塑性分析及动力弹塑性分析原理及方法的研究,总结了两种分析方法目前存在的问题,并对静力弹塑性的单一模态推覆分析做了改进,推导了多模态推覆分析的方法。结合本文研究背景的工程实例,分别对其进行了静力及动力弹塑性分析。通过对该结构不同加载模式的对比分析,得出不同的加载模式,结果相差较大,建议实际工程的设计分析宜采用多种加载模式进行综合判别；多模态推覆分析考虑了高阶振型的影响结果,对于高阶振型占主要作用的结构宜采用多模态推覆分析的方法；结构动力弹塑性分析,能够得到结构在罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性变形,但受所选地震波的影响比较大,需与静力弹塑性分析相结合,对结构的抗震性能做出综合判定。
(5)以兰州红楼时代广场为原型,进行了1：25比例缩尺模型的振动台地震模型试验,试验的加速度相似比为1.6：1,模型结构经历了相当于8度小震到8度大震的单向及双向水平地震动输入,得到了结构在各强度地震作用下的层间位移、层间加速度、层间剪力等的分布规律。通过有限元软件模拟与试验结果的对比分析,分析并总结了结构在试验时各工况下的试验现象,找出各种现象出现的原因。结合软件计算结果,综合判断了结构的薄弱部位,并给出相应的加强措施,可以为此类结构体系在高烈度区的设计和应用提供参考。
Hybrid structure is composed of steel frame (or steel reinforced concrete or concrete-filled steel tube frame) and reinforced concrete tube (or steel reinforced concrete tube), with the increase of the building height, need to set the strengthened layer (general for the outrigger truss), the structure of this system is more and more used in high-rise and super high-rise buildings, but the study of this kind structural system under the action of seismic response are not deep enough, have problems of the theory behind the practice. According to the Lanzhou Red Mansions Times Square Building as the research background (a typical Structural system of framework-core tube-outrigger trusses strengthened layer), study on the seismic performance and shaking table test of this kind of structure system, the completion of the work and the main results achieved are as follows:
(1) Summarized the test results of steel reinforced concrete shear wall at home and abroad, the destruction of steel reinforced concrete shear wall is divided into three stages, theoretical to experimental data regression correction, get the skeleton curve of steel reinforced concrete shear walls. Finally, based on the test results proposed the restoring force model of four polyline considering stiffness degradation with designated point type.This restoring force model's calculation parameters have clearly physical meaning, easy to computer programmed, it can provide certain reference for the elastic-plastic dynamic analysis of the structure with the steel reinforced concrete shear wall. Using fiber unit in program of OpenSEES, consider the impact of shearing at the same time, the steel reinforced concrete shear walls hysteretic behavior are analyzed under horizontal reciprocating loads. This article hysteretic model, fiber model calculated value and test data are compare together, the results shows that the degree of agreement of the three is good, prove that the reliability of the restoring force model proposed in this paper.
(2) From the level of cross-section of the steel square tubular column, combine with the test results, the destruction of steel square tubular column is divided into two stages, derivation the skeleton curve of the components, obtained three line hysteretic model of concrete-filled steel tube column. Finally, using the fiber beam-column element in OpenSEES program, the steel square tubular column hysteretic behaviors are analyzed under horizontal reciprocating loads. This article hysteretic model, fiber model calculated value and test data are compare together, the results shows that the degree of agreement of the three is good, prove that the reliability of the restoring force model proposed in this paper.
(3) Through the stress mechanism analysis of the outrigger truss strengthened layer, take the reinforced layer model simplified as cantilevered latticed steel columns model. Take vertex displacement of the structure as the control indicators, analysis changes in bending stiffness of outrigger beam and axial stiffness of the truss web impact on lateral displacement of the structure. Proposed quantitative indicators by outrigger beam bending stiffness and shear wall bending stiffness ratio α, truss web axial stiffness and the frame column axial stiffness ratio β. Finally, through the two projects, obtains that linear stiffness ratio a of one outrigger truss strengthened layer optimum range is0.25to1.0, linear stiffness ratio β optimum range is1.0to4.0; linear stiffness ratio a of two outrigger trusses strengthened layer optimum range is0.25to1.0, linear stiffness ratio β optimum range is1.0to3.0; For the two outrigger trusses strengthened layer structure, increase the lower part of the strengthened layer outrigger beam's bending stiffness to increases the effect of resistance to lateral of the structure than increase the upper.
(4) Through the static elastic-plastic analysis and dynamic elastic-plastic analysis principle and method of research, find out the problems of the two kinds analysis method, and static elastic-plastic analysis single modal pushover analysis to do an improved, derivation of a multi-modal pushover analysis method. Take advantage of the project of this paper's research background, respectively for the static and dynamic elastic-plastic analysis. Comparative analysis of the structure of different loading patterns, the results are quite different; Proposed that practical engineering design should adopt a variety of loading patterns to synthetic discriminant; Multi-modal pushover analysis considering the impact of higher modes, higher modes who dominant the structure should adopt a multi-modal pushover analysis method; In the structural dynamic elastoplastic analysis, can get the elastic and plastic deformation of the structure under the rare earthquake, but the influence of the selected seismic wave is relatively large, need to combined with the static elastoplastic analysis's result make a comprehensive judgment on the seismic performance.
(5) Take Lanzhou Red Mansions Times Square as the prototype, a shaking table model test of the1:25scale models to carried out, the acceleration of the test similar ratio is1.6:1, model structure experienced a series of earthquake equivalent to8degrees of small earthquake to8degrees of large earthquake one-way and two-way earthquake ground motion input, obtained the law of interlayer displacement, acceleration, interlayer shear force distribution of the structure under the effect of the intensity of earthquake. Comparative analysis by finite element software simulation and test results, analysis and summary the phenomenon of the structure in the test, find out the reasons of the various phenomena. Combined with software calculation results, the weak parts of the structure were comprehensive judgment and give the corresponding strengthening measures at the same time, can provide a reference for the design and application of this kind of structure system in high intensity area.
引文
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