严寒地区土壤源热泵系统地埋管运行特性研究
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摘要
土壤源热泵是一项利用可再生能源进行供暖供冷的节能环保技术,随着人们节能环保意识的提高,近年来该项技术在国内外备受关注。严寒地区土壤初始温度低,土壤源热泵冬季运行时地埋管换热器周围土壤容易出现冻结现象,土壤冻结后导热性能增强,同时水分相变释放出的潜热量很大,这些均有利于提高地埋管换热器的换热量,但关于这方面的研究很少,对于土壤冻结对地埋管换热器换热量的影响有多大,现阶段并未有明确的说明;而且现有的地埋管换热器的传热模型大都未考虑出现土壤冻结现象后,由于相变潜热的释放和物性参数的变化使导热控制方程具有非线性的特点。尽管在严寒地区应用土壤源热泵会由于冬夏负荷不平衡降低系统的整体性能,但对于一些远离城市热网而且对污染物排放有较高要求的区域,应用土壤源热泵仍具有一定的合理性,因此本文将对严寒地区土壤源热泵系统地埋管换热器运行特性进行相关的研究。
在借鉴国内外有关地埋管换热器传热模型的基础上,分析了严寒地区地埋管换热器的传热机理,针对土壤冻结后热传导方程非线性的特点,对地埋管换热器的管道截面进行了转换,采用方形截面的管道代替垂直U型埋管换热器的圆管,给出了管道截面转换的修正条件,并在直角坐标系下建立了考虑土壤冻结的地埋管换热器的数学模型,其中对于土壤的相变采用显热容法处理,该模型考虑了进出水支管传热的不对称性,并可实现对存在非线性项的地埋管换热器管群温度场进行整体求解,为模拟严寒地区土壤源热泵系统的运行特性奠定了基础。
建立了地埋管换热器低温取热实验系统,根据对系统连续运行测试的结果,对严寒地区地埋管换热器的低温取热特性进行了分析,得到了连续低温取热工况下地埋管换热器的单位深度换热量,并利用实验数据验证了本文对管道截面转换后所建立的地埋管换热器的数学模型。
在所建立的考虑土壤冻结的地埋管换热器传热模型的基础上,模拟研究了不同进口流体温度、土壤初始温度、土壤类型和土壤含水量对地埋管换热器周围土壤冻结特性的影响,并进一步分析了土壤冻结对地埋管换热器换热量的影响,为在实际工程中准确考虑土壤冻结对地埋管换热器换热量的影响提供了重要的理论支持。
采用考虑土壤冻结的地埋管换热器管群传热模型,对影响地埋管换热器运行特性的管内流体的流量、管材、钻孔的深度、地埋管换热器两支管的间距、钻孔间距等因素进行了分析;根据对管群中不同位置地埋管换热器的换热能力以及管群长期单季节运行时的土壤温度场和换热量进行的计算分析,给出了严寒地区地埋管换热器推荐钻孔间距,该部分工作有助于在严寒地区地埋管换热器管群的设计中选取合理的参数。
以哈尔滨地区一幢单体建筑为例,对严寒地区土壤源热泵系统的全年运行特性进行了模拟研究,分析了采暖期地埋管换热器的进出口流体温度变化趋势、地埋管换热器的取热量,以及土壤源热泵系统的供暖性能系数;针对供暖期结束后土壤温度较低的特点,对夏季采用土壤源热泵系统供冷和不启动热泵机组利用土壤冷源直接供冷的运行模式进行了比较,分析了两种不同模式的运行特性。此外,根据对严寒地区土壤热泵源系统全年土壤取放热量的计算,分析了严寒地区土壤冬夏取放热量的不平衡率,为严寒地区土壤源热泵系统的优化运行以及采取技术措施改善土壤取放热量不平衡的不利影响提供了参考。
Ground coupled heat pump is a renewable energy technique for heating and cooling supply, which is well known for its energy conservation, environment protection. In recent years, with the improvement of the awareness of energy conservation and environment protection, increasing attention has been paid to ground coupled heat pump system. Because the initial soil temperature is low in cold climate, the soil freezing phenomenon is likely to occur when ground coupled heat pump system is utilized in winter. When the soil around ground heat exchanger is frozen, the thermal conductivity of soil will increase, and the latent heat released by phase transition of soil water is very large, which are benefit to enhance the heat transfer of ground heat exchanger. Whereas, only a few related researches has been done on this subject, and there is no clear conclusion of the exactly effect of soil freezing on enhancing the heat transfer of ground heat exchanger. And most of current heat transfer model of ground heat exchanger do not consider the nonlinear characteristic of heat transfer control equation when the soil is frozen. Although the performance of ground coupled heat pump in cold climate will decrease by the unbalance of cooling and heating load, the utilization of ground coupled heat pump in cold climate is still reasonable for some regions, such as regions far away from district heating plant and high standards are required for waste discharging. Therefore, the operation characteristic of ground heat exchanger for ground coupled heat pump system in cold climate will be studied in this thesis.
Based on domestic and foreign achievements in the heat transfer model of ground heat exchanger, the heat transfer mechanism of ground heat exchanger in cold climate is analyzed. In view of the nonlinear characteristic of heat transfer equation with soil freezing, the pipe section of ground heat exchanger is transformed and the circular pipe is replaced with square pipe. The revised principle of pipe section transformation is provided and the phase transition of soil is solved by apparent heat capacity method. The heat transfer model takes the unsymmetrical heat transfer of inlet and outlet branch into account, and can be used to solve nonlinear heat conduction equation for multiple boreholes heat transfer problem. This model has laid foundation for simulating the performance of ground coupled heat pump system in cold climate.
An experimental system is set up for low temperature heat extraction of ground heat exchanger. Based on the measuring results of continuous operation, the low temperature heat extraction characteristic of ground heat exchanger in cold climate is analyzed, and the heat transfer rate per unit depth of ground heat exchanger with continuous low temperature operation is obtained. Furthermore, the experimental results is used to validate the heat transfer model of ground heat exchanger with transformed pipe section.
On the basis of the established heat transfer model ground heat exchanger which take soil freezing into account, the soil freezing characteristic around ground heat exchanger is studied through numerical simulation, some influence factors such as inlet fluid temperature, initial soil temperature, soil type and soil water content are analyzed. And the effect of soil freezing on heat transfer of ground heat exchanger is analyzed also. This part of work provides important theoretical support for accurately considering the effect of soil freezing on heat transfer of ground heat exchanger in actual project.
With the heat transfer model for multiple boreholes, the factors which can affect operation characteristic of ground heat exchanger are analyzed, such as flow rate, pipe material, borehole depth, distance between two pipe of U tube, distance between boreholes, etc. Moreover, the heat transfer rate of ground heat exchanger in different position of borehole field and the heat transfer and soil temperature variation with long term single season operation are calculated and analyzed, and the recommended distance between boreholes is provided for ground heat exchanger in cold climate. This part is helpful to select reasonable design parameters of ground heat exchanger in cold climate.
Taking a single building in HARBIN as an example, the whole year operation performance of ground coupled heat pump system in cold climate is studied. The performance in heating season is analyzed, including variation of inlet and outlet fluid temperature of ground heat exchanger, the heat extracted from soil and the heating supply performance of coefficient of the ground coupled heat pump system. In view of the low temperature of soil after heating season, comparison is made between ground coupled heat pump system supply cooling and ground sink direct cooling system, and the performance of both cooling supply mode is analyzed. According to the calculation of the heat extracted from soil and heat rejected into soil after whole year operation of ground coupled heat pump system, the imbalance rate of soil heat transfer is analyzed, which can provide reference for optimizing operation of ground coupled heat pump system in cold climate, and for taking technical measures to improve the unfavorable effect of soil heat transfer imbalance.
在借鉴国内外有关地埋管换热器传热模型的基础上,分析了严寒地区地埋管换热器的传热机理,针对土壤冻结后热传导方程非线性的特点,对地埋管换热器的管道截面进行了转换,采用方形截面的管道代替垂直U型埋管换热器的圆管,给出了管道截面转换的修正条件,并在直角坐标系下建立了考虑土壤冻结的地埋管换热器的数学模型,其中对于土壤的相变采用显热容法处理,该模型考虑了进出水支管传热的不对称性,并可实现对存在非线性项的地埋管换热器管群温度场进行整体求解,为模拟严寒地区土壤源热泵系统的运行特性奠定了基础。
建立了地埋管换热器低温取热实验系统,根据对系统连续运行测试的结果,对严寒地区地埋管换热器的低温取热特性进行了分析,得到了连续低温取热工况下地埋管换热器的单位深度换热量,并利用实验数据验证了本文对管道截面转换后所建立的地埋管换热器的数学模型。
在所建立的考虑土壤冻结的地埋管换热器传热模型的基础上,模拟研究了不同进口流体温度、土壤初始温度、土壤类型和土壤含水量对地埋管换热器周围土壤冻结特性的影响,并进一步分析了土壤冻结对地埋管换热器换热量的影响,为在实际工程中准确考虑土壤冻结对地埋管换热器换热量的影响提供了重要的理论支持。
采用考虑土壤冻结的地埋管换热器管群传热模型,对影响地埋管换热器运行特性的管内流体的流量、管材、钻孔的深度、地埋管换热器两支管的间距、钻孔间距等因素进行了分析;根据对管群中不同位置地埋管换热器的换热能力以及管群长期单季节运行时的土壤温度场和换热量进行的计算分析,给出了严寒地区地埋管换热器推荐钻孔间距,该部分工作有助于在严寒地区地埋管换热器管群的设计中选取合理的参数。
以哈尔滨地区一幢单体建筑为例,对严寒地区土壤源热泵系统的全年运行特性进行了模拟研究,分析了采暖期地埋管换热器的进出口流体温度变化趋势、地埋管换热器的取热量,以及土壤源热泵系统的供暖性能系数;针对供暖期结束后土壤温度较低的特点,对夏季采用土壤源热泵系统供冷和不启动热泵机组利用土壤冷源直接供冷的运行模式进行了比较,分析了两种不同模式的运行特性。此外,根据对严寒地区土壤热泵源系统全年土壤取放热量的计算,分析了严寒地区土壤冬夏取放热量的不平衡率,为严寒地区土壤源热泵系统的优化运行以及采取技术措施改善土壤取放热量不平衡的不利影响提供了参考。
Ground coupled heat pump is a renewable energy technique for heating and cooling supply, which is well known for its energy conservation, environment protection. In recent years, with the improvement of the awareness of energy conservation and environment protection, increasing attention has been paid to ground coupled heat pump system. Because the initial soil temperature is low in cold climate, the soil freezing phenomenon is likely to occur when ground coupled heat pump system is utilized in winter. When the soil around ground heat exchanger is frozen, the thermal conductivity of soil will increase, and the latent heat released by phase transition of soil water is very large, which are benefit to enhance the heat transfer of ground heat exchanger. Whereas, only a few related researches has been done on this subject, and there is no clear conclusion of the exactly effect of soil freezing on enhancing the heat transfer of ground heat exchanger. And most of current heat transfer model of ground heat exchanger do not consider the nonlinear characteristic of heat transfer control equation when the soil is frozen. Although the performance of ground coupled heat pump in cold climate will decrease by the unbalance of cooling and heating load, the utilization of ground coupled heat pump in cold climate is still reasonable for some regions, such as regions far away from district heating plant and high standards are required for waste discharging. Therefore, the operation characteristic of ground heat exchanger for ground coupled heat pump system in cold climate will be studied in this thesis.
Based on domestic and foreign achievements in the heat transfer model of ground heat exchanger, the heat transfer mechanism of ground heat exchanger in cold climate is analyzed. In view of the nonlinear characteristic of heat transfer equation with soil freezing, the pipe section of ground heat exchanger is transformed and the circular pipe is replaced with square pipe. The revised principle of pipe section transformation is provided and the phase transition of soil is solved by apparent heat capacity method. The heat transfer model takes the unsymmetrical heat transfer of inlet and outlet branch into account, and can be used to solve nonlinear heat conduction equation for multiple boreholes heat transfer problem. This model has laid foundation for simulating the performance of ground coupled heat pump system in cold climate.
An experimental system is set up for low temperature heat extraction of ground heat exchanger. Based on the measuring results of continuous operation, the low temperature heat extraction characteristic of ground heat exchanger in cold climate is analyzed, and the heat transfer rate per unit depth of ground heat exchanger with continuous low temperature operation is obtained. Furthermore, the experimental results is used to validate the heat transfer model of ground heat exchanger with transformed pipe section.
On the basis of the established heat transfer model ground heat exchanger which take soil freezing into account, the soil freezing characteristic around ground heat exchanger is studied through numerical simulation, some influence factors such as inlet fluid temperature, initial soil temperature, soil type and soil water content are analyzed. And the effect of soil freezing on heat transfer of ground heat exchanger is analyzed also. This part of work provides important theoretical support for accurately considering the effect of soil freezing on heat transfer of ground heat exchanger in actual project.
With the heat transfer model for multiple boreholes, the factors which can affect operation characteristic of ground heat exchanger are analyzed, such as flow rate, pipe material, borehole depth, distance between two pipe of U tube, distance between boreholes, etc. Moreover, the heat transfer rate of ground heat exchanger in different position of borehole field and the heat transfer and soil temperature variation with long term single season operation are calculated and analyzed, and the recommended distance between boreholes is provided for ground heat exchanger in cold climate. This part is helpful to select reasonable design parameters of ground heat exchanger in cold climate.
Taking a single building in HARBIN as an example, the whole year operation performance of ground coupled heat pump system in cold climate is studied. The performance in heating season is analyzed, including variation of inlet and outlet fluid temperature of ground heat exchanger, the heat extracted from soil and the heating supply performance of coefficient of the ground coupled heat pump system. In view of the low temperature of soil after heating season, comparison is made between ground coupled heat pump system supply cooling and ground sink direct cooling system, and the performance of both cooling supply mode is analyzed. According to the calculation of the heat extracted from soil and heat rejected into soil after whole year operation of ground coupled heat pump system, the imbalance rate of soil heat transfer is analyzed, which can provide reference for optimizing operation of ground coupled heat pump system in cold climate, and for taking technical measures to improve the unfavorable effect of soil heat transfer imbalance.
引文
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