直流系统接地极电流场的分布特性及其对交流电网影响的研究
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摘要
随着直流输电工程的大规模建设,直流不平衡运行带来的电磁效应、热力效应和电化效应等负面影响已不容忽视。直流地电位分布引起的跨步电压可能影响人畜安全。直流地电流溢散引起的电化腐蚀可能缩短管网寿命,直流地电流分流引起的偏磁效应可能加剧设备损耗,严重时威胁交直流混联电网的安全稳定运行。在特高压大送端地区,接地极埋设数目更多,直流地电流更大,地质条件复杂多样,上述问题将更加突出。因此,研究直流系统接地极电流场的分布特性,了解直流单极运行工况对交流电网的影响程度,降低大送端地区多直流系统运行的防护成本,具有重要的科学意义和工程价值。
以直流系统接地极电流场为对象,综合考虑地质结构的区域差异及直流接地极的实际形状,建立了环状电流源的电场分区模型,提出了直流地电位分布的计算公式,研究了接地极周边的跨步电压水平,讨论了直流地电位分布计算时土层结构的简化方法。结果表明：直流地电位的计算公式为无穷级数；复合分层媒质中的圆环镜像包含两组,第一组与水平分层媒质的情况相同,第二组为第一组与反射系数的乘积并进行坐标平移；修莫尔法可用于土层结构简化,提高了直流地电位计算速度。
基于电流的渗透扩散模型,提出了地电流溢散的计算公式,研究了直流接地极注入电流在接地极内外环表面的溢流特性,以及在大地中不同轴向的散流特性；讨论了地电流溢散的主要影响因素。结果表明：电场力在圆环圆心产生了冲撞效应；当距离接地极较近时,接地极型式对溢散影响较大；当距离接地极较远时,土层结构对溢散影响较大；当送、受两端接地极极间距较小时,应考虑两极的共同作用。
建立了直流单极运行工况的混联电网模型,研究了直流接地极注入电流经交流电网的分流特性,以及直流地电流通路等效参数的构成原则。基于电阻率随土层深度变化的特点,探讨了直流地电流分流的计算方法。结果表明：直流地电流分流与大地分层数、各层电阻率及厚度相关,直流地电流分流与地理位置的关系可用离散的对数函数近似表示,直流电流源及复杂的大地分层电阻可等效为电压源及内阻。经验证,采用本文提出的方法计算直流地电流分流与实际基本相符。
针对特高压大送端地区的特点,研究了多直流系统接地极排布方式、运行工况、共用方案对地电流场分布特性的影响。以节约土地资源、降低防护成本为目标,探讨了同一区域多接地极共存的布置方法。
Along with the large-scale construction of HVDC project, the negative influence such as electromagnetic effect, thermal effect, electrochemical effect and so on which are brought by DC unbalanced operation can't be ignored. Distribution of DC earth surface potential will induce step voltage, which could affect human and animal safety. Overflow and divergence of DC grounding current will induce electrochemical corrosion, which could shorten the life of pipe network. Shunt of DC grounding current will induce magnetic bias effect, which could aggravate the loss of equipment. Severely, it will threaten the safe and stable operation of AC-DC interconnected system. Because the number of grounding electrode is rather more in the UHV large sending end area, DC grounding current is larger. With the complicated and diversified geological condition, the above problem must be more outstanding. Therefore, studying the distribution characteristics of DC grounding electrode's current filed, realizing the influence degree on AC power grid while the HVDC was operated in single-pole mode and reducing the protection cost for the operation of DC system in large sending end area have important scientific significance and project value.
DC Grounding electrode current field was the research object. The difference in geological structure and the shape of DC grounding electrode were considered. The electric field division model of circular current source was established. The calculation method for distribution of DC earth surface potential was put forward. The characteristics of step voltage around DC grounding electrode was studied. The soil structure simplification in the calculation of distribution of DC earth surface potential was discussed. The results show that the calculation formula for distribution of DC earth surface potential is infinite series. The circular mirror image in the complex stratificated medium contains two kinds. One is the same with that in the horizontal stratificated medium. Another is the product of the first one and the reflection coefficient with coordinate translation. The Hummel method can be used to simplify the soil structure and improve the calculation speed of DC earth surface potential.
Based on the infiltration and diffusion model of DC grounding current, the calculation formula for overflow and divergence of DC grounding current was put forward. The overflow of DC grounding current on inner and outer cirque surface of DC grounding electrode was studied. The divergence of DC grounding current at different directions in the earth was studied. The main influencing factors were discussed. The results show that the electric field force produces pounding effect in the center of cirque. When observation point is close to DC grounding electrode, the pattern of electrode has a big effect on the overflow and divergence of DC grounding current. When observation point is far from DC grounding electrode, soil structure has an effect on the overflow and divergence of DC grounding current. When the distance between DC grounding electrodes in the send area and receive area is short, the interaction of two electrodes should be considered.
The interconnected power system model was established while the HVDC was operated in single-pole mode. The characteristics of shunt of DC grounding current via AC power grid were studied. The component principle of equivalent parameters of DC grounding current pathway was studied. Based on the characteristics which the resistivity varied with the soil-layer depth, the calculating method for the shunt of DC grounding current was discussed. The results show that the shunt of DC grounding current is related to the number of earth layers, the resistivity and the thickness of each layer. The relationship between shunt of DC grounding current and the geographical position can be expressed approximately by discrete logarithmic function. DC current source and the complex earth stratification resistance can be equivalent to the voltage source and internal resistance. The calculation method proposed in this paper has been proven in good agreement with the actual.
In accordance with the characteristics of UHV large sending end area, the influence of different arrangement modes, operating conditions and sharing schemes of multiple DC systems'grounding electrodes on DC grounding current field was studied. In order to economize land resource and reduce the costing for protection, the arrangement means of multiple grounding electrodes exist in the same area are discussed.
以直流系统接地极电流场为对象,综合考虑地质结构的区域差异及直流接地极的实际形状,建立了环状电流源的电场分区模型,提出了直流地电位分布的计算公式,研究了接地极周边的跨步电压水平,讨论了直流地电位分布计算时土层结构的简化方法。结果表明：直流地电位的计算公式为无穷级数；复合分层媒质中的圆环镜像包含两组,第一组与水平分层媒质的情况相同,第二组为第一组与反射系数的乘积并进行坐标平移；修莫尔法可用于土层结构简化,提高了直流地电位计算速度。
基于电流的渗透扩散模型,提出了地电流溢散的计算公式,研究了直流接地极注入电流在接地极内外环表面的溢流特性,以及在大地中不同轴向的散流特性；讨论了地电流溢散的主要影响因素。结果表明：电场力在圆环圆心产生了冲撞效应；当距离接地极较近时,接地极型式对溢散影响较大；当距离接地极较远时,土层结构对溢散影响较大；当送、受两端接地极极间距较小时,应考虑两极的共同作用。
建立了直流单极运行工况的混联电网模型,研究了直流接地极注入电流经交流电网的分流特性,以及直流地电流通路等效参数的构成原则。基于电阻率随土层深度变化的特点,探讨了直流地电流分流的计算方法。结果表明：直流地电流分流与大地分层数、各层电阻率及厚度相关,直流地电流分流与地理位置的关系可用离散的对数函数近似表示,直流电流源及复杂的大地分层电阻可等效为电压源及内阻。经验证,采用本文提出的方法计算直流地电流分流与实际基本相符。
针对特高压大送端地区的特点,研究了多直流系统接地极排布方式、运行工况、共用方案对地电流场分布特性的影响。以节约土地资源、降低防护成本为目标,探讨了同一区域多接地极共存的布置方法。
Along with the large-scale construction of HVDC project, the negative influence such as electromagnetic effect, thermal effect, electrochemical effect and so on which are brought by DC unbalanced operation can't be ignored. Distribution of DC earth surface potential will induce step voltage, which could affect human and animal safety. Overflow and divergence of DC grounding current will induce electrochemical corrosion, which could shorten the life of pipe network. Shunt of DC grounding current will induce magnetic bias effect, which could aggravate the loss of equipment. Severely, it will threaten the safe and stable operation of AC-DC interconnected system. Because the number of grounding electrode is rather more in the UHV large sending end area, DC grounding current is larger. With the complicated and diversified geological condition, the above problem must be more outstanding. Therefore, studying the distribution characteristics of DC grounding electrode's current filed, realizing the influence degree on AC power grid while the HVDC was operated in single-pole mode and reducing the protection cost for the operation of DC system in large sending end area have important scientific significance and project value.
DC Grounding electrode current field was the research object. The difference in geological structure and the shape of DC grounding electrode were considered. The electric field division model of circular current source was established. The calculation method for distribution of DC earth surface potential was put forward. The characteristics of step voltage around DC grounding electrode was studied. The soil structure simplification in the calculation of distribution of DC earth surface potential was discussed. The results show that the calculation formula for distribution of DC earth surface potential is infinite series. The circular mirror image in the complex stratificated medium contains two kinds. One is the same with that in the horizontal stratificated medium. Another is the product of the first one and the reflection coefficient with coordinate translation. The Hummel method can be used to simplify the soil structure and improve the calculation speed of DC earth surface potential.
Based on the infiltration and diffusion model of DC grounding current, the calculation formula for overflow and divergence of DC grounding current was put forward. The overflow of DC grounding current on inner and outer cirque surface of DC grounding electrode was studied. The divergence of DC grounding current at different directions in the earth was studied. The main influencing factors were discussed. The results show that the electric field force produces pounding effect in the center of cirque. When observation point is close to DC grounding electrode, the pattern of electrode has a big effect on the overflow and divergence of DC grounding current. When observation point is far from DC grounding electrode, soil structure has an effect on the overflow and divergence of DC grounding current. When the distance between DC grounding electrodes in the send area and receive area is short, the interaction of two electrodes should be considered.
The interconnected power system model was established while the HVDC was operated in single-pole mode. The characteristics of shunt of DC grounding current via AC power grid were studied. The component principle of equivalent parameters of DC grounding current pathway was studied. Based on the characteristics which the resistivity varied with the soil-layer depth, the calculating method for the shunt of DC grounding current was discussed. The results show that the shunt of DC grounding current is related to the number of earth layers, the resistivity and the thickness of each layer. The relationship between shunt of DC grounding current and the geographical position can be expressed approximately by discrete logarithmic function. DC current source and the complex earth stratification resistance can be equivalent to the voltage source and internal resistance. The calculation method proposed in this paper has been proven in good agreement with the actual.
In accordance with the characteristics of UHV large sending end area, the influence of different arrangement modes, operating conditions and sharing schemes of multiple DC systems'grounding electrodes on DC grounding current field was studied. In order to economize land resource and reduce the costing for protection, the arrangement means of multiple grounding electrodes exist in the same area are discussed.
引文
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