冲绳海槽晚更新世——全新世的古环境演化
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摘要
利用取自冲绳海槽的三个柱状样 E017、DOC082 和 DOC024，通过对其生物地球
化学成分和微体古生物的分析，结合浮游有孔虫氧、碳同位素数据、AMS14C 测年结
果和已有的研究资料，分别研究了冲绳海槽中南部晚更世约 18ka BP 以来的古生产力
演化和冲绳海槽北部全新世古生产力、古海洋环境以及区域古气候的变迁，并探讨了
生产力演化、环境变迁和气候波动的机制及其意义。
E017 柱样中有机碳、碳酸钙、蛋白石和生物钡等生物地球化学指标以及浮游有
孔虫、底栖有孔虫、放射虫和硅鞭藻堆积速率一致显示：冲绳海槽中南部约 18ka BP
以来生产力的总体特征为冰期—冰消期高、冰后期—全新世低，其演化过程为分四个
阶段逐步下降，时间分别是 18-16ka BP、16-9ka BP、9-3ka BP 和 3-0ka BP；同时，
古生产力的这一演化过程还表现在浮游有孔虫组合和底栖有孔虫特征种的变化上。浮
游有孔虫 δ13C 和有机质 C/N 比、有机碳 δ13C（Wahyudi, 1997）等记录表明：冲绳海
槽中南部古生产力演化的控制机制是全球气候变化和海平面波动导致的陆源营养物
质输入的变化。DOC082 柱样中古生产力的地球化学指标和微体古生物指标反映冲绳
海槽中北部 3ka BP 之后的晚全新世生产力远远高于 11-3ka BP 期间的早、中全新世；
古生产力在 3ka BP 之后的异常是 El Ni?o 活动频率上升、强度增加的结果。DOC024
柱样所在的冲绳海槽北部区域，全新世 7ka BP 左右为生产力短暂的高值期，而中、
晚全新世约 6-0ka BP 之间生产力明显比较低；但该区的硅质生物生产量高值出现在
3.0ka BP 左右，3.0ka BP 之前逐渐增加，之后呈下降趋势。古生产力的该变化模式以
及不同指标之间的差异可能反映了黑潮以及与其相关的冷水涡漩和上升流这一局部
海洋环境的变动。
冲绳海槽中、北部 DOC082 和 DOC024 柱样中，微体古生物转换函数估计的表
层海水年平均温度的变化表明：全新世区域气候演化经历了早全新世 11—8.4ka BP
之间的渐暖期、中全新世 8.4—3.1ka BP 期间温暖的适宜期和晚全新世 3.1—0ka BP
期间变冷的波动期；同时，分别在 0.2-0.6、1.2、3.0、4.6、5.5 和 8.1ka BP 左右有 6
次气候变冷事件。与其它研究结果的对比发现全新世气候演化的这一总体趋势在全球
是基本一致的，其周期性波动可能在全球范围内具有普遍意义。
浮游有孔虫浅水种和深水种的变化以及转换函数估计结果显示：冲绳海槽中北部
区域，全新世 11-10ka BP 之间温跃层逐步加深，10-4.0ka BP 期间温跃层深度没有发
生明显的变化，3.0-0ka BP 之间温跃层变深，但海水上层结构不稳定，存在约 1232a
BP、719a BP 和 308a BP 3 个浅温跃层时期；温跃层深度的变化是受区域气候和东亚
i
常凤鸣 冲绳海槽晚更新世——全新世的古环境演化
季风控制的。冲绳海槽北部区域全新世 7.3-5.0ka BP 期间温跃层深，5.0-4.0ka BP 之
间温跃层深度逐渐下降，而约 3.0ka BP 以后温跃层显著变浅，但也出现了较大幅度
的波动；放射虫上升流指数（URI）、 浮游有孔虫上升流指示种 Globigerina bulloides
百分含量和表层海水年平均温度的变化表明上升流的发育程度明显地影响着该区温
跃层深度的变化。
依据现代 El Ni?o 事件的特征及其对东海海洋环境的影响，对冲绳海槽中北部区
域晚全新世约 4.0-3.0ka BP 之后生产力指数大幅度上升、年平均温度和季节温差明显
下降、温跃层加深等环境变化机制的分析表明：这些环境指标的异常反映了现代
ENSO 体系至少于中、晚全新世开始形成，并在约 3.0ka BP 之后显著加强，这一结论
与热带太平洋及其周边地区的海洋和陆地记录相当一致。
DOC082 和 DOC024 柱样中 δ18O 和 δ13C 的变化以及 DOC082 孔中古生产力指数
的异常可能反映了冲绳海槽北部 7.0ka BP 前后黑潮曾短期内减弱，但其主流轴没有
发生显著的变化，晚全新世 3.0ka BP 以后黑潮强度明显减弱；但由于冲绳海槽北部
的海洋环境十分复杂、DOC024 柱样中 7.0ka BP 左右火山活动的扰动作用以及
DOC082 孔过低的时间分辨率，这一结论有待进一步探讨。
Cores E017, DOC082 and DOC024, retrieved from the Okinawa Trough in the East China
Sea, respectively, are used to reconstruct productivity, climate and marine environmental
conditions changes in the middle-southern and the northern part of the Okinawa Trough based
on a multi-proxy approach including geochemical and micropaleontological proxies,
combined with detailed AMS 14C dates, stable isotope and other data acquired by previous
studies, during the late Pleistocene (~18-0ka BP) and Holocene. In addition, the mechanisms
of productivity, climate and marine environmental conditions fluctuations are discussed to
study their significations.
In core E017 from the middle-southern part of the Okinawa Trough, the geochemical
paleoproductivity proxies such as organic carbon, calcium carbonate, opal and biogenic
barium, also the accumulation rates of planktonic and benthic foraminifera, radiolaria and
silicoflagellate show the productivity decreased gradually from a late Pleistocene (~18ka BP)
maximum to a late Holocene minimum, so that four stages including 18-16ka BP, 16-9ka BP,
9-3ka BP and 3-0ka BP, can be recognized. In general, the paleoproductivity was higher
during the glacial and deglacial than the postglacial and Holocene. Also, the variation pattern
of paleoproductivity is evidenced by changes of planktonic foraminiferal assemblages and
benthic foraminiferal species that are correlated with the productivity. About the mechanism
of paleoproductivity evolution, the planktonic foraminiferal δ13C value, organic matter C/N
ratio and organic carbon δ13C (Wahyudi, 1997) suggest that it was controlled by the terrestrial
organic matter input induced by the regional and global climate changes and the fluctuations
of sea level. In the middle-northern part of the Okinawa Trough, the geochemical and
micropaleontological paleoproductivity proxies from core DOC082 indicate that the
productivity was low during the early and middle Holocene (11-3ka BP); In contrast, during
the late Holocene (3-0ka BP) it increased abruptly to a strikingly high value. This may reflect
the occurrence of stronger and more frequent El Ni?o events. The productivity was higher
markedly about 7ka BP of the Holocene than the period of 6-0ka BP in the northern part of
the Okinawa Trough, suggested by the data from core DOC024; but the peak fluxes of
silicious microfossils (radiolaria and silicoflagellate) occurred at 3.0ka BP, it showed
increased trend before 3.0ka BP and declined from 3.0 to 0ka BP. The variation pattern of
productivity and the differences in different paleoproductivity proxies may reflect the
variability of the Kuroshio Current, the cold eddy and upwelling associated with this warm
current during the Holocene.
iii
常凤鸣 冲绳海槽晚更新世——全新世的古环境演化
Mean annual sea surface temperature fluctuations in cores DOC082 and DOC024 from
the middle and northern part of the Okinawa Trough have been reconstructed through the last
11ka using the transfer functions of microfossils. The results show, during the Holocene, three
periods of the regional climate changes can be identified. During the early Holocene
(11-8.4ka BP) it shifted gradually from cold to warm; the middle Holocene Climatic Optimum,
between 8.4ka BP to 3.1ka BP, was warm; and the optimum climate was replaced by a cool
and fluctuant one after 3.1ka BP of the late Holocene. Also, six cold events (at~0.2-0.6, 1.2,
3.0, 4.6, 5.5 and 8.1ka BP) occurred through the last 11ky. The Holocene climate changes and
the cold events in the Okinawa Trough appear to correlate well with similar climatic changes
recorded in different regions of the word, suggesting comparability of Holocene global
climatic change trend and ubiquity of Holocene climatic instability.
The ratio of mixed-layer/thermocline-dwelling planktonic foraminiferal species and the
result estimated using transfer function suggest that the depth of thermocline grad
化学成分和微体古生物的分析，结合浮游有孔虫氧、碳同位素数据、AMS14C 测年结
果和已有的研究资料，分别研究了冲绳海槽中南部晚更世约 18ka BP 以来的古生产力
演化和冲绳海槽北部全新世古生产力、古海洋环境以及区域古气候的变迁，并探讨了
生产力演化、环境变迁和气候波动的机制及其意义。
E017 柱样中有机碳、碳酸钙、蛋白石和生物钡等生物地球化学指标以及浮游有
孔虫、底栖有孔虫、放射虫和硅鞭藻堆积速率一致显示：冲绳海槽中南部约 18ka BP
以来生产力的总体特征为冰期—冰消期高、冰后期—全新世低，其演化过程为分四个
阶段逐步下降，时间分别是 18-16ka BP、16-9ka BP、9-3ka BP 和 3-0ka BP；同时，
古生产力的这一演化过程还表现在浮游有孔虫组合和底栖有孔虫特征种的变化上。浮
游有孔虫 δ13C 和有机质 C/N 比、有机碳 δ13C（Wahyudi, 1997）等记录表明：冲绳海
槽中南部古生产力演化的控制机制是全球气候变化和海平面波动导致的陆源营养物
质输入的变化。DOC082 柱样中古生产力的地球化学指标和微体古生物指标反映冲绳
海槽中北部 3ka BP 之后的晚全新世生产力远远高于 11-3ka BP 期间的早、中全新世；
古生产力在 3ka BP 之后的异常是 El Ni?o 活动频率上升、强度增加的结果。DOC024
柱样所在的冲绳海槽北部区域，全新世 7ka BP 左右为生产力短暂的高值期，而中、
晚全新世约 6-0ka BP 之间生产力明显比较低；但该区的硅质生物生产量高值出现在
3.0ka BP 左右，3.0ka BP 之前逐渐增加，之后呈下降趋势。古生产力的该变化模式以
及不同指标之间的差异可能反映了黑潮以及与其相关的冷水涡漩和上升流这一局部
海洋环境的变动。
冲绳海槽中、北部 DOC082 和 DOC024 柱样中，微体古生物转换函数估计的表
层海水年平均温度的变化表明：全新世区域气候演化经历了早全新世 11—8.4ka BP
之间的渐暖期、中全新世 8.4—3.1ka BP 期间温暖的适宜期和晚全新世 3.1—0ka BP
期间变冷的波动期；同时，分别在 0.2-0.6、1.2、3.0、4.6、5.5 和 8.1ka BP 左右有 6
次气候变冷事件。与其它研究结果的对比发现全新世气候演化的这一总体趋势在全球
是基本一致的，其周期性波动可能在全球范围内具有普遍意义。
浮游有孔虫浅水种和深水种的变化以及转换函数估计结果显示：冲绳海槽中北部
区域，全新世 11-10ka BP 之间温跃层逐步加深，10-4.0ka BP 期间温跃层深度没有发
生明显的变化，3.0-0ka BP 之间温跃层变深，但海水上层结构不稳定，存在约 1232a
BP、719a BP 和 308a BP 3 个浅温跃层时期；温跃层深度的变化是受区域气候和东亚
i
常凤鸣 冲绳海槽晚更新世——全新世的古环境演化
季风控制的。冲绳海槽北部区域全新世 7.3-5.0ka BP 期间温跃层深，5.0-4.0ka BP 之
间温跃层深度逐渐下降，而约 3.0ka BP 以后温跃层显著变浅，但也出现了较大幅度
的波动；放射虫上升流指数（URI）、 浮游有孔虫上升流指示种 Globigerina bulloides
百分含量和表层海水年平均温度的变化表明上升流的发育程度明显地影响着该区温
跃层深度的变化。
依据现代 El Ni?o 事件的特征及其对东海海洋环境的影响，对冲绳海槽中北部区
域晚全新世约 4.0-3.0ka BP 之后生产力指数大幅度上升、年平均温度和季节温差明显
下降、温跃层加深等环境变化机制的分析表明：这些环境指标的异常反映了现代
ENSO 体系至少于中、晚全新世开始形成，并在约 3.0ka BP 之后显著加强，这一结论
与热带太平洋及其周边地区的海洋和陆地记录相当一致。
DOC082 和 DOC024 柱样中 δ18O 和 δ13C 的变化以及 DOC082 孔中古生产力指数
的异常可能反映了冲绳海槽北部 7.0ka BP 前后黑潮曾短期内减弱，但其主流轴没有
发生显著的变化，晚全新世 3.0ka BP 以后黑潮强度明显减弱；但由于冲绳海槽北部
的海洋环境十分复杂、DOC024 柱样中 7.0ka BP 左右火山活动的扰动作用以及
DOC082 孔过低的时间分辨率，这一结论有待进一步探讨。
Cores E017, DOC082 and DOC024, retrieved from the Okinawa Trough in the East China
Sea, respectively, are used to reconstruct productivity, climate and marine environmental
conditions changes in the middle-southern and the northern part of the Okinawa Trough based
on a multi-proxy approach including geochemical and micropaleontological proxies,
combined with detailed AMS 14C dates, stable isotope and other data acquired by previous
studies, during the late Pleistocene (~18-0ka BP) and Holocene. In addition, the mechanisms
of productivity, climate and marine environmental conditions fluctuations are discussed to
study their significations.
In core E017 from the middle-southern part of the Okinawa Trough, the geochemical
paleoproductivity proxies such as organic carbon, calcium carbonate, opal and biogenic
barium, also the accumulation rates of planktonic and benthic foraminifera, radiolaria and
silicoflagellate show the productivity decreased gradually from a late Pleistocene (~18ka BP)
maximum to a late Holocene minimum, so that four stages including 18-16ka BP, 16-9ka BP,
9-3ka BP and 3-0ka BP, can be recognized. In general, the paleoproductivity was higher
during the glacial and deglacial than the postglacial and Holocene. Also, the variation pattern
of paleoproductivity is evidenced by changes of planktonic foraminiferal assemblages and
benthic foraminiferal species that are correlated with the productivity. About the mechanism
of paleoproductivity evolution, the planktonic foraminiferal δ13C value, organic matter C/N
ratio and organic carbon δ13C (Wahyudi, 1997) suggest that it was controlled by the terrestrial
organic matter input induced by the regional and global climate changes and the fluctuations
of sea level. In the middle-northern part of the Okinawa Trough, the geochemical and
micropaleontological paleoproductivity proxies from core DOC082 indicate that the
productivity was low during the early and middle Holocene (11-3ka BP); In contrast, during
the late Holocene (3-0ka BP) it increased abruptly to a strikingly high value. This may reflect
the occurrence of stronger and more frequent El Ni?o events. The productivity was higher
markedly about 7ka BP of the Holocene than the period of 6-0ka BP in the northern part of
the Okinawa Trough, suggested by the data from core DOC024; but the peak fluxes of
silicious microfossils (radiolaria and silicoflagellate) occurred at 3.0ka BP, it showed
increased trend before 3.0ka BP and declined from 3.0 to 0ka BP. The variation pattern of
productivity and the differences in different paleoproductivity proxies may reflect the
variability of the Kuroshio Current, the cold eddy and upwelling associated with this warm
current during the Holocene.
iii
常凤鸣 冲绳海槽晚更新世——全新世的古环境演化
Mean annual sea surface temperature fluctuations in cores DOC082 and DOC024 from
the middle and northern part of the Okinawa Trough have been reconstructed through the last
11ka using the transfer functions of microfossils. The results show, during the Holocene, three
periods of the regional climate changes can be identified. During the early Holocene
(11-8.4ka BP) it shifted gradually from cold to warm; the middle Holocene Climatic Optimum,
between 8.4ka BP to 3.1ka BP, was warm; and the optimum climate was replaced by a cool
and fluctuant one after 3.1ka BP of the late Holocene. Also, six cold events (at~0.2-0.6, 1.2,
3.0, 4.6, 5.5 and 8.1ka BP) occurred through the last 11ky. The Holocene climate changes and
the cold events in the Okinawa Trough appear to correlate well with similar climatic changes
recorded in different regions of the word, suggesting comparability of Holocene global
climatic change trend and ubiquity of Holocene climatic instability.
The ratio of mixed-layer/thermocline-dwelling planktonic foraminiferal species and the
result estimated using transfer function suggest that the depth of thermocline grad
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