金属矿山地下采空区处理方案的优化研究
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摘要
矿柱回采和空区处理是地下空场采矿法的一个重要工艺步骤,其工作质量的好坏不仅直接影响着矿山的经济效益和地下有用资源的回收,而且关系到矿山的生产安全与生态环境。矿柱回采和空区处理方法的选取与矿岩的物理力学性质、矿柱存在时间的长短、地压变化规律有关。通常情况下,在矿房回采完毕后应及时回收矿柱处理空区。但由于处理空区工艺复杂,难度大,成本高,所以很多矿山在矿房回采后还留有大量的矿柱没有回收,大量的空区未作处理。
本文针对这种现状,在崩落围岩处理空区的基础上,以建龙铁矿为研究对象,通过对矿山工程地质、采场参数及原岩应力场的调研来建立三维有限元模型,采用数值模拟的方法,运用ANSYS软件对地下矿房开采、矿柱回收和分步处理空区顶板围岩的全过程进行了动态模拟,同时对每一步骤分别进行了稳定性分析,从而模拟了围岩的失稳冒落过程,确定了空区顶板围岩冒落拱的形状和范围,得出了冒落拱的物理模型及经验公式,并由此提出了“按预知最终稳定冒落拱的形状和范围来布置工程处理空区”的技术方案。
本课题研究的成功,对沉积岩形成的铁矿床的地下矿山在空区处理问题上具有普遍的指导意义,特别是在目前我国矿产资源紧张的情况下,对于有效利用资源、及时消除安全隐患、最大限度的减少成本都具有重要的现实意义。研究成果丰富了设计理论,具有较高的推广价值和广阔的发展前景。
Stoping pillars and disposing gobs is an important technical process of underground mine,the quality of Stoping pillars and disposing gobs not only directly influences tne mine’s economic returns and the reclamation of underground useful resources but also in connection with the safety in production and ecological environment of the mine.The methods selection of Stoping pillars and disposing gobs are in relation to the mechanical property of the rock,the existent time of pillars and the exchange disciplinarian of ground pressure. Generally,we should Stope pillars and dispose gobs in time after the rooms are mined,but because of the high cost and difficulty of gobs disposing,many mines have lots of pillars left after the rooms are mined and gobs are not disposed.
Against this existing state,the paper based on the blowing up of the adjacent rock and gob disposing,regarding Jianlong iron stope as research object,establishes three-dimensional finite element models, through the study of engineering geology and parameter of stope and the field of original rock stress,applying ANSYS numerical modelling analysed the process of underground stope and the pillar stoping and substep dynamic disposing roof of the gob,at the same time,it gives the whole process a stability analysis step by step and models the caving process of the wall rock.and confirms the figure and field of caving arch of the roof wall rock,whatsmore,the paper finds the physical model and experiential formula,and it puts forward the project of the disposing gob that is based on foreknowledge shope and scope of the caving arch to arrange engineering.
The achievement of the paper has important instruction significance for underground mines formd by sedimentary rock to dispose gob.Especially in the circs that our country hasn’t enough mineral resources at the present time, the study is important to make full use of resources and get rid of safety incipient fault in time and reduce cost at the most . The achievement is worth expanding and its developing foreground is wide.
本文针对这种现状,在崩落围岩处理空区的基础上,以建龙铁矿为研究对象,通过对矿山工程地质、采场参数及原岩应力场的调研来建立三维有限元模型,采用数值模拟的方法,运用ANSYS软件对地下矿房开采、矿柱回收和分步处理空区顶板围岩的全过程进行了动态模拟,同时对每一步骤分别进行了稳定性分析,从而模拟了围岩的失稳冒落过程,确定了空区顶板围岩冒落拱的形状和范围,得出了冒落拱的物理模型及经验公式,并由此提出了“按预知最终稳定冒落拱的形状和范围来布置工程处理空区”的技术方案。
本课题研究的成功,对沉积岩形成的铁矿床的地下矿山在空区处理问题上具有普遍的指导意义,特别是在目前我国矿产资源紧张的情况下,对于有效利用资源、及时消除安全隐患、最大限度的减少成本都具有重要的现实意义。研究成果丰富了设计理论,具有较高的推广价值和广阔的发展前景。
Stoping pillars and disposing gobs is an important technical process of underground mine,the quality of Stoping pillars and disposing gobs not only directly influences tne mine’s economic returns and the reclamation of underground useful resources but also in connection with the safety in production and ecological environment of the mine.The methods selection of Stoping pillars and disposing gobs are in relation to the mechanical property of the rock,the existent time of pillars and the exchange disciplinarian of ground pressure. Generally,we should Stope pillars and dispose gobs in time after the rooms are mined,but because of the high cost and difficulty of gobs disposing,many mines have lots of pillars left after the rooms are mined and gobs are not disposed.
Against this existing state,the paper based on the blowing up of the adjacent rock and gob disposing,regarding Jianlong iron stope as research object,establishes three-dimensional finite element models, through the study of engineering geology and parameter of stope and the field of original rock stress,applying ANSYS numerical modelling analysed the process of underground stope and the pillar stoping and substep dynamic disposing roof of the gob,at the same time,it gives the whole process a stability analysis step by step and models the caving process of the wall rock.and confirms the figure and field of caving arch of the roof wall rock,whatsmore,the paper finds the physical model and experiential formula,and it puts forward the project of the disposing gob that is based on foreknowledge shope and scope of the caving arch to arrange engineering.
The achievement of the paper has important instruction significance for underground mines formd by sedimentary rock to dispose gob.Especially in the circs that our country hasn’t enough mineral resources at the present time, the study is important to make full use of resources and get rid of safety incipient fault in time and reduce cost at the most . The achievement is worth expanding and its developing foreground is wide.
引文
[1] 赵奎. 残矿柱回采与空区稳定性的有限元模拟研究. 采矿技术. 2002(6):51～53
[2] 金属矿床地下开采. 冶金工业出版社
[3] 周崇仁等. 矿柱回采与空区处理. 冶金工业出版社,1989.11
[4] 西石门铁矿中区空区监控与采矿方法改进研究鉴定资料
[5] 廖江南. 三道庄矿区采空区处理研究.有色矿山,2000.11:10~14
[6] 雷晓娜. 地下转露天开采的采空区处理工艺. 世界采矿快报,1999.6:26～38
[7] 赵刚等. 寿王坟铜矿采空区管理与监测. 有色金属,1998.11:1～3
[8] 刘献华. 紫金山金矿采空区处理技术研究. 有色矿山,2002.2:20～23
[9] 乔春生等. 大团山矿床采空区处理方法. 中国有色金属学报,1998.1:734～ 737
[10]丁皓江等编. 弹性和塑性力学中的有限单元法. 机械工业出版社
[11]矿山岩体力学. 北京:冶金工业出版社,1988
[12]韩志型. 有限元分析回采方式对应力分布的影响. 长沙矿山研究院季刊. 1990.3:8～14
[13]蔡美峰,王双红. 玲珑金矿深部开采三维有限元数值模拟研究. 矿冶工程, 2000.12:14～17
[14]姚宝魁,刘竹华,李春元编著. 矿山地下开采稳定性研究. 中国科学技术出版社,1994.10
[15]刘沐宇,徐长佑. 地下采空区矿柱稳定性分析.矿冶工程. 2000(1):19~22
[16]张楚灵,江建明. 用深孔爆破法处理采空区.化工矿物与加工,1995(5):26～28
[17]刘德军,鲁开友. 采空区围岩应力分布与底板突水的关系研究. 1999.6:14～16
[18]李治国. 铁山隧道采空区稳定性分析及治理技术研究. 岩石力学与工程学报,2002.8
[19]周劬惟,常忠义. 露天矿边坡岩体内的应力集中. 矿业研究与开发,2001(2):11~13
[20]孙世国蔡美峰. 地下与露天联合开采边坡岩滑移模式的探讨. 矿业研究与开发,2000(1):5~8
[21]Turner M.J.Stiffness and Deflection Analysis of Complex Structures . Journal of Aeronautical Science, 1956(23):805~824
[22]Clough R.W.The Finite Element Method in Plane Stress Analysis. Proc 2nd ASCE Conference on Electronic Computation, Pittsburgh, 1960
[23]Zienkiewicz O.C. and cheung Y.K. Finite Elements in the Solution of Field Problems. Engineering, 1965, 220
[24]彭怀生,古德生,董鸿翮. 矿床无废开采的规划与评价. 北京:冶金工业出版社,2001.4
[25]韩志型. 有限元分析回采方式对应力分布的影响.长沙矿山研究院季刊,1990(3):8~14
[26]王宁. 缓倾斜极薄矿脉采场结构参数和回采顺序优化研究. 金属矿山,1999(2):12~16
[27]姚宝魁,刘竹华,李春元编著. 矿山地下开采稳定性研究. 北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994
[28]欧阳辉,邹义怀. 软岩采场老顶破断的有限元模拟. 贵州工学院学报,1995(3):1~10
[29]邓建,古德生,李夕兵. 无间柱连续采矿采场参数的多指标正交有限元设计. 中南工业大学学报,1999(5):445~448
[30]Gu Desheng , Deng Jian , Li Xibing .Three-dimensional numerical simulation of excavation and backfilling in engineering .Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of Society of China, 1999(2):417~421
[31]孟凡茂. 正交设计在有限元法优化采场结构参数中的应用. 有色金属:矿山部分,1992(4):22-24
[32]唐学军,寇新建,曹文贤. 无底柱崩落法采场结构的受力特征分析. 矿业研究与开发,2001(4):16~19
[33]崔治光,王起新. 空间有限元数值模拟在边破稳定性分析中的应用. 沈阳黄金学院学报,1996(1):23~27
[34]谭文辉,王家臣,周汝弟.岩体边坡渐进破坏的物理模拟研究和数值模拟研究.矿业研究与开发,2000(5):9~10
[35]朱文彬、刘宝琛. 降雨条件下土体滑坡的有限元数值分析. 岩石力学与工程学报,2002.4
[36]ANSYS 入门手册
[37]赵奎. 残留矿柱回采与空区稳定性的有限元模拟研究,采矿技术,2000.6
[38]Li Xingping , Zhu Ruigeng , Zhu Wenshen . The macrodamage mechanics of jointed rock mass . Proc.Int.Symp.1993,79~85
[39]袁灯平等. 利用 ANSYS 进行开采沉陷模拟分析.济南大学学报,2001.12:336～338
[40]Oda M.An equivalent continuum model for coupled stress and fluid analysis in jointed rock masses. Water Resources research,1986(13):1854~1865
[41]蔡嗣经. 矿山力学充填基础,冶金工业出版社
[42]采矿设计手册. 矿床开采卷下. 中国建筑工业出版社
[43]马鞍山矿山研究院. 利用长龙山塌陷坑排放尾矿可行性研究
[44]张振亭. 论全泥氰化选矿厂尾矿库防渗漏. 有色矿山,1997(6):42~44
[45]牛光临. 露天矿边坡的维护与加固. 有色矿山,1997(1):22~25
[46]赵阳升. 矿山岩石流体力学. 北京:煤炭工业出版社,1994.12
[47]M.L.杰里米克.岩体力学在硬岩开采中的应用.北京:冶金工业出版社,1990,5
[48]乔兰.新城金矿采矿设计优化的岩石力学综合研究,北京科技大学,2000.5
[49]王志国. 下向分段胶结充填体稳定性分析. 东北大学[硕士研究生论文],1996
[50]蔡美峰. 金属矿山采矿设计优化与地压控制理论与实践. 北京:科学出版社,2001.4
[51]顾慰慈. 渗流计算原理及应用. 北京:中国建材工业出版社,2000.8
[52]于学馥,张玉卓,葛树高. 采矿岩石力学新论. 上海:知识出版社,1992.2
[53]Williams P, The Development of Rock Bolting in UK Coal Mining,MINING ENGINEERING,1994(5)
[54]G. Gilda, A Simple Boundary Technique for Elastic Stress Analysis of Underground Cavies, rock Mech. & Rock Engineering., 1984(3)
[55]Atkinson B.K. & Meredith P. G., Fracture Mechanics of Rock, Chap.11, Academic Press, New York, 1987
[2] 金属矿床地下开采. 冶金工业出版社
[3] 周崇仁等. 矿柱回采与空区处理. 冶金工业出版社,1989.11
[4] 西石门铁矿中区空区监控与采矿方法改进研究鉴定资料
[5] 廖江南. 三道庄矿区采空区处理研究.有色矿山,2000.11:10~14
[6] 雷晓娜. 地下转露天开采的采空区处理工艺. 世界采矿快报,1999.6:26～38
[7] 赵刚等. 寿王坟铜矿采空区管理与监测. 有色金属,1998.11:1～3
[8] 刘献华. 紫金山金矿采空区处理技术研究. 有色矿山,2002.2:20～23
[9] 乔春生等. 大团山矿床采空区处理方法. 中国有色金属学报,1998.1:734～ 737
[10]丁皓江等编. 弹性和塑性力学中的有限单元法. 机械工业出版社
[11]矿山岩体力学. 北京:冶金工业出版社,1988
[12]韩志型. 有限元分析回采方式对应力分布的影响. 长沙矿山研究院季刊. 1990.3:8～14
[13]蔡美峰,王双红. 玲珑金矿深部开采三维有限元数值模拟研究. 矿冶工程, 2000.12:14～17
[14]姚宝魁,刘竹华,李春元编著. 矿山地下开采稳定性研究. 中国科学技术出版社,1994.10
[15]刘沐宇,徐长佑. 地下采空区矿柱稳定性分析.矿冶工程. 2000(1):19~22
[16]张楚灵,江建明. 用深孔爆破法处理采空区.化工矿物与加工,1995(5):26～28
[17]刘德军,鲁开友. 采空区围岩应力分布与底板突水的关系研究. 1999.6:14～16
[18]李治国. 铁山隧道采空区稳定性分析及治理技术研究. 岩石力学与工程学报,2002.8
[19]周劬惟,常忠义. 露天矿边坡岩体内的应力集中. 矿业研究与开发,2001(2):11~13
[20]孙世国蔡美峰. 地下与露天联合开采边坡岩滑移模式的探讨. 矿业研究与开发,2000(1):5~8
[21]Turner M.J.Stiffness and Deflection Analysis of Complex Structures . Journal of Aeronautical Science, 1956(23):805~824
[22]Clough R.W.The Finite Element Method in Plane Stress Analysis. Proc 2nd ASCE Conference on Electronic Computation, Pittsburgh, 1960
[23]Zienkiewicz O.C. and cheung Y.K. Finite Elements in the Solution of Field Problems. Engineering, 1965, 220
[24]彭怀生,古德生,董鸿翮. 矿床无废开采的规划与评价. 北京:冶金工业出版社,2001.4
[25]韩志型. 有限元分析回采方式对应力分布的影响.长沙矿山研究院季刊,1990(3):8~14
[26]王宁. 缓倾斜极薄矿脉采场结构参数和回采顺序优化研究. 金属矿山,1999(2):12~16
[27]姚宝魁,刘竹华,李春元编著. 矿山地下开采稳定性研究. 北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994
[28]欧阳辉,邹义怀. 软岩采场老顶破断的有限元模拟. 贵州工学院学报,1995(3):1~10
[29]邓建,古德生,李夕兵. 无间柱连续采矿采场参数的多指标正交有限元设计. 中南工业大学学报,1999(5):445~448
[30]Gu Desheng , Deng Jian , Li Xibing .Three-dimensional numerical simulation of excavation and backfilling in engineering .Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of Society of China, 1999(2):417~421
[31]孟凡茂. 正交设计在有限元法优化采场结构参数中的应用. 有色金属:矿山部分,1992(4):22-24
[32]唐学军,寇新建,曹文贤. 无底柱崩落法采场结构的受力特征分析. 矿业研究与开发,2001(4):16~19
[33]崔治光,王起新. 空间有限元数值模拟在边破稳定性分析中的应用. 沈阳黄金学院学报,1996(1):23~27
[34]谭文辉,王家臣,周汝弟.岩体边坡渐进破坏的物理模拟研究和数值模拟研究.矿业研究与开发,2000(5):9~10
[35]朱文彬、刘宝琛. 降雨条件下土体滑坡的有限元数值分析. 岩石力学与工程学报,2002.4
[36]ANSYS 入门手册
[37]赵奎. 残留矿柱回采与空区稳定性的有限元模拟研究,采矿技术,2000.6
[38]Li Xingping , Zhu Ruigeng , Zhu Wenshen . The macrodamage mechanics of jointed rock mass . Proc.Int.Symp.1993,79~85
[39]袁灯平等. 利用 ANSYS 进行开采沉陷模拟分析.济南大学学报,2001.12:336～338
[40]Oda M.An equivalent continuum model for coupled stress and fluid analysis in jointed rock masses. Water Resources research,1986(13):1854~1865
[41]蔡嗣经. 矿山力学充填基础,冶金工业出版社
[42]采矿设计手册. 矿床开采卷下. 中国建筑工业出版社
[43]马鞍山矿山研究院. 利用长龙山塌陷坑排放尾矿可行性研究
[44]张振亭. 论全泥氰化选矿厂尾矿库防渗漏. 有色矿山,1997(6):42~44
[45]牛光临. 露天矿边坡的维护与加固. 有色矿山,1997(1):22~25
[46]赵阳升. 矿山岩石流体力学. 北京:煤炭工业出版社,1994.12
[47]M.L.杰里米克.岩体力学在硬岩开采中的应用.北京:冶金工业出版社,1990,5
[48]乔兰.新城金矿采矿设计优化的岩石力学综合研究,北京科技大学,2000.5
[49]王志国. 下向分段胶结充填体稳定性分析. 东北大学[硕士研究生论文],1996
[50]蔡美峰. 金属矿山采矿设计优化与地压控制理论与实践. 北京:科学出版社,2001.4
[51]顾慰慈. 渗流计算原理及应用. 北京:中国建材工业出版社,2000.8
[52]于学馥,张玉卓,葛树高. 采矿岩石力学新论. 上海:知识出版社,1992.2
[53]Williams P, The Development of Rock Bolting in UK Coal Mining,MINING ENGINEERING,1994(5)
[54]G. Gilda, A Simple Boundary Technique for Elastic Stress Analysis of Underground Cavies, rock Mech. & Rock Engineering., 1984(3)
[55]Atkinson B.K. & Meredith P. G., Fracture Mechanics of Rock, Chap.11, Academic Press, New York, 1987