矿山地质对象三维数据模型研究
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摘要
矿山地质三维数据模型是实现矿山3D GIS的基础，也是矿山3D GIS研究的重点和难点。本文在吸收国内外研究成果的基础上，针对矿山三维地质建模中存在的主要问题，以GIS和点集拓扑学基本理论为指导，对矿山地质对象的空间特征、数据来源、复杂对象拓扑关系表达、矿山地质对象数据模型构建以及建模方法进行了研究。主要内容和研究成果如下：
(1)以三维空间数据模型理论为基础，系统分析了矿山三维地质环境中空间对象的组成类型、特点、空间状态的描述方法、数据来源及其数据获取手段；系统总结了矿山三维地质对象的空间特征、属性及其相互关系的表达方式。
(2)针对复杂地质体由于其边界复杂，同时地质勘探手段直接获取的用于控制其边界形态特征的数据稀少，难以精细描述其边界特征这一问题，首次引入边界虚拟钻孔用于复杂地质体空间边界控制。在分析边界虚拟钻孔的适用条件基础上，以地层受断层破坏为例，分别就地层与断层4种典型空间分布组合特征下边界虚拟钻孔的确定方法进行了研究，提出了相应解决方案，这对于构建精细表达复杂地质体的三维数据模型具有一定的理论和现实意义。
(3)基于面向对象方法的基本思想，在将矿山地质对象抽象为点、线、面、体4类对象的基础上，特别对于体对象进行了深入研究。根据断层、角度不整合面等对体对象的破坏，以及破坏后形成的块体内部组成结构，将复杂体对象进一步按层次分别抽象为盘体、复层体、单层体和体元，既保证了体对象在地质意义上的层次性和完整性，又利于模型表达。基于上述对象的抽象，提出了矿山空间对象矢量数据模型框架，设计出了复杂对象之间的12种拓扑关系及相应的数据结构。实验证实了该模型的有效性和合理性，对于矿山3D GIS的模型应用具有一定的理论和实用价值。
(4)以3D GIS应用为目的，提出了构建独立断层数据模型的思想，并基于钻孔数据和派生数据提出了一种具有双TIN面结构的断层模型。该模型由9组几何元素构成，具有14种拓扑关系，不仅能独立表达断层面的空间特征，而且能反映断层两盘的地层组成结构，有利于基于断层面的空间分析的实现。在此基础上，探讨了在基于地质观测数据、钻孔数据、平面图数据、剖面图数据的断层建模方法和建模流程。
(5)基于点集拓扑学理论，引入了拓扑体来描述矿山复杂对象间的拓扑关系。对盘体、复层体、单层体的拓扑体的构建方法和拓扑关系的表达方式进行了深入探讨。给出了矿山复杂对象间拓扑关系描述的拓扑学框架。
Three-dimensional data model of geology in mine is the foundation of mining 3D GIS, and also the keystone and difficulty in the studies of GIS. Based on making use of research fruits from domestic and overseas, a series of studies were made such as the spatial characteristics, the topological relationships, the data models and the modeling methods of geological objects in mine. The main fruits of study are showed as follow:
1. Based on the theory of 3D sptial data models, the issues for spatial objects in mine were systematic analyzed such as the compositions, types, the characteristic, the description methods of its spatial status, the data sources and data acquired method. The expression ways of the spatial character, property character and relationships of 3D geological objects were summarized.
2. Aimed at the problem that it is difficult to express the border elaborately arised from the complicated geological bodies and the rare data were obtained from prospecting, the border virtual boreholes were introduced to control the border shape of the complicated geological bodies. On the basis of analyzing the suitable conditions for border virtual borehole, taking the strata were cutted by fault as an example, the determination methods for border virtual borehole were studied under the four classic conditions for the spatial combination of strata and faults. The relative solutions were presented. This scheme has both theoretical and practical meaning in some extent to constructing the 3D data models which can express complicated geological objects elaborately.
3. From the conceptual model of geological objects in mine, the geological objects were abstracted into four types of basic objects such as point, line, surface and body based on the principle of object oriented and the body objects were studied especially. According to both the strata were destroyed by the discontinous surfaces such as faults and the angular unconformity, and the inner structures of the partitioned blocks, the body objects were abstracted into block body, multi-layers body, mono-layers body and body element by the hiberarchy of complicated bodies. In this way, the integrality of the earth-science meaning was ensured, the model expression is more convenient. A vector data model about objects in mine were present, the 12 topological relationships between complicated objects and relative data structures were describled, on the basis of the scheme for abstracting objects listed above. The validity and rationality for this model were validated by application experiments. It has some theoretical and practical sense for this model to be used in 3D mining GIS.
4. To realize the functions of spatial analyzing and spatial querying in 3D GIS, the idea for constructing independence fault model was presented on the basis of the research in existence. Based on the data from boreholes and derived, an independence fault model was presented which with duo-TIN surface structure. This model includes 9 geometric elements, and 14 kinds of topological relationships can be expressed. It can describle the spatial characteristics of fault surface independently, and can reflect the composing structures of strata on both two blocks of the fault as well. This may be helpful for realizing the spatial analyse and spatial query functions on the basis fault surface. On basis of this model, the modeling methods and modeling flow were discussed based on data source of geological observation, drillhole, ichnography and section map.
5. The topological bodies were introduced to express the topological relationships between complicated objects based on the point set topology. The constructing methods for topological bodies of block, multi-layers body and mono-layers body were explored. A topology frame was presented for decrible the topological relationships between complicated objects.
(1)以三维空间数据模型理论为基础，系统分析了矿山三维地质环境中空间对象的组成类型、特点、空间状态的描述方法、数据来源及其数据获取手段；系统总结了矿山三维地质对象的空间特征、属性及其相互关系的表达方式。
(2)针对复杂地质体由于其边界复杂，同时地质勘探手段直接获取的用于控制其边界形态特征的数据稀少，难以精细描述其边界特征这一问题，首次引入边界虚拟钻孔用于复杂地质体空间边界控制。在分析边界虚拟钻孔的适用条件基础上，以地层受断层破坏为例，分别就地层与断层4种典型空间分布组合特征下边界虚拟钻孔的确定方法进行了研究，提出了相应解决方案，这对于构建精细表达复杂地质体的三维数据模型具有一定的理论和现实意义。
(3)基于面向对象方法的基本思想，在将矿山地质对象抽象为点、线、面、体4类对象的基础上，特别对于体对象进行了深入研究。根据断层、角度不整合面等对体对象的破坏，以及破坏后形成的块体内部组成结构，将复杂体对象进一步按层次分别抽象为盘体、复层体、单层体和体元，既保证了体对象在地质意义上的层次性和完整性，又利于模型表达。基于上述对象的抽象，提出了矿山空间对象矢量数据模型框架，设计出了复杂对象之间的12种拓扑关系及相应的数据结构。实验证实了该模型的有效性和合理性，对于矿山3D GIS的模型应用具有一定的理论和实用价值。
(4)以3D GIS应用为目的，提出了构建独立断层数据模型的思想，并基于钻孔数据和派生数据提出了一种具有双TIN面结构的断层模型。该模型由9组几何元素构成，具有14种拓扑关系，不仅能独立表达断层面的空间特征，而且能反映断层两盘的地层组成结构，有利于基于断层面的空间分析的实现。在此基础上，探讨了在基于地质观测数据、钻孔数据、平面图数据、剖面图数据的断层建模方法和建模流程。
(5)基于点集拓扑学理论，引入了拓扑体来描述矿山复杂对象间的拓扑关系。对盘体、复层体、单层体的拓扑体的构建方法和拓扑关系的表达方式进行了深入探讨。给出了矿山复杂对象间拓扑关系描述的拓扑学框架。
Three-dimensional data model of geology in mine is the foundation of mining 3D GIS, and also the keystone and difficulty in the studies of GIS. Based on making use of research fruits from domestic and overseas, a series of studies were made such as the spatial characteristics, the topological relationships, the data models and the modeling methods of geological objects in mine. The main fruits of study are showed as follow:
1. Based on the theory of 3D sptial data models, the issues for spatial objects in mine were systematic analyzed such as the compositions, types, the characteristic, the description methods of its spatial status, the data sources and data acquired method. The expression ways of the spatial character, property character and relationships of 3D geological objects were summarized.
2. Aimed at the problem that it is difficult to express the border elaborately arised from the complicated geological bodies and the rare data were obtained from prospecting, the border virtual boreholes were introduced to control the border shape of the complicated geological bodies. On the basis of analyzing the suitable conditions for border virtual borehole, taking the strata were cutted by fault as an example, the determination methods for border virtual borehole were studied under the four classic conditions for the spatial combination of strata and faults. The relative solutions were presented. This scheme has both theoretical and practical meaning in some extent to constructing the 3D data models which can express complicated geological objects elaborately.
3. From the conceptual model of geological objects in mine, the geological objects were abstracted into four types of basic objects such as point, line, surface and body based on the principle of object oriented and the body objects were studied especially. According to both the strata were destroyed by the discontinous surfaces such as faults and the angular unconformity, and the inner structures of the partitioned blocks, the body objects were abstracted into block body, multi-layers body, mono-layers body and body element by the hiberarchy of complicated bodies. In this way, the integrality of the earth-science meaning was ensured, the model expression is more convenient. A vector data model about objects in mine were present, the 12 topological relationships between complicated objects and relative data structures were describled, on the basis of the scheme for abstracting objects listed above. The validity and rationality for this model were validated by application experiments. It has some theoretical and practical sense for this model to be used in 3D mining GIS.
4. To realize the functions of spatial analyzing and spatial querying in 3D GIS, the idea for constructing independence fault model was presented on the basis of the research in existence. Based on the data from boreholes and derived, an independence fault model was presented which with duo-TIN surface structure. This model includes 9 geometric elements, and 14 kinds of topological relationships can be expressed. It can describle the spatial characteristics of fault surface independently, and can reflect the composing structures of strata on both two blocks of the fault as well. This may be helpful for realizing the spatial analyse and spatial query functions on the basis fault surface. On basis of this model, the modeling methods and modeling flow were discussed based on data source of geological observation, drillhole, ichnography and section map.
5. The topological bodies were introduced to express the topological relationships between complicated objects based on the point set topology. The constructing methods for topological bodies of block, multi-layers body and mono-layers body were explored. A topology frame was presented for decrible the topological relationships between complicated objects.
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