石羊河流域下游民勤绿洲生态需水与措施研究
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摘要
石羊河流域水资源短缺,下游民勤绿洲湖泊萎缩、干涸,天然植被枯萎、死亡,土地沙漠化、盐渍化进程加快,地下水位下降,矿化度上升,生态退化严重,危及区域的生态系统的安全,保护和恢复重建势在必行,研究民勤绿洲生态需水问题意义重大。
首先,通过对国内外生态环境需水研究的现状分析,提出民勤绿洲的生态需水的概念,阐述生态环境需水的分类及分析方法。
其次,分析了20世纪60年代到2001年的石羊河下游民勤绿洲土地利用格局的演化趋势,表明流域下游荒漠化程度远远大于绿洲化程度,必须尽快提供生态用水以抢救民勤绿洲,分析计算了不同情景的生态需水量。
(1)基于一定生态保护与恢复目标,结合民勤绿洲的实际情况,选择适合民勤绿洲的生态需水的计算方法。本文分别运用傅抱璞法、彭曼公式法、阿维里扬诺夫潜水蒸发模型计算分析民勤绿洲生态需水量,并对此三种方法的结果进行耦合分析,得出现状民勤绿洲生态需水量为1.856×10~8m~3,到2020年民勤绿洲生态环境需水量达到2.716×10~8m~3。
(2)对地下水生态环境需水量和补给来源等一系列问题进行了研究,提出了恢复地下水生态需水量的计算方法。通过对地下水水位埋深与地表植被、潜水年蒸发强度、表土积盐量三种关系进行耦合,确定合理地下水生态水位的上、下限,进而估算恢复民勤绿洲地下水生态需水量为29.32×10~8m~3～35.27×10~8m~3,并在采补平衡的原则上,对民勤绿洲地下水环境恢复措施进行了分析,提出了防止地下水生态系统进一步恶化的对策。
最后,对解决民勤绿洲水危机对策及措施进行了探讨。
The basin of the Shiyang River is lack of water resource.At the Minqin oasis of the river lower,the lakes are shrinking and dry,the natural vegetation is withered and died,the process of the land desertification and salinization is speeding up,the groundwater level is dropping,the salinity is increasing,and the ecological degradation is serious.These are threatening the ecological system of the regional safety,and the protection and restoration are imperative.So it is most significant to study Minqin oasis ecological water issues.
Firstly,through the status analysis of water demand about the ecological environment at home and abroad,the concept of ecological environment water demand on the Minqin oasis is presented.And the classification and method of ecological water demand is classified.
Secondly,the land utilization of the lower reaches of the Shiyang River in Minqin Oasis is analyzed in detail from 1960s to 2001.The results show that the degree of desertification is much more severe than that of oasisment.Ecological water must be provided as soon as possible to rescue the Minqin oasis.The analysis and calculation for the different cases of ecological water demand are as follows.
(1)Based on certain ecological protection and recovery goals,integrated with the actual situation in Minqin Oasis,the calculation methods of the ecological water requirements are presented which are fit for the Minqin oasis.In this thesis,the methods of FuBao-pu,Pengman formula and Avermectin diving evaporation model are used to analyze the Minqin oasis ecological water demand.Furthermore,coupled analysis is done for the calculation results of the three methods.It shows that the ecological water demand in this area is 1.856×10~8 m~3 at the present,while it will reach 2.716×10~8m~3 by the year 2020.
(2)In this paper,ecological groundwater demand and supply are studied,and the computation method for restoring ecological groundwater demand are investigated. Through coupling the groundwater level with the plant in earth surface,the evaporation intensity of groundwater per year and the salt quantity accumulation in surface soil,a reasonable up/down limits is determined for the ecological level of underground water.And then the underground ecological water demand is estimated at 29.32×10~8m~3～35.27×10~8m~3 which is for the Minqin oasis restored.On the principle of balancing between the supply and demand,the measures for restoring the underground water in the Minqin oasis are analyzed,and the plan are conducted to prevent further deterioration of the groundwater ecological system.
At the end of this paper,the strategy and measures that are solved the water crisis in the Minqin oasis have also been discussed.
首先,通过对国内外生态环境需水研究的现状分析,提出民勤绿洲的生态需水的概念,阐述生态环境需水的分类及分析方法。
其次,分析了20世纪60年代到2001年的石羊河下游民勤绿洲土地利用格局的演化趋势,表明流域下游荒漠化程度远远大于绿洲化程度,必须尽快提供生态用水以抢救民勤绿洲,分析计算了不同情景的生态需水量。
(1)基于一定生态保护与恢复目标,结合民勤绿洲的实际情况,选择适合民勤绿洲的生态需水的计算方法。本文分别运用傅抱璞法、彭曼公式法、阿维里扬诺夫潜水蒸发模型计算分析民勤绿洲生态需水量,并对此三种方法的结果进行耦合分析,得出现状民勤绿洲生态需水量为1.856×10~8m~3,到2020年民勤绿洲生态环境需水量达到2.716×10~8m~3。
(2)对地下水生态环境需水量和补给来源等一系列问题进行了研究,提出了恢复地下水生态需水量的计算方法。通过对地下水水位埋深与地表植被、潜水年蒸发强度、表土积盐量三种关系进行耦合,确定合理地下水生态水位的上、下限,进而估算恢复民勤绿洲地下水生态需水量为29.32×10~8m~3～35.27×10~8m~3,并在采补平衡的原则上,对民勤绿洲地下水环境恢复措施进行了分析,提出了防止地下水生态系统进一步恶化的对策。
最后,对解决民勤绿洲水危机对策及措施进行了探讨。
The basin of the Shiyang River is lack of water resource.At the Minqin oasis of the river lower,the lakes are shrinking and dry,the natural vegetation is withered and died,the process of the land desertification and salinization is speeding up,the groundwater level is dropping,the salinity is increasing,and the ecological degradation is serious.These are threatening the ecological system of the regional safety,and the protection and restoration are imperative.So it is most significant to study Minqin oasis ecological water issues.
Firstly,through the status analysis of water demand about the ecological environment at home and abroad,the concept of ecological environment water demand on the Minqin oasis is presented.And the classification and method of ecological water demand is classified.
Secondly,the land utilization of the lower reaches of the Shiyang River in Minqin Oasis is analyzed in detail from 1960s to 2001.The results show that the degree of desertification is much more severe than that of oasisment.Ecological water must be provided as soon as possible to rescue the Minqin oasis.The analysis and calculation for the different cases of ecological water demand are as follows.
(1)Based on certain ecological protection and recovery goals,integrated with the actual situation in Minqin Oasis,the calculation methods of the ecological water requirements are presented which are fit for the Minqin oasis.In this thesis,the methods of FuBao-pu,Pengman formula and Avermectin diving evaporation model are used to analyze the Minqin oasis ecological water demand.Furthermore,coupled analysis is done for the calculation results of the three methods.It shows that the ecological water demand in this area is 1.856×10~8 m~3 at the present,while it will reach 2.716×10~8m~3 by the year 2020.
(2)In this paper,ecological groundwater demand and supply are studied,and the computation method for restoring ecological groundwater demand are investigated. Through coupling the groundwater level with the plant in earth surface,the evaporation intensity of groundwater per year and the salt quantity accumulation in surface soil,a reasonable up/down limits is determined for the ecological level of underground water.And then the underground ecological water demand is estimated at 29.32×10~8m~3～35.27×10~8m~3 which is for the Minqin oasis restored.On the principle of balancing between the supply and demand,the measures for restoring the underground water in the Minqin oasis are analyzed,and the plan are conducted to prevent further deterioration of the groundwater ecological system.
At the end of this paper,the strategy and measures that are solved the water crisis in the Minqin oasis have also been discussed.
引文
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[37]宋炳煜,杨杰劫.关于生态用水研究的讨论,自然资源学报,2003,18(5):617-623
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[39]杨志峰,崔保山,刘静玲.生态环境需水量评估方法与例证.中国科学D辑地球科学,2004,34(11):1072-1082
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[2]裴丽萍.水资源财产权法律制度论纲.水与珠江可持续发展国际研讨会,2004(04):40-42
[3]陈敏建.我国水资源研究的发展趋势.水利水电技术,2001,32(1):16-19
[4]李宗礼,苏中原,沈清林等.干旱内陆河流域下游绿洲生态建设中的水资源问题.中国水土保持,2006(2):101-103
[5]许新宜,杨志峰.试论生态环境需水量.水利规划与设计,2003(1):78-79
[6]王启武,尹桂荣.民勤县生态危机分析及其对策.甘肃教育学院学报,2002,18(4):105-107
[7]Armentrout G W,Wilson J F,Assessment of low flows in streams in northeastern Wyoming,USGS Water Resources Investigation Report,1987:533-538
[8]Tennat D L,In stream flow regimens for fish,wildlife,recreation and related environmental resources,in Orsborn,J,F,And Allman,C,H(eds),Proceedings of Symposium and Specility Conference on Instream Floe Needs Ⅱ,American Fisheries Society,Bthesda,Maryland,1976:359-373
[9]Covich A.Water and ecosyslcms Gleiek P H[A].Water in Crisis A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources[c].New York:Oxford University Press,1993:45-55
[10]Gleick P H,Water in Crisis:Paths to sustainable Water Use,Ecological Application,1998,8(3):571-579
[11]Gleick P H,The World's Water 2000-2001:The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources,Washington,DC,USA,Island Press,1998:601-606
[12]Gleick P H,The Changing Water Paradigm:A look at Twenty-first Century Water Resource Development,Water International,2000,25(1):127-138
[13]Falkenmark M,Coping with water scarcity under rapid population growth,Conference of SADC Ministers,Pretoria,1995:23-24
[14]Raskin P D,Hansen E,Margolis R M,Water and Sustainability:Global Patterns and Long,-range Problems,Natural Research Forum,1996,20(Ⅰ):1-15
[15]Schmitt T G,Water-Protection-Human Being,A Triangular Relationship in Changing times,Applied,Geography and Development,1997,49:59-69
[16]Whipple W,DuBois J D,Grigg N et al,A Proposed Approach to Coordination of Water Resource development and environmental Regulations,Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1999,35(4):713-716
[17]Baird A J,Wilby RL.Eco～hydrology:plant and water in terrestrial and aquatic environments,London and New York:Routledge Press,1999:550-553
[18]Mosely M P.The Effect of Changing Discharge on Channel Morphology and instream uses and in A Braide River,Ohau River,New Zealand.Water Resources Researches.1982(18):800-812
[19]Bovee K D,A guide to stream habitat analyses using the instream flow incremental methodology[A].Instream flow information paper No.12,FWS/OBS-82/26,Cooperative Instream Flow Group[C].US Fish and Wildlife Service,Office of Biological Services
[20]Giesecke J,K Jorde.Ansatze zur Optimierung yon Mindestabflubregelungen in Ausleitungsstrecken.Wasserwirtschaft.1997,87:232-237
[21]贾宝全,许英勤.干旱区生态用水的概念和分类——以新疆为例.干旱区地理,1998,21(2):8-12
[22]贾宝全,慈龙骏.新疆生态用水量的初步估算.生态学报,2000,20(2):243-250
[23]刘燕华.达木盆地水资源合理利用与生态环境保护研究.北京:科学出版社,2000:35-37
[24]王根绪,程国栋.干旱内陆流域生态需水量及其估算——以黑河流域为例.中国沙漠,2002,22(2):129-134
[25]宋进喜,李怀恩.渭河生态环境需水量研究.中国水利水电出版社.
[26]崔保山,杨志峰.湿地生态环境需水量等级划分与实例分析.资源科学,2003,25(1):21-28
[27]刘振乾,王建武,骆世明等.基于水生态因子的沼泽安全阈值研究——以三江平原沼泽为例.应用生态学报,2002,13(12):1610-1614
[28]刘静玲,杨志峰.湖泊生态环境需水量计算方法研究.自然资源学报,2002.17(5):604-610
[29]张新海,杨立彬,王煜等.西北内陆河地区生态环境需水量初步分析.人民黄河,2002,24(6):13-14
[30]唐克旺,王浩,刘畅.陕北红碱淖湖泊变化和生态需水初步研究.自然资源学报,2003,18(3):304-309
[31]左其亭,夏军.路面水量-水质-生态耦合系统模型研究,水利学报,2002(2):61-65
[32]杨志峰,崔保山,刘静玲等.流域生态需水规律.北京:科学出版社,2005.
[33]杨志峰,崔保山等.生态环境需水量理论、方法与实践.科学出版社,2002.
[34]夏军,孙雪涛,丰华丽等.西部地区生态需水问题研究面临的挑战.中国水利,2003(5A):57-60
[35]祁永安.基于遥感和GIS的民勤绿洲土地利用/土地覆被变化及可持续发展研究,博士论文,兰州大学,2004。
[36]潘启民,任志远.黑河流域生态需水量分析.黄河水利职业技术学院学报,2001,13(1):14-16
[37]宋炳煜,杨杰劫.关于生态用水研究的讨论,自然资源学报,2003,18(5):617-623
[38]刘昌明.关于生态需水量的概念和重要性.科学对社会的影响,2002,(2):25-29
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