多普勒光学相干层析成像方法与应用研究
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摘要
光学相干层析成像(Optical Coherence Tomography, OCT)技术是一种极具潜力的新型光学成像手段,不仅可以应用于活体组织的结构成像,还在功能成像领域得到广泛应用,通过系统改进和各种算法处理可以获得活体组织的多重特性,如血流速度、双折射率、光谱特性等等。本文的研究工作主要围绕功能OCT成像中的多普勒流速成像展开,拓展了谱域OCT系统的高分辨功能成像能力,为绝对速度在体测量与血流动力学研究提供了较好的手段。具体包括：
1、拓展了谱域OCT成像系统的多普勒测速功能,并从理论和实验结果上比较了时域和谱域系统中多普勒OCT成像的算法。
2、发展了基于谱域多普勒OCT技术的绝对速度测量方法,通过多普勒频移和多普勒展宽的结合可以定位出光束与血管之间的夹角,并由此确定血流绝对速度的大小。给出了谱域多普勒OCT系统中计算多普勒频移和多普勒展宽的理论分析,并对毛细玻璃管内聚苯乙烯小球水溶液的流速进行了测量,实验结果和设定值能很好吻合。最后基于该方法实施了对生物组织中血管流速的在体测量。
3、提出并实施了一种基于光程编码分束器的谱域多普勒OCT矢量速度测量方法,首次将基于光程编码聚焦光斑的渡越时间分析引入方位角的测量,从而确定三维矢量速度。该方法结构简单,数据处理算法简洁,牺牲的成像深度较少。在不同方位角设置下对毛细管内聚苯乙烯溶液实施的实验表明,利用该方法能较精确的获得矢量速度的方位角,并最终获得了毛细管内的三维矢量流场分布。实验结果验证了该方法的可行性,为在体矢量速度测量开辟了新途径。
4、实施了多普勒OCT在脑微循环研究中的应用,以颅脑开窗的大鼠为实验模型,以光刺激、电刺激和药物刺激为手段,基于自行研制的时域和谱域多普勒OCT系统对大鼠脑部感觉皮层动脉的血流速度变化进行了实时检测。脑血流速度在刺激组和对照组之间的显著变化表明,在脑微循环研究尤其是微米级血管的血流速度观察方面,多普勒OCT技术具有重要的应用前景。
5、将变迹术与OCT相干门有机结合,发展了OCT中基于光瞳滤波器的轴向超分辨光学成像理论与方法,并进行了实验研究。将制作的三区相位型和振幅型两种光瞳滤波器应用于OCT系统的样品臂中,分别测量不同条件下对应的轴向响应曲线,结果与理论分析基本吻合,并实现了轴向分辨率10%以上的提高。
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a potential optical imaging technology, which uses coherence gating for high-resolution tomographic imaging of in vivo tissue structure, and have been extended for functional imaging. Based on system supplementation and algorithm processing, OCT can provide physiological information of tissue in addition to morphological structure, such as blood flow, birefringence and absorption spectra. In this dissertation, the work is focused on Doppler OCT imaging, including Doppler algorithm study, vector velocity measurement and animal application. The main contents are as follows:
1. The established spectral domain OCT system has been functional extended for Doppler imaging. Different Doppler OCT algorithms for time domain and spectral domain OCT have been studied and compared theoretically and experimentally.
2. A method to measure the absolute velocity is developed in the spectral-domain Doppler OCT system, where Doppler angle is determined by combined information on the measured Doppler shift and Doppler bandwidth, and then the flow velocity is determined from Doppler angle and Doppler shift. Theoretical analysis relevant to Doppler measurement and absolute velocity determination is given. Measurement on flow velocity of aqueous solution of polystyrene beads in a capillary tube is done, in good agreement with the expected values. Finally, the developed method is applied to the in vivo measurement of rat's cerebral arteries.
3. A transit-time based method to ascertain the azimuth angle of a velocity vector by spectral-domain Doppler OCT is proposed, so that three-dimensional velocity vector can be quantified. A custom-designed slit plate with predetermined slit orientation is placed into the sample beam to create three delay-encoded sub-beams of different beam shape for sample probing. Based on the transit-time analysis for Doppler bandwidth, the azimuth angle within 90°range is evaluated by exploitation of the complex signals corresponding to three path length delays.3-D velocity vector is quantified through further estimating of Doppler angle and flow velocity by combined Doppler shift and Doppler bandwidth measurements. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated by good agreement between the determined azimuth angles and the preset ones, and further confirmed by velocity vector measurement of flowing solution inside a capillary tube.
4. Application in cerebral microcirculation has been studied. Rats with cranial window are used as a model, and changes in blood flow velocity of cerebral arterioles in sensory cortex are measured in real time with the established Doppler OCT system, under light stimulation, electrical stimulation and drug administration. The results show significant differences in blood flow velocity between experimental groups and control groups, demonstrating the feasibility of Doppler OCT technique in cerebral microcirculation study.
5. Optical superresolution is adopted for axial resolution enhancement. Three-zone phase and amplitude pupil filters are designed and implemented in the sample arm of the established time domain OCT system. Axial response curves measured under different conditions are in good agreement with the theoretical analyses. Comparison results shows that with the implemented pupil filter, the axial resolution is improved by more than 10%, demonstrating the feasibility of axial superresolution in OCT by use of appropriate pupil filters.
1、拓展了谱域OCT成像系统的多普勒测速功能,并从理论和实验结果上比较了时域和谱域系统中多普勒OCT成像的算法。
2、发展了基于谱域多普勒OCT技术的绝对速度测量方法,通过多普勒频移和多普勒展宽的结合可以定位出光束与血管之间的夹角,并由此确定血流绝对速度的大小。给出了谱域多普勒OCT系统中计算多普勒频移和多普勒展宽的理论分析,并对毛细玻璃管内聚苯乙烯小球水溶液的流速进行了测量,实验结果和设定值能很好吻合。最后基于该方法实施了对生物组织中血管流速的在体测量。
3、提出并实施了一种基于光程编码分束器的谱域多普勒OCT矢量速度测量方法,首次将基于光程编码聚焦光斑的渡越时间分析引入方位角的测量,从而确定三维矢量速度。该方法结构简单,数据处理算法简洁,牺牲的成像深度较少。在不同方位角设置下对毛细管内聚苯乙烯溶液实施的实验表明,利用该方法能较精确的获得矢量速度的方位角,并最终获得了毛细管内的三维矢量流场分布。实验结果验证了该方法的可行性,为在体矢量速度测量开辟了新途径。
4、实施了多普勒OCT在脑微循环研究中的应用,以颅脑开窗的大鼠为实验模型,以光刺激、电刺激和药物刺激为手段,基于自行研制的时域和谱域多普勒OCT系统对大鼠脑部感觉皮层动脉的血流速度变化进行了实时检测。脑血流速度在刺激组和对照组之间的显著变化表明,在脑微循环研究尤其是微米级血管的血流速度观察方面,多普勒OCT技术具有重要的应用前景。
5、将变迹术与OCT相干门有机结合,发展了OCT中基于光瞳滤波器的轴向超分辨光学成像理论与方法,并进行了实验研究。将制作的三区相位型和振幅型两种光瞳滤波器应用于OCT系统的样品臂中,分别测量不同条件下对应的轴向响应曲线,结果与理论分析基本吻合,并实现了轴向分辨率10%以上的提高。
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a potential optical imaging technology, which uses coherence gating for high-resolution tomographic imaging of in vivo tissue structure, and have been extended for functional imaging. Based on system supplementation and algorithm processing, OCT can provide physiological information of tissue in addition to morphological structure, such as blood flow, birefringence and absorption spectra. In this dissertation, the work is focused on Doppler OCT imaging, including Doppler algorithm study, vector velocity measurement and animal application. The main contents are as follows:
1. The established spectral domain OCT system has been functional extended for Doppler imaging. Different Doppler OCT algorithms for time domain and spectral domain OCT have been studied and compared theoretically and experimentally.
2. A method to measure the absolute velocity is developed in the spectral-domain Doppler OCT system, where Doppler angle is determined by combined information on the measured Doppler shift and Doppler bandwidth, and then the flow velocity is determined from Doppler angle and Doppler shift. Theoretical analysis relevant to Doppler measurement and absolute velocity determination is given. Measurement on flow velocity of aqueous solution of polystyrene beads in a capillary tube is done, in good agreement with the expected values. Finally, the developed method is applied to the in vivo measurement of rat's cerebral arteries.
3. A transit-time based method to ascertain the azimuth angle of a velocity vector by spectral-domain Doppler OCT is proposed, so that three-dimensional velocity vector can be quantified. A custom-designed slit plate with predetermined slit orientation is placed into the sample beam to create three delay-encoded sub-beams of different beam shape for sample probing. Based on the transit-time analysis for Doppler bandwidth, the azimuth angle within 90°range is evaluated by exploitation of the complex signals corresponding to three path length delays.3-D velocity vector is quantified through further estimating of Doppler angle and flow velocity by combined Doppler shift and Doppler bandwidth measurements. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated by good agreement between the determined azimuth angles and the preset ones, and further confirmed by velocity vector measurement of flowing solution inside a capillary tube.
4. Application in cerebral microcirculation has been studied. Rats with cranial window are used as a model, and changes in blood flow velocity of cerebral arterioles in sensory cortex are measured in real time with the established Doppler OCT system, under light stimulation, electrical stimulation and drug administration. The results show significant differences in blood flow velocity between experimental groups and control groups, demonstrating the feasibility of Doppler OCT technique in cerebral microcirculation study.
5. Optical superresolution is adopted for axial resolution enhancement. Three-zone phase and amplitude pupil filters are designed and implemented in the sample arm of the established time domain OCT system. Axial response curves measured under different conditions are in good agreement with the theoretical analyses. Comparison results shows that with the implemented pupil filter, the axial resolution is improved by more than 10%, demonstrating the feasibility of axial superresolution in OCT by use of appropriate pupil filters.
引文
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