川东丘陵区农田土/水—气界面汞交换特征
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摘要
环境汞污染问题一直是环境科学领域的热点问题。目前对环境汞污染来源、污染水平、迁移转化、危害等已有了较为全面的认识。但对污染源与汇之间定量关系的研究还较薄弱,特别是汞的自然源排放及其区域和全球预算亟待加强。而研究环境界面间汞交换特征对评估汞的自然排放具有重要作用。目前,人们已对森林、草原、荒漠、水域(海洋、湖泊、水库、河流、湿地)、矿区等环境界面的汞释放特征作了一些研究,这些研究结果无疑对正确估算汞的自然释放量具有重要的参考价值。但对于在陆地生态系统中占有重要地位的农田系统土/水-气界面间汞交换特征的研究还相对缺乏。据此,本研究应用动力通量箱(DFC)与Lumex RA915~+测汞仪联用技术,选择重庆市北碚区具有不同土壤类型的澄江镇(紫色土)和龙凤镇槽上(矿质黄泥)为川东丘陵区代表性研究地点,在每个研究点选择邻近具有代表性的水田和旱地作为监测点,每月一次,每次持续24-48小时,连续10个月同步监测了土/水-气界面的汞释放通量,同时考察各环境因子对汞释放的影响。并在此基础上,对重庆市农田(水田、旱地)汞的自然源释放进行初步量化。
结果表明,旱地土-气界面汞交换和水田水-气界面汞交换都存在明显的时间变化特征。白天汞释放通量显著高于夜间,从早晨开始汞的释放通量逐渐增加,到正午达到汞释放量的峰值,而后,随光照强度的减弱汞释放量逐渐减小。夜间土-气界面汞交换偶有沉降,而水.气界面汞交换则以沉降为主。
土-气界面汞交换通量明显大于水-气界面汞交换通量,土-气界面汞交换通量是水-气界面汞交换通量的2-4倍。农田土/水-气界面汞交换通量还存在明显的月际变化趋势,暖季农田相对裸露月份(如四月、十月)的汞释放通量大于有作物覆盖的月份,且汞释放通量随作物植株高度的增加而呈现减小的趋势。冷季(如三月、十一月)汞释放量较暖季小。
无论旱地还是水田汞的释放量槽上(矿质黄泥)都要要大于澄江(紫色土)。这主要是由于两采样点土壤总汞含量和土壤性质的差异造成的。
影响土-气界面汞交换的主要因素有光照强度、土温、大气汞浓度、大气压、气温等,光照强度与土-气界面汞交换通量成线性正相关关系(0.572≤r≤0.964,p=0.00),土温与土-气汞净释放通量的对数呈线性正相关关系(r=0.567,p=0.00),气温与土-气汞交换通量成正相关关系(r=0.552,p=0.00),大气汞浓度、大气压与汞交换通量成负相关关系(r=-0.065,p=0.13:r=0.168,p=0.00)。光照强度是影响土-气界面汞释放的最主要因子,其次是土温、气温、大气汞浓度、大气压。
影响水-气界面汞交换的主要因素有光照强度、气温、水温、大气汞浓度、大气压等,光照强度与水-气界面汞交换通量成线性正相关关系(0.544≤r≤0.948,p=0.00),气-水界面的温度梯度影响水-气界面汞交换的重要因素(r=0.476,p=0.00),大气压与汞交换通量成负相关关系(r_(白天)=-0.382,p=0.02;r_(夜间)=-0.338,p=0.04),大气汞浓度与汞交换通量成负相关关系(r_(白天)=-0.371,p=0.05;r_(夜间)=-0.634,p=0.00),光照强度仍是影响水-气界面汞释放的主要因子,其次是大气汞浓度、水温、大气压、气温。
基于实地测得的数据,结合重庆市的气候特点,对该区域水田、旱地汞释放量进行初步估算,重庆市从旱地释放到大气中的总汞量为621.85kg/a,从水田释放到大气中的总汞量为280.37kg/a。
Mercury contamination on environment has been a hot issue in environmental science field for a long time. People have realized the important aspects of mercury pollution such as its sources, transportation, transformation and harm. However, researches on quantitative relation between sources and sinks of mercury in environment have not been satisfactorily obtained, especially emission of mercury from nature sources is to be estimated regionally and globally, and extensive measurement of mercury exchange flux over air-surface is of great importance. Mercury exchange flux over different environmental interfaces (forest, prairie, desert, waters (ocean, lake, river, wetland), mining area), which has important reference value for correctly evaluating mercury emission undoubtedly. But the study about soil/water-air interface exchange characteristics of mercury emission and deposition in agriculture field, whinch occupies an important position among the Terrestrial Ecosystem, is relatively deficient.Thereafter a Dynamic Flux Chamber (DFC) technique was applied to monitor air/surface exchange flux of mercury Synchronous over dry field and paddy field, which belong to two kinds of main type of soil located in CHENGJIANG town (purple soil) and CAOSHANG town (mineral yellow soil) respectively in the Hill Areas of Eastern Sichuan.lt took ten months to finish the work ,which was mornitered once a month and lasted 24 or 48 hours each time. Influencing factors were measured and investigated its affect to mercury flux. The data of measurement in these plots were used to evaluate emission of mercury from natural source such as dry field and paddy field in Chongqing.
Results showed that there is time- variation characteristics of mercury exchange of soil/water-air interface.In the day time, a sharp increase in flux starting in the morning and peak emission at midday, then decreased gradually with sunlight decreasing. Mercury emissions from air/soil surface in dry field is dominated by emission in nighttime. On the contrary, mercury emissions from air/water surface in paddy is dominated by deposition.
The field observations showed that the Hg air/surface emission is stronger in warm season than in cold season.The emssion of mercury over air/soil interface is about 2-4 fold greater than that measured over air/water interface. Compared Hg emissions occurring from air/surface in the period of crop growth versus after harvest and we found that fluxes reduced while the crops grow higher. The height of the plant also presents effect on the result, mercury emission get lower in the field with higher plant.
The mercury emission fluxes in CAOSHANG (mineral yellow soil) is much higher than CHENGJIANG (purple soil) in both dry field and paddy field. This is mainly because of the difference in both concetration of total mercury and nature of soil.
Evironmental factors, including solar radition, soil tempreture, relative humidity, air tempreture,air Hg concentration and atmospheric pressure could influence, air/soil mercury exchange flux. There were significantly linear positive correlation between solar radition and mercury flux (0.572≤r≤0.964, p=0.00) , and linear positive correlation between soil tempreture and logarithm of mercury flux (r=0.567, p=0.00), and significantly positive correlation between air tempreture and mercury flux (r=0.552,p=0.00) . On the contrary, there were negative correlation between some factors and mercury flux, such as air Hg concentration and atmospheric pressure (r=-0.065,p=0.13; r=-0.168,p=0.00).Of those factors, the solar radition played an important role, next come soil tempreture, air tempreture, air Hg concentration and atmospheric pressure.
Evironmental factors, including solar radition, air tempreture, relative humidity, water tempreture, air Hg concentration and atmospheric pressure could influence air/water mercury exchange flux. There were significantly linear positive correlation between solar radition and mercury flux (0.544≤r≤0.948, p=0.00) .Temperature gradient may be an important fator which influenced mercury exchange from air/water interface(r=0.476, p=0.00). On the contrary, there were negative correlation between some factors and mercury flux, such as air Hg concentration (r_(daytime)=-0.371, p=0.05; r_(nighttime)=-0.634, p=0.00) and atmospheric pressure (r_(daytime)=-0.382, p=0.02; r_(nighttime)=-0.338,p=0.04) . Of those factors, the solar radition played an important role, next come air Hg concentration, water tempreture, atmospheric pressure and air tempreture.
Based on measurement data by dynamic flux chamber in different field plots, and associated climate characteristic of Chongqing, a preliminary estimation of regional mercury budget was carried out.The total emission of mercury to the atmophere from dry field is about 621.85kg/a, and about 280.37 kg/a from paddy field.
结果表明,旱地土-气界面汞交换和水田水-气界面汞交换都存在明显的时间变化特征。白天汞释放通量显著高于夜间,从早晨开始汞的释放通量逐渐增加,到正午达到汞释放量的峰值,而后,随光照强度的减弱汞释放量逐渐减小。夜间土-气界面汞交换偶有沉降,而水.气界面汞交换则以沉降为主。
土-气界面汞交换通量明显大于水-气界面汞交换通量,土-气界面汞交换通量是水-气界面汞交换通量的2-4倍。农田土/水-气界面汞交换通量还存在明显的月际变化趋势,暖季农田相对裸露月份(如四月、十月)的汞释放通量大于有作物覆盖的月份,且汞释放通量随作物植株高度的增加而呈现减小的趋势。冷季(如三月、十一月)汞释放量较暖季小。
无论旱地还是水田汞的释放量槽上(矿质黄泥)都要要大于澄江(紫色土)。这主要是由于两采样点土壤总汞含量和土壤性质的差异造成的。
影响土-气界面汞交换的主要因素有光照强度、土温、大气汞浓度、大气压、气温等,光照强度与土-气界面汞交换通量成线性正相关关系(0.572≤r≤0.964,p=0.00),土温与土-气汞净释放通量的对数呈线性正相关关系(r=0.567,p=0.00),气温与土-气汞交换通量成正相关关系(r=0.552,p=0.00),大气汞浓度、大气压与汞交换通量成负相关关系(r=-0.065,p=0.13:r=0.168,p=0.00)。光照强度是影响土-气界面汞释放的最主要因子,其次是土温、气温、大气汞浓度、大气压。
影响水-气界面汞交换的主要因素有光照强度、气温、水温、大气汞浓度、大气压等,光照强度与水-气界面汞交换通量成线性正相关关系(0.544≤r≤0.948,p=0.00),气-水界面的温度梯度影响水-气界面汞交换的重要因素(r=0.476,p=0.00),大气压与汞交换通量成负相关关系(r_(白天)=-0.382,p=0.02;r_(夜间)=-0.338,p=0.04),大气汞浓度与汞交换通量成负相关关系(r_(白天)=-0.371,p=0.05;r_(夜间)=-0.634,p=0.00),光照强度仍是影响水-气界面汞释放的主要因子,其次是大气汞浓度、水温、大气压、气温。
基于实地测得的数据,结合重庆市的气候特点,对该区域水田、旱地汞释放量进行初步估算,重庆市从旱地释放到大气中的总汞量为621.85kg/a,从水田释放到大气中的总汞量为280.37kg/a。
Mercury contamination on environment has been a hot issue in environmental science field for a long time. People have realized the important aspects of mercury pollution such as its sources, transportation, transformation and harm. However, researches on quantitative relation between sources and sinks of mercury in environment have not been satisfactorily obtained, especially emission of mercury from nature sources is to be estimated regionally and globally, and extensive measurement of mercury exchange flux over air-surface is of great importance. Mercury exchange flux over different environmental interfaces (forest, prairie, desert, waters (ocean, lake, river, wetland), mining area), which has important reference value for correctly evaluating mercury emission undoubtedly. But the study about soil/water-air interface exchange characteristics of mercury emission and deposition in agriculture field, whinch occupies an important position among the Terrestrial Ecosystem, is relatively deficient.Thereafter a Dynamic Flux Chamber (DFC) technique was applied to monitor air/surface exchange flux of mercury Synchronous over dry field and paddy field, which belong to two kinds of main type of soil located in CHENGJIANG town (purple soil) and CAOSHANG town (mineral yellow soil) respectively in the Hill Areas of Eastern Sichuan.lt took ten months to finish the work ,which was mornitered once a month and lasted 24 or 48 hours each time. Influencing factors were measured and investigated its affect to mercury flux. The data of measurement in these plots were used to evaluate emission of mercury from natural source such as dry field and paddy field in Chongqing.
Results showed that there is time- variation characteristics of mercury exchange of soil/water-air interface.In the day time, a sharp increase in flux starting in the morning and peak emission at midday, then decreased gradually with sunlight decreasing. Mercury emissions from air/soil surface in dry field is dominated by emission in nighttime. On the contrary, mercury emissions from air/water surface in paddy is dominated by deposition.
The field observations showed that the Hg air/surface emission is stronger in warm season than in cold season.The emssion of mercury over air/soil interface is about 2-4 fold greater than that measured over air/water interface. Compared Hg emissions occurring from air/surface in the period of crop growth versus after harvest and we found that fluxes reduced while the crops grow higher. The height of the plant also presents effect on the result, mercury emission get lower in the field with higher plant.
The mercury emission fluxes in CAOSHANG (mineral yellow soil) is much higher than CHENGJIANG (purple soil) in both dry field and paddy field. This is mainly because of the difference in both concetration of total mercury and nature of soil.
Evironmental factors, including solar radition, soil tempreture, relative humidity, air tempreture,air Hg concentration and atmospheric pressure could influence, air/soil mercury exchange flux. There were significantly linear positive correlation between solar radition and mercury flux (0.572≤r≤0.964, p=0.00) , and linear positive correlation between soil tempreture and logarithm of mercury flux (r=0.567, p=0.00), and significantly positive correlation between air tempreture and mercury flux (r=0.552,p=0.00) . On the contrary, there were negative correlation between some factors and mercury flux, such as air Hg concentration and atmospheric pressure (r=-0.065,p=0.13; r=-0.168,p=0.00).Of those factors, the solar radition played an important role, next come soil tempreture, air tempreture, air Hg concentration and atmospheric pressure.
Evironmental factors, including solar radition, air tempreture, relative humidity, water tempreture, air Hg concentration and atmospheric pressure could influence air/water mercury exchange flux. There were significantly linear positive correlation between solar radition and mercury flux (0.544≤r≤0.948, p=0.00) .Temperature gradient may be an important fator which influenced mercury exchange from air/water interface(r=0.476, p=0.00). On the contrary, there were negative correlation between some factors and mercury flux, such as air Hg concentration (r_(daytime)=-0.371, p=0.05; r_(nighttime)=-0.634, p=0.00) and atmospheric pressure (r_(daytime)=-0.382, p=0.02; r_(nighttime)=-0.338,p=0.04) . Of those factors, the solar radition played an important role, next come air Hg concentration, water tempreture, atmospheric pressure and air tempreture.
Based on measurement data by dynamic flux chamber in different field plots, and associated climate characteristic of Chongqing, a preliminary estimation of regional mercury budget was carried out.The total emission of mercury to the atmophere from dry field is about 621.85kg/a, and about 280.37 kg/a from paddy field.
引文
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