季节对青海海南地区放牧生态系统氮、硫、钙、磷丰缺影响的研究
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摘要
通过测定不同季节相关指标,研究了季节对青海海南地区“土-草-畜”放牧生态系统氮、硫、钙、磷四种主要常量元素的影响,获得以下主要结果:
1.江西沟3季牧场土壤属微碱性石灰性土壤,有机质、全氮和碳酸钙含量丰富,质地肥沃;土壤全磷除夏季与全国平均水平接近外,其余两季均较低;冬春季草场土壤有效磷含量丰富,夏季中等,秋季缺乏;秋季土壤有效硫含量丰富,而其余两季潜在缺硫。
2.牧草营养成分随季节变化明显,钙和硫元素3季内均能满足放牧绵羊的需要,但是氮和磷元素,除夏季含量丰富外,其余两季含量极度匮乏,成为限制当地畜牧业生产力的主要因素。
3.放牧绵羊的氮、硫、钙、磷的采食量除夏季能够满足机体需要外,其余两季均较低;尤其在冬春季和秋季时,放牧绵羊氮和磷的采食量极低。
4.放牧绵羊瘤胃液呈中性或微碱性,夏、秋两季总氮含量大于冬、春季,但是尿素氮含量的变化却相反。
5.牧草氨基酸含量夏季时高于冬、春季和秋季,与牧草氮的季节性变化相同,但是含量偏低;绵羊毛氮、硫、胱氨酸和蛋氨酸含量3季内均较低,山羊毛氮和胱氨酸含量较为丰富,但是硫和蛋氨酸含量低。
6.放牧家畜的血清白蛋白和总蛋白含量在夏、秋两季时处于正常,冬春季时较低,并且与牧草氮含量呈线性相关(r=0.813,0.788,0.826,0.769,P<0.01);血清尿素氮含量秋季<夏季<冬春季,说明秋季放牧家畜体内蛋白质的沉积较夏季和冬春季时好;放牧绵羊血清硫含量3季内均较高,但是与牧草硫含量相关性不强;放牧家畜血清钙和无机磷含量3季内均处于或高于正常范围,而血清碱性磷酸酶、羟脯氨酸、骨钙素和降钙素含量均为夏季低于冬春季和秋季,说明放牧家畜在冬春季和秋季时需要骨骼动员才能维持正常的血液钙、磷水平,但是没有表现出明显的缺乏钙、磷症状,而是处于缺乏的亚临床症状,并且缺磷的程度要大于缺钙。
7.牧草钙、磷含量与血清钙、磷浓度的相关性不强(除牦牛外),但是与血清碱性磷酸酶、羟脯氨酸、骨钙素和降钙素有较强的相关性,尤其是与血清羟脯氨酸和骨钙素呈强线性关系。因此,可以利用血清指标来判断放牧家畜的骨营养及钙磷营养状况,具有准确可靠、特异性强的特点,并且可以用来定期抽样检测放牧家畜的骨骼营养状况,从而避免了由于钙磷等元素的缺乏(或亚临床缺乏)引起的生产力下降。最后建议当地在冬春季和秋季加强对放牧家畜的补饲及管理,特别要注意对蛋白质和磷元素的补充,提高当地畜牧业的生产水平。
The study was carried out to survey seasonal sufficiency and deficiency of N、S、Ca、P of“soil-grass-livestock”ecological grazing system with seasons at Hainan area in Qinghai Province,by monitoring the related indexes .The results were as follows:
1. The soil is the faint alkaline calcareous soil in Jiangxigou area,and the contents of soil organic matter、organic carbon、total nitrogen and available sulfur are in abundance;the contents of total phosphorus in summer meadow soil is approaching to average level of countrywide soil,but soil of others seasons meadow are less than it;the contents of available phosphorus in spring-winter meadow soil are sufficient,the contents of summer are middling, but the contents of fall are lack.
2. The nutrition component of pasture are significantly different in seasons, Ca and S of which could meet with requirement of grazing sheep in three seasons. But N and P are very lack which couldn’t meet with in spring-winter and fall. Hence, N and P of pasture are the key causes to restrict husbandry development in this area.
3. N, S, Ca and P intake of grazing sheep in spring-winter and fall is less than that in summer,which can not meet with requirement of grazing sheep except in summer. It is particularly in winter, spring and fall that grazing sheep could not intake sufficient nitrogen (crude protein) and phosphorus.
4. The pH of rumen fluid of grazing sheep is neutral and alkalescence. The total nitrogen of rumen fluid in summer and fall are more than in spring, which take conversely for urea nitrogen.
5. The amino acid contents of pasture in summer are more than that in the other seasons but the content is lower,which is incident with change of N of pasture. N、S、Cys and Met contents of sheep wool in three seasons are low; N and Cys contents of goat wool are sufficient, but S and Met contents are lower, too.
6.The serum album and total protein of grazing livestock in summer and fall are in range of nature , but these serum indexes in spring-winter are less than natural range, the correlation between pasture N and serum album and total protein is very strong (r=0.813,0.788,0.826,0.769,P<0.01); the serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus level in 3 seasons are in range of natural , but the contents of serum AKP, HOP, BGP and CT in summer less than in spring and fall , these provided the born of grazing animal mobilized Ca and P to blood, so can maintain natural serum Ca and P level, but these grazing animal can not put up obvious clinical symptom , and the lack degree of P is more serious than Ca.
7. The correlation between pasture Ca, P and serum Ca, inorganic P is not strong (except Yak), but the correlation between pasture Ca, P and serum AKP, HOP, BGP, CT is strong. So we can use these serum biochemistry indexes reflect the born nutrition condition and calcium & phosphorus nutrition condition, and avoid husbandry productivity decreasing. In the end, the article advise this area must supply supplemental feeds in spring-winter and fall, and strength grazing manage especially supplement of protein and phosphorus, increase husbandry productivity in Hainan area of Qinghai Province.
1.江西沟3季牧场土壤属微碱性石灰性土壤,有机质、全氮和碳酸钙含量丰富,质地肥沃;土壤全磷除夏季与全国平均水平接近外,其余两季均较低;冬春季草场土壤有效磷含量丰富,夏季中等,秋季缺乏;秋季土壤有效硫含量丰富,而其余两季潜在缺硫。
2.牧草营养成分随季节变化明显,钙和硫元素3季内均能满足放牧绵羊的需要,但是氮和磷元素,除夏季含量丰富外,其余两季含量极度匮乏,成为限制当地畜牧业生产力的主要因素。
3.放牧绵羊的氮、硫、钙、磷的采食量除夏季能够满足机体需要外,其余两季均较低;尤其在冬春季和秋季时,放牧绵羊氮和磷的采食量极低。
4.放牧绵羊瘤胃液呈中性或微碱性,夏、秋两季总氮含量大于冬、春季,但是尿素氮含量的变化却相反。
5.牧草氨基酸含量夏季时高于冬、春季和秋季,与牧草氮的季节性变化相同,但是含量偏低;绵羊毛氮、硫、胱氨酸和蛋氨酸含量3季内均较低,山羊毛氮和胱氨酸含量较为丰富,但是硫和蛋氨酸含量低。
6.放牧家畜的血清白蛋白和总蛋白含量在夏、秋两季时处于正常,冬春季时较低,并且与牧草氮含量呈线性相关(r=0.813,0.788,0.826,0.769,P<0.01);血清尿素氮含量秋季<夏季<冬春季,说明秋季放牧家畜体内蛋白质的沉积较夏季和冬春季时好;放牧绵羊血清硫含量3季内均较高,但是与牧草硫含量相关性不强;放牧家畜血清钙和无机磷含量3季内均处于或高于正常范围,而血清碱性磷酸酶、羟脯氨酸、骨钙素和降钙素含量均为夏季低于冬春季和秋季,说明放牧家畜在冬春季和秋季时需要骨骼动员才能维持正常的血液钙、磷水平,但是没有表现出明显的缺乏钙、磷症状,而是处于缺乏的亚临床症状,并且缺磷的程度要大于缺钙。
7.牧草钙、磷含量与血清钙、磷浓度的相关性不强(除牦牛外),但是与血清碱性磷酸酶、羟脯氨酸、骨钙素和降钙素有较强的相关性,尤其是与血清羟脯氨酸和骨钙素呈强线性关系。因此,可以利用血清指标来判断放牧家畜的骨营养及钙磷营养状况,具有准确可靠、特异性强的特点,并且可以用来定期抽样检测放牧家畜的骨骼营养状况,从而避免了由于钙磷等元素的缺乏(或亚临床缺乏)引起的生产力下降。最后建议当地在冬春季和秋季加强对放牧家畜的补饲及管理,特别要注意对蛋白质和磷元素的补充,提高当地畜牧业的生产水平。
The study was carried out to survey seasonal sufficiency and deficiency of N、S、Ca、P of“soil-grass-livestock”ecological grazing system with seasons at Hainan area in Qinghai Province,by monitoring the related indexes .The results were as follows:
1. The soil is the faint alkaline calcareous soil in Jiangxigou area,and the contents of soil organic matter、organic carbon、total nitrogen and available sulfur are in abundance;the contents of total phosphorus in summer meadow soil is approaching to average level of countrywide soil,but soil of others seasons meadow are less than it;the contents of available phosphorus in spring-winter meadow soil are sufficient,the contents of summer are middling, but the contents of fall are lack.
2. The nutrition component of pasture are significantly different in seasons, Ca and S of which could meet with requirement of grazing sheep in three seasons. But N and P are very lack which couldn’t meet with in spring-winter and fall. Hence, N and P of pasture are the key causes to restrict husbandry development in this area.
3. N, S, Ca and P intake of grazing sheep in spring-winter and fall is less than that in summer,which can not meet with requirement of grazing sheep except in summer. It is particularly in winter, spring and fall that grazing sheep could not intake sufficient nitrogen (crude protein) and phosphorus.
4. The pH of rumen fluid of grazing sheep is neutral and alkalescence. The total nitrogen of rumen fluid in summer and fall are more than in spring, which take conversely for urea nitrogen.
5. The amino acid contents of pasture in summer are more than that in the other seasons but the content is lower,which is incident with change of N of pasture. N、S、Cys and Met contents of sheep wool in three seasons are low; N and Cys contents of goat wool are sufficient, but S and Met contents are lower, too.
6.The serum album and total protein of grazing livestock in summer and fall are in range of nature , but these serum indexes in spring-winter are less than natural range, the correlation between pasture N and serum album and total protein is very strong (r=0.813,0.788,0.826,0.769,P<0.01); the serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus level in 3 seasons are in range of natural , but the contents of serum AKP, HOP, BGP and CT in summer less than in spring and fall , these provided the born of grazing animal mobilized Ca and P to blood, so can maintain natural serum Ca and P level, but these grazing animal can not put up obvious clinical symptom , and the lack degree of P is more serious than Ca.
7. The correlation between pasture Ca, P and serum Ca, inorganic P is not strong (except Yak), but the correlation between pasture Ca, P and serum AKP, HOP, BGP, CT is strong. So we can use these serum biochemistry indexes reflect the born nutrition condition and calcium & phosphorus nutrition condition, and avoid husbandry productivity decreasing. In the end, the article advise this area must supply supplemental feeds in spring-winter and fall, and strength grazing manage especially supplement of protein and phosphorus, increase husbandry productivity in Hainan area of Qinghai Province.
引文
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