松嫩平原西部油田区湿地土壤微生物特征研究
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摘要
石油是当今世界重要的能源，但在开采、运输和消费过程中易造成严重的环境污染，现阶段石油污染对环境的影响已成为研究热点。松嫩平原分布着广阔的湿地，对环境、生态和经济有重要意义，其中松嫩平原西部地区是我国内陆盐碱湿地集中分布区，随着松嫩平原西部开发等人为活动的影响，湿地面积不断缩小、退化，盐碱化程度加剧。石油污染是引起该地区湿地退化的重要因素之一。微生物在生态系统中有重要意义，在污染物的降解、维持土壤肥力和恢复生态环境中具有重要作用。近些年来，石油污染对湿地土壤微生物的影响研究已有许多报导，但是对于盐碱化程度较高的湿地土壤微生物特征研究报导甚少。
本论文对松嫩平原西部吉林油田区沼泽湿地和湿草甸土壤微生物特征进行研究，采用常规平板培养法与Biolog微平板法结合的方法，分析石油污染湿地土壤微生物数量和代谢功能的生态变化，揭示石油污染对微生物群落结构及代谢多样性的影响。通过测定石油污染湿地土壤的理化性质，比较不同污染程度的土壤理化性质间的差异，研究石油污染对土壤质量产生的影响。此外，通过研究不同程度的石油污染对盐碱草甸土壤微生物的影响，比较盐碱草甸土壤微生物对不同程度的石油污染适应性。
野外采样分析结果表明，松嫩平原西部油田区湿地土壤受到不同程度的石油污染，土壤有机质含量与石油烃含量呈正相关，而石油污染物对土壤总磷、土壤pH、电导率和含水量无显著的影响。
通过对微生物群落结构的分析表明，松嫩平原西部油田区湿地土壤主要以细菌为主，放线菌次之，真菌最少；湿草甸土壤微生物数量高于沼泽湿地。不同湿地类型条件下，石油污染对细菌数量有不同影响：沼泽湿地土壤细菌数量随着石油烃含量的增加而减少，而湿草甸土壤则相反；微生物数量与湿地土壤理化性质存在一定的相关关系。
从揭示油田区土壤理化因子对微生物代谢功能特征的影响出发，发现松嫩平原西部油田区湿地土壤微生物代谢强度总体上10月份高于5月份，石油烃改变了湿地土壤微生物对碳源利用类型，随着石油烃含量的升高，微生物对聚合物的利用能力增强。湿地土壤有机质含量与代谢强度和代谢多样性呈显著正相关（p<0.05）；湿地土壤pH与微生物的代谢多样性呈显著负相关（p<0.05）；石油烃含量对湿草甸土壤微生物代谢强度有促进作用。
松嫩平原西部草甸盐碱土壤微生物主要以细菌为主，一定浓度的石油污染物促进细菌的生长，提高了细菌数量；污染时间越长，盐碱土壤细菌对石油污染物的适应性越强。
Petroleum is the important energy around the world, however, itseriously pollutes the environment during the process of being exploited,transported and consumed. Studies on the impacts of petroleumcontamination on environment have been a research hotspot. Wetlands,which extend over vast areas in Songnen Plain, have great significancefor environment, ecology and economy. Among that, the western regionof Songnen Plain is the major rejoin of saline wetlands in our country,and with the improvement of oil development and other human activities,the area of wetlands is gradually shrinking and the salinization degree ismore and more serious. Therefore, the ecological destruction caused bypetroleum pollution in Songnen Plain needs to be urgently addressed.Microorganism has important significance for ecosystem, and it plays animportant role in degradation of pollutants, maintaining soil fertility andrestoring the ecological environment. In recent years, there have beenmany reports on the impacts of petroleum contamination onmicroorganism of wetland; however, there are few studies on themicrobial characteristics of higher salinity degree soil contaminated bypetroleum in wetlands.
This study was aimed to analyse the characteristics of soilmicroorganism in marsh wetlands and wet meadow contaminated bypetroleum in the west Songnen Plain. The conventional plate culturemethod and Biolog Ecoplate were applied to investigate the changes inmicrobial quantity and metabolic function and reveal the influence ofpetroleum contamination on microbial community structure andmetabolic diversity. And by measuring the soil abiotic factors, wecompared the differences of soil physical and chemical propertiesbetween different degree petroleum pollution and studied the effects ofpetroleum on the physical and chemical properties of wetland soils. Inaddition, we compared the characteristics of microorganism insalina-alkalina meadow contaminated by different degree of oil pollutionto reveal the microbial adaptability to petroleum pollution.
It was proved by field survey and sampling investigation that thewetland soils were polluted by petroleum to different degree in the westSongnen Plain. Soil organic matter content was positively related with thetotal petroleum hydrocarbons. The oil pollution had no significantinfluence on total phosphorus, pH, conductivity and water content ofwetland soils.
The analysis of microbial community structure showed that thenumber of the bacteria was dominant, actinomycetes followed, andfungus was least in soil microorganism community structure of wetland soils in the west Songnen Plain. Microbial quantity of wet meadows washigher than marsh wetlands. There were different effects of petroleumcontamination on microbial quantity between the two types of wetlands.With the increase of total petroleum hydrocarbons, the number ofmicroorganism decreased in marsh wetlands, while increased in wetmeadows. There was certain correlation between the physical andchemical properties of wetland soils and microbial quantity.
To reveal the impacts of the physical and chemical soil properties onmicrobial metabolic function, we found that microbial metabolic intensityof wetland soils in October was higher than that in May, and the types ofmicrobial carbon source utilization was changed by petroleum. With theincrease of total petroleum hydrocarbons, the ability of using polymerwas enhanced. The microbial metabolic intensity and diversity waspositively correlated with the soil organic matter content, and negativelycorrelated with soil pH. The total petroleum hydrocarbons enhanced themicrobial metabolic intensity in wet meadow soils.
The bacteria were dominant in salina-alkalina meadow soils in westSongnen Plain, and a certain concentration of oil pollutants acceleratedthe growth of bacteria and improved the bacteria population. The longerthe soils were polluted, the stronger the adaptability of bacteria was topetroleum.
本论文对松嫩平原西部吉林油田区沼泽湿地和湿草甸土壤微生物特征进行研究，采用常规平板培养法与Biolog微平板法结合的方法，分析石油污染湿地土壤微生物数量和代谢功能的生态变化，揭示石油污染对微生物群落结构及代谢多样性的影响。通过测定石油污染湿地土壤的理化性质，比较不同污染程度的土壤理化性质间的差异，研究石油污染对土壤质量产生的影响。此外，通过研究不同程度的石油污染对盐碱草甸土壤微生物的影响，比较盐碱草甸土壤微生物对不同程度的石油污染适应性。
野外采样分析结果表明，松嫩平原西部油田区湿地土壤受到不同程度的石油污染，土壤有机质含量与石油烃含量呈正相关，而石油污染物对土壤总磷、土壤pH、电导率和含水量无显著的影响。
通过对微生物群落结构的分析表明，松嫩平原西部油田区湿地土壤主要以细菌为主，放线菌次之，真菌最少；湿草甸土壤微生物数量高于沼泽湿地。不同湿地类型条件下，石油污染对细菌数量有不同影响：沼泽湿地土壤细菌数量随着石油烃含量的增加而减少，而湿草甸土壤则相反；微生物数量与湿地土壤理化性质存在一定的相关关系。
从揭示油田区土壤理化因子对微生物代谢功能特征的影响出发，发现松嫩平原西部油田区湿地土壤微生物代谢强度总体上10月份高于5月份，石油烃改变了湿地土壤微生物对碳源利用类型，随着石油烃含量的升高，微生物对聚合物的利用能力增强。湿地土壤有机质含量与代谢强度和代谢多样性呈显著正相关（p<0.05）；湿地土壤pH与微生物的代谢多样性呈显著负相关（p<0.05）；石油烃含量对湿草甸土壤微生物代谢强度有促进作用。
松嫩平原西部草甸盐碱土壤微生物主要以细菌为主，一定浓度的石油污染物促进细菌的生长，提高了细菌数量；污染时间越长，盐碱土壤细菌对石油污染物的适应性越强。
Petroleum is the important energy around the world, however, itseriously pollutes the environment during the process of being exploited,transported and consumed. Studies on the impacts of petroleumcontamination on environment have been a research hotspot. Wetlands,which extend over vast areas in Songnen Plain, have great significancefor environment, ecology and economy. Among that, the western regionof Songnen Plain is the major rejoin of saline wetlands in our country,and with the improvement of oil development and other human activities,the area of wetlands is gradually shrinking and the salinization degree ismore and more serious. Therefore, the ecological destruction caused bypetroleum pollution in Songnen Plain needs to be urgently addressed.Microorganism has important significance for ecosystem, and it plays animportant role in degradation of pollutants, maintaining soil fertility andrestoring the ecological environment. In recent years, there have beenmany reports on the impacts of petroleum contamination onmicroorganism of wetland; however, there are few studies on themicrobial characteristics of higher salinity degree soil contaminated bypetroleum in wetlands.
This study was aimed to analyse the characteristics of soilmicroorganism in marsh wetlands and wet meadow contaminated bypetroleum in the west Songnen Plain. The conventional plate culturemethod and Biolog Ecoplate were applied to investigate the changes inmicrobial quantity and metabolic function and reveal the influence ofpetroleum contamination on microbial community structure andmetabolic diversity. And by measuring the soil abiotic factors, wecompared the differences of soil physical and chemical propertiesbetween different degree petroleum pollution and studied the effects ofpetroleum on the physical and chemical properties of wetland soils. Inaddition, we compared the characteristics of microorganism insalina-alkalina meadow contaminated by different degree of oil pollutionto reveal the microbial adaptability to petroleum pollution.
It was proved by field survey and sampling investigation that thewetland soils were polluted by petroleum to different degree in the westSongnen Plain. Soil organic matter content was positively related with thetotal petroleum hydrocarbons. The oil pollution had no significantinfluence on total phosphorus, pH, conductivity and water content ofwetland soils.
The analysis of microbial community structure showed that thenumber of the bacteria was dominant, actinomycetes followed, andfungus was least in soil microorganism community structure of wetland soils in the west Songnen Plain. Microbial quantity of wet meadows washigher than marsh wetlands. There were different effects of petroleumcontamination on microbial quantity between the two types of wetlands.With the increase of total petroleum hydrocarbons, the number ofmicroorganism decreased in marsh wetlands, while increased in wetmeadows. There was certain correlation between the physical andchemical properties of wetland soils and microbial quantity.
To reveal the impacts of the physical and chemical soil properties onmicrobial metabolic function, we found that microbial metabolic intensityof wetland soils in October was higher than that in May, and the types ofmicrobial carbon source utilization was changed by petroleum. With theincrease of total petroleum hydrocarbons, the ability of using polymerwas enhanced. The microbial metabolic intensity and diversity waspositively correlated with the soil organic matter content, and negativelycorrelated with soil pH. The total petroleum hydrocarbons enhanced themicrobial metabolic intensity in wet meadow soils.
The bacteria were dominant in salina-alkalina meadow soils in westSongnen Plain, and a certain concentration of oil pollutants acceleratedthe growth of bacteria and improved the bacteria population. The longerthe soils were polluted, the stronger the adaptability of bacteria was topetroleum.
引文
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