荒漠区啮齿动物群落及其优势种对不同干扰的响应机制
|
摘要
荒漠区严酷的气候条件以及日益加剧的人为干扰，使荒漠区生态系统变得更加脆弱。啮齿动物在荒漠生态系统中占有重要地位。研究这些地区的啮齿动物群落及其优势种对自然和人为干扰的响应对于理解荒漠区的动物多样性维持机理具有重要意义。2006—2011年在阿拉善典型荒漠区的开垦、禁牧、轮牧和过牧4种不同干扰生境中，分别建立2个固定样地。采用标志重捕法对不同干扰下的啮齿动物群落进行监测。并对气候、土壤和植被进行了同步观测。本研究在分析了不同干扰下荒漠啮齿动物栖息地适宜性的基础上，从优势种群和群落两个方面探讨了啮齿动物对不同干扰的响应。种群方面：分析了不同干扰下啮齿动物群落优势种的数量动态及其存活率；结合气候、土壤和植被因子应用结构方程模型分析了啮齿动物优势种丰富度对干扰的响应机制。群落方面：分析了不同干扰下啮齿动物群落中生活史策略者的组成和群落稳定性；最后应用结构方程分析了啮齿动物群落对干扰的响应机理。结果表明：（1）过牧降低了食物的质量和植物隐蔽。放牧（过牧和轮牧）和开垦降低了啮齿动物的总丰富度，并在不同干扰下形成了以不同优势鼠种为主体的啮齿动物群落（2）过度放牧减少了子午沙鼠（Meriones meridianus）和三趾跳鼠（Dipus sagitta）的丰富度，并延缓了三趾跳鼠年内数量高峰的出现时间。开垦降低了跳鼠（五趾跳鼠Allactaga sibirica和三趾跳鼠）的数量，并提前了子午沙鼠出现数量高峰的时间。（3）禁牧使雌性子午沙鼠存活率高于雄性存活率。人为干扰抑制了雌性子午沙鼠存活率，但提高了雄性子午沙鼠的存活率。五趾跳鼠和三趾跳鼠的存活率不受放牧处理和性别的影响。（4）过牧、禁牧和轮牧区优势鼠种丰富度直接受到来自植物隐蔽的最大影响，而土壤硬度对优势鼠种的间接影响最大。开垦区的子午沙鼠丰富度受草本的直接效应最大，而气候条件对其有最大的间接效应。（5）开垦显著的减少了K—忍耐—慢策略者（KSS）在啮齿动物群落中的优势；放牧降低了KSS与r—杂草—快策略者（rRF）的数量，但对rRF策略者的负效应更为显著。（6）开垦显著降低了啮齿动物群落多样性，降低了啮齿动物群落的抵抗力。虽然放牧并没有对啮齿动物群落多样性产生显著影响，但降低了群落的恢复力。（7）过牧、禁牧和轮牧区啮齿动物群落多样性和动物总数量受到植物隐蔽的直接影响较大，而受到土壤的间接效应较大。影响开垦区啮齿动物群落多样性和动物个体数量的最大直接效应均来自草本，而气候条件对二者的间接效应最大。
Harsh climate conditions and intensive human disturbance made desert ecosystemsextremely vulnerable. Rodents play a crucial role in such an ecosystem. Studies onresponses of desert rodent communities and dominant species to natural and humandisturbances are significant to understand driving mechanisms for desert mammal diversityand ecosystem stability. From2006to2011, a study was conducted at cultivated, grazingexclusion, rotational grazed and over gazed sites to investigate effect of grazing andcultivation on rodent communities in Alashan, Inner Mongolia, China. Two sites wereestablished in each habitat, and rodent communities were monitored using live trappingmethod. Vegetation and climatic information were also recorded for each study site. Theresponses of rodents to disturbances were analyzed in two ways. For dominant species,population dynamics and survival probabilities were measured. Relationships of populationabundance with climate, soil compaction and vegetation data were analyzed usingstructural equation modeling (SEM) to test effects of disturbances on rodent dominantspecies. For communities, stabilities and structures with different bionomic strategies weremeasured in different habitats. Response mechanisms of rodent communities todisturbances were also tested by SEM. The results demonstrated that1) intensive grazingreduced food quality and vegetation cover. Grazing and cultivation reduced totalabundance of rodents，and various dominant species occurred under different disturbances.2) Over grazing reduced the population abundance of Meriones meridianus and Dipussagitta，and delayed D. sagitta population peak. Cultivation reduced population abundancefor jerboas, and advanced population peak for M. meridianus.3) A difference in survivalprobability between male and female M. meridianus was detected in grazing exclusion site.Disturbance promoted survival probability of male M. meridianus, while it restrainedfemales. Survival probabilities of jerboas were not influenced by human disturbances andgender difference.4) In non-cultivated sites，including over grazed, grazing exclusion androtational grazed sites，the vegetation shield offered the maximum direct effect ondominant rodents, but indirect effect was largely from soil compaction. Dominant speciesin cultivated sites received more negative effects directly from grasses/forbs, but itreceived more negative effects indirectly from climatic conditions.5）Cultivation decreasedK-Stress-tolerant-Slow (KSS) strategists. Grazing suppressed both KSS and r-Ruderal-Fast(rRF) strategists, and had more negative influence on rRF strategists than any other treatments.6) A significant reduction of rodent community diversity found in cultivatedsites, while community diversity did not significantly differ among over grazed, grazingexclusion and rotationally grazed sites. Cultivation and grazing respectively restrainedcommunity resistance and resilience.7) In non-cultivated sites, including over grazed,grazing exclusion and rotationally grazed sites，both rodent community diversity and totalabundance were influenced by vegetation shield directly, but it was affected by soilcompaction indirectly. In cultivated sites, grasses/forbs had more negative effects on rodentcommunity diversity and total abundance directly than any other factors, while climaticconditions contributed more indirectly on rodent community diversity and total abundance.
Harsh climate conditions and intensive human disturbance made desert ecosystemsextremely vulnerable. Rodents play a crucial role in such an ecosystem. Studies onresponses of desert rodent communities and dominant species to natural and humandisturbances are significant to understand driving mechanisms for desert mammal diversityand ecosystem stability. From2006to2011, a study was conducted at cultivated, grazingexclusion, rotational grazed and over gazed sites to investigate effect of grazing andcultivation on rodent communities in Alashan, Inner Mongolia, China. Two sites wereestablished in each habitat, and rodent communities were monitored using live trappingmethod. Vegetation and climatic information were also recorded for each study site. Theresponses of rodents to disturbances were analyzed in two ways. For dominant species,population dynamics and survival probabilities were measured. Relationships of populationabundance with climate, soil compaction and vegetation data were analyzed usingstructural equation modeling (SEM) to test effects of disturbances on rodent dominantspecies. For communities, stabilities and structures with different bionomic strategies weremeasured in different habitats. Response mechanisms of rodent communities todisturbances were also tested by SEM. The results demonstrated that1) intensive grazingreduced food quality and vegetation cover. Grazing and cultivation reduced totalabundance of rodents，and various dominant species occurred under different disturbances.2) Over grazing reduced the population abundance of Meriones meridianus and Dipussagitta，and delayed D. sagitta population peak. Cultivation reduced population abundancefor jerboas, and advanced population peak for M. meridianus.3) A difference in survivalprobability between male and female M. meridianus was detected in grazing exclusion site.Disturbance promoted survival probability of male M. meridianus, while it restrainedfemales. Survival probabilities of jerboas were not influenced by human disturbances andgender difference.4) In non-cultivated sites，including over grazed, grazing exclusion androtational grazed sites，the vegetation shield offered the maximum direct effect ondominant rodents, but indirect effect was largely from soil compaction. Dominant speciesin cultivated sites received more negative effects directly from grasses/forbs, but itreceived more negative effects indirectly from climatic conditions.5）Cultivation decreasedK-Stress-tolerant-Slow (KSS) strategists. Grazing suppressed both KSS and r-Ruderal-Fast(rRF) strategists, and had more negative influence on rRF strategists than any other treatments.6) A significant reduction of rodent community diversity found in cultivatedsites, while community diversity did not significantly differ among over grazed, grazingexclusion and rotationally grazed sites. Cultivation and grazing respectively restrainedcommunity resistance and resilience.7) In non-cultivated sites, including over grazed,grazing exclusion and rotationally grazed sites，both rodent community diversity and totalabundance were influenced by vegetation shield directly, but it was affected by soilcompaction indirectly. In cultivated sites, grasses/forbs had more negative effects on rodentcommunity diversity and total abundance directly than any other factors, while climaticconditions contributed more indirectly on rodent community diversity and total abundance.
引文
1Curtin C G, Kelt D A, Frey T C, Brown J H. On the role of small mammals in mediatingclimatically driven vegetation change[J]. Ecology Letters,2000,3(4):309—317
2Brown J S. Desert rodent community structure: a test of four mechanisms ofcoexistence[J]. Ecological Monographs,1989,59(1):1—20
3Ojeda R A,Tabeni S. The mammals of the Monte Desert revisited[J]. Journal of AridEnvironments,2009,73(2):173—181
4Jensen T S. Seed production and outbreaks of non-cyclic rodent populations in deciduousforests[J]. Oecologia,1982,54(2):184—192
5Ostfeld R S,Canham C D. Effects of meadow vole population density on tree seedlingsurvival in oil fields[J]. Ecology,1993,74(6):1792—1801
6Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Domestic goat grazing disturbance enhances tree seed removaland caching by small rodents in a warm-temperate deciduous forest in China[J].Wildlife Research,2009,36(7):610—616
7Herrera J. Acorn predation and seedling production in a low-density population of corkoak (Quercus suber L.)[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1995,76(1):197—201
8Vander Wall S B. Food hoarding in animals[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1990
9Kerley G, Knight M, Erasmus T. Small mammal microhabitat use and diet in the southernKalahari[J]. South African Journal of Wildlife Research,1990,20(4):123—126
10Wada N,Uemura S. Seed dispersal and predation by small rodents on the herbaceousunderstory plant Symplocarpus renifolius[J]. American Midland Naturalist,1994,132(2):320—327
11Brown J H,Heske E J. Control of a desert-grassland transition by a keystone rodentguild[J].Science,1990,250(4988):1705—1707
12Flowerdew J R, Shore R F, Poulton S M C, Sparks T H. Live trapping to monitor smallmammals in Britain[J]. Mammal Review,2004,34(1—2):31—50
13Newton I. Population limitation in birds[M]. London: Academic Press,1998
14Keesing F. Impacts of ungulates on the demography and diversity of small mammals incentral Kenya[J]. Oecologia,1998,116(3):381—389
15Hayward B, Heske E J, Painter C W. Effects of livestock grazing on small mammals ata desert cienaga[J]. The Journal of wildlife management,1997,61(1):123—129
16Reichman O,Seabloom E W. The role of pocket gophers as subterranean ecosystemengineers[J]. Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2002,17(1):44—49
17Agnew W, Uresk D W, Hansen R M. Flora and fauna associated with prairie dog coloniesand adjacent ungrazed mixed-grass prairie in western South Dakota[J]. Journal ofRange Management,1986,39(2):135—139
18Manzano-Fischer P, List R, Ceballos G. Grassland birds in prairie-dog towns innorthwestern Chihuahua, Mexico[J]. Studies in Avian Biology,1999,19:263—271
19Bagchi S, Namgail T, Ritchie M E. Small mammalian herbivores as mediators of plantcommunity dynamics in the high-altitude arid rangelands of Trans-Himalaya[J].Biological Conservation,2006,127(4):438—442
20Paoletti M G. Using bioindicators based on biodiversity to assess landscapesustainability[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,1999,74(1):1—18
21Leis S, Leslie D, Engle D, Fehmi J. Small mammals as indicators of short-term andlong-term disturbance in mixed prairie[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,137(1):75—84
22Kincaid W B, Cameron G N, Carnes B A. Patterns of habitat utilization in sympatricrodents on the Texas coastal prairie[J]. Ecology,1983,64(6):1471—1480
23Bueno C, Ruckstuhl K, Arrigo N, Aivaz A, Neuhaus P. Impacts of cattle grazing onsmall-rodent communities: an experimental case study[J]. Canadian Journal of Zoology,2011,90(1):22—30
24Jones A L,Longland W S. Effects of cattle grazing on salt desert rodent communities[J].The American midland naturalist,1999,141(1):1—11
25Davidson A D, Ponce E, Lightfoot D C, Fredrickson E L, Brown J H, Cruzado J, BrantleyS L, Sierra-Corona R, List R, Toledo D. Rapid response of a grassland ecosystem toan experimental manipulation of a keystone rodent and domestic livestock[J].Ecology,2010,91(11):3189—3200
26Delibes-Mateos M, Smith A T, Slobodchikoff C N, Swenson J E. The paradox of keystonespecies persecuted as pests: A call for the conservation of abundant small mammalsin their native range[J]. Biological Conservation.2011,144(5):1335—1346
27Collins S L,Smith M D. Scale-dependent interaction of fire and grazing on communityheterogeneity in tallgrass prairie[J]. Ecology,2006,87(8):2058—2067
28Pickett S, Kolasa J, Armesto J, Collins S. The ecological concept of disturbance andits expression at various hierarchical levels[J]. Oikos,1989,54(2):129—136
29Rykiel E J. Towards a definition of ecological disturbance[J]. Australian Journalof Ecology,2006,10(3):361—365
30Klinger R. The interaction of disturbances and small mammal community dynamics ina lowland forest in Belize[J]. Journal of Animal Ecology,2006,75(6):1227—1238
31Roxburgh S H, Shea K, Wilson J B. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis: patchdynamics and mechanisms of species coexistence[J]. Ecology,2004,85(2):359—371
32White P S,Jentsch A. The search for generality in studies of disturbance and ecosystemdynamics[J]. Progress in botany,2001,62:399—450
33陈利顶,傅伯杰.干扰的类型、特征及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,2000,7(4):581—586
34Connell J H. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs[J]. Science,1978,199(4335):1302—1310
35Yu M, Ellis J E, Epstein H E. Regional Analysis of Climate, Primary Production, andLivestock Density in Inner Mongolia[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2004,33(5):1675—1681
36White P. Pattern, process, and natural disturbance in vegetation[J]. The BotanicalReview,1979,45(3):229—299
37Sousa W P. The role of disturbance in natural communities[J]. Annual Review of Ecologyand Systematics,1984,15:353—391
38Pickett S T A,White P S. The ecology of nature disturbance and patch dynamics[M].London: Academic Press,1985.3—5
39Bazzaz F A. Characteristics of population in relation to disturbance, and landscapeecology. ed. M.G. Turner.Landscape Heterogeneity and Disturbance[M], New York:Springer-Verlag,1987.213—229
40Turner M G, Gardner R H, Dale V H, O'Neill R V. Predicting the spread of disturbanceacross heterogeneous landscapes[J]. Oikos,1989,55(1):121—129
41孙儒泳.动物生态学原理[M].第3版.北京:北京师范大学出版社，2001.243,433
42Suttie J M, Reynolds S G, Batello C. Grasslands of the world (DB/OL). Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),2005
43Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, De Haan C. Livestock's long shadow:environmental issues and options(DB/OL). Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations(FAO),2006
44Van Auken O W. Shurb invasions of North American semiarid grasslands[J]. AnnualReview of Ecology and Systematics,2000.31(1):197—215
45Fleischner T L. Ecological costs of livestock grazing in western North America[J].Conservation Biology,1994,8(3):629—644
46Pacala S,Crawley M. Herbivores and plant diversity[J]. American Naturalist,1992:243—260
47Smit R, Bokdam J, den Ouden J, Olff H, Schot-Opschoor H, Schrijvers M. Effects ofintroduction and exclusion of large herbivores on small rodent communities[J]. PlantEcology,2001,155(1):119—127
48Belsky A J,Blumenthal D M. Effects of Livestock Grazing on Stand Dynamics and Soilsin Upland Forests of the Interior West[J]. Conservation Biology,1997,11(2):315—327
49Olff H,Ritchie M E. Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity[J]. Trendsin Ecology&Evolution,1998,13(7):261—265
50Rice B,Westoby M. Vegetative responses of some Great Basin shrub communitiesprotected against jackrabbits or domestic stock[J]. Journal of Range Management,1978,31(1):28—34
51Brotherson J D,Brotherson W T. Grazing impacts on sagebrush communities of centralUtah[J]. Western North American Naturalist,1981,41(3):335—340
52Whitford W G. Desertification and animal biodiversity in the desert grasslands ofNorth America[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,1997,37(4):709—720
53Kleiner E F,Harper K. Environment and Communiy Organization in Grasslands ofCanyonlands National Park[J]. Ecology,1972,53(2):299—309
54Rosenstock S S. Shrub-grassland small mammal and vegetation responses to rest fromgrazing[J]. Journal of Range Management,1996,49(3):199—203
55Van Haveren B P. Soil bulk density as influenced by grazing intensity and soil typeon a shortgrass prairie site[J]. Journal of Range Management,1983,36(5):586—588
56Steffens M, K lbl A, Totsche K U, K gel-Knabner I. Grazing effects on soil chemicaland physical properties in a semiarid steppe of Inner Mongolia[J]. Geoderma,2008,143(1):63—72
57Warren S, Nevill M, Blackburn W, Garza N. Soil response to trampling under intensiverotation grazing[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1986,50(5):1336—1341
58Li C, Hao X, Zhao M, Han G, Willms W D. Influence of historic sheep grazing onvegetation and soil properties of a Desert Steppe in Inner Mongolia[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2008,128(1):109—116
59Eccard J, Walther R, Milton S. How livestock grazing affects vegetation structuresand small mammal distribution in the semi-arid Karoo[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2000,46(2):103—106
60Rosi M, Puig S, Cona M, Videla F, Méndez E, Roig V. Diet of a fossorial rodent(Octodontidae), above-ground food availability, and changes related to cattlegrazing in the Central Monte (Argentina)[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2009,73(3):273—279
61Wheeler P. Effects of sheep grazing on abundance and predators of field vole(Microtus agrestis) in upland Britain[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,2008,123(1):49—55
62James C D. Response of vertebrates to fenceline contrasts in grazing intensity insemiarid woodlands of eastern Australia[J]. Austral Ecology,2003,28(2):137—151
63Yoshihara Y, Okuro T, Buuveibaatar B, Undarmaa J, Takeuchi K. Complementary effectsof disturbance by livestock and marmots on the spatial heterogeneity of vegetationand soil in a Mongolian steppe ecosystem[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment.2010,135(1):155—159
64Tabeni S,Ojeda R. Ecology of the Monte Desert small mammals in disturbed andundisturbed habitats[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2005,63(1):244—255
65Seldal T, Andersen K-J, H gstedt G. Grazing-induced proteinase inhibitors: apossible cause for lemming population cycles[J]. Oikos,1994,70(1):3—11
66Brown J H,McDonald W. Livestock grazing and conservation on southwesternrangelands[J]. Conservation Biology,1995,9(6):1644—1647
67Keesing F. Ecology and Behavior of the Pouched Mouse, Saccostomus mearnsi, in CentralKenya[J]. Journal of Mammalogy,1998,79(3):919—931
68Pearson D E, Ortega Y K, McKelvey K S, Ruggiero L F. Small mammal communities andhabitat selection in Northern Rocky Mountain bunchgrass: implications for exoticplant invasions[J]. Northwest Science,2001,75(2):107—117
69Simonetti J A. Effects of goats upon native rodents and european rabbits in theChilean matorral[J]. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural,1983,56:27—30
70Jones Z F, Bock C E, Bock J H. Rodent communities in a grazed and ungrazed Arizonagrassland, and a model of habitat relationships among rodents in southwesterngrass/shrublands[J]. The American midland naturalist,2003,149(2):384—394
71Rosenzweig M L,Winakur J. Population ecology of desert rodent communities: habitatsand environmental complexity[J]. Ecology,1969,50(4):558—572
72Pereira J, Walker R, Novaro A. Effects of livestock on the feeding and spatial ecologyof Geoffroy's cat. Journal of Arid Environments,2012,76:36—42
73Vial F, Macdonald D W, Haydon D T. Limits to exploitation: dynamic food web modelspredict the impact of livestock grazing on Ethiopian wolves Canis simensis and theirprey[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology.2011,48(2):340—347
74Johnson M D,Horn C M. Effects of rotational grazing on rodents and raptors in a coastalgrassland[J]. Western North American Naturalist,2008,68(4):444—452
75Torre I, Díaz M, Martínez-Padilla J, Bonal R, Vi uela J, Fargallo J A. Cattlegrazing, raptor abundance and small mammal communities in Mediterraneangrasslands[J]. Basic and Applied Ecology,2007,8(6):565—575
76Evans D M, Redpath S M, Elston D A, Evans S A, Mitchell R J, Dennis P. To graze ornot to graze? Sheep, voles, forestry and nature conservation in the British uplands[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,43(3):499—505
77Orrock J L, Danielson B J, Brinkerhoff R J. Rodent foraging is affected by indirect,but not by direct, cues of predation risk[J]. Behavioral Ecology,2004,15(3):433—437
78Steen H, Mysterud A, Austrheim G. Sheep grazing and rodent populations: evidenceof negative interactions from a landscape scale experiment[J]. Oecologia,2005,143(3):357—364
79Hansson L. Spatial dynamics of field voles Microtus agrestis in heterogeneouslandscapes[J]. Oikos,1977,29(3):539—544
80Ogada D, Gadd M, Ostfeld R, Young T, Keesing F. Impacts of large herbivorous mammalson bird diversity and abundance in an African savanna[J]. Oecologia,2008,156(2):387—397
81Heske E J,Campbell M. Effects of an11—year livestock exclosure on rodent and antnumbers in the Chihuahuan Desert, southeastern Arizona[J]. The SouthwesternNaturalist,1991,36(1):89—93
82Klemola T, Norrdahl K, Korpim ki E. Do delayed effects of overgrazing explainpopulation cycles in voles[J]? Oikos,2003,90(3):509—516
83Abramsky Z. Small mammal community ecology[J]. Oecologia,1978,34(2):113—123
84Banks P B,Dickman C R. Effects of winter food supplementation on reproduction, bodymass, and numbers of small mammals in montane Australia[J]. Canadian Journal ofZoology,2000,78(10):1775—1783
85Boutin S. Food supplementation experiments with terrestrial vertebrates: patterns,problems, and the future[J]. Canadian Journal of Zoology,1990,68(2):203—220
86Krebs C J,DeLong K T. A Microtus Population with Supplemental Food[J]. Journal ofMammalogy,1965,46(4):566—573
87Liu W, Wang G, Wan X, Zhong W. Winter food availability limits winter survival ofMongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)[J]. Acta Theriologica,2011,56(3):219—227
88Ernest S, Brown J H, Parmenter R R. Rodents, plants, and precipitation: spatial andtemporal dynamics of consumers and resources[J]. Oikos,2003,88(3):470—482
89Arsenault R,Owen-Smith N. Facilitation versus competition in grazing herbivoreassemblages[J]. Oikos,2002,97(3):313—318
90Miller D H,Getz L L. Factors influencing local distribution and species diversityof forest small mammals in New England[J]. Canadian Journal of Zoology,1977,55(5):806—814
91Lima S L. Protective cover and the use of space: different strategies in finches[J].Oikos,1990,58(2):151—158
92Cassini M. Foraging under predation risk in the wild guinea pig Cavia aperea[J].Oikos,1991,62(1):20—24
93Edge W D, Wolff J O, Carey R L. Density-dependent responses of gray-tailed volesto mowing[J]. The Journal of wildlife management,1995,59(2):245—251
94Verdolin J L. Meta-analysis of foraging and predation risk trade-offs in terrestrialsystems[J]. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,2006,60(4):457—464
95Blaum N, Rossmanith E, Fleissner G, Jeltsch F. The conflicting importance of shrubbylandscape structures for the reproductive success of the yellow mongoose (Cynictispenicillata)[J]. Journal of Mammalogy,2007,88(1):194—200
96Ebensperger L A,Bozinovic F. Energetics and burrowing behaviour in the semifossorialdegu Octodon degus (Rodentia: Octodontidae)[J]. Journal of Zoology,2006,252(2):179—186
97Tabeni S,Ojeda R. Assessing mammal responses to perturbations in temperate aridlandsof Argentina[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2003,55(4):715—726
98Mwendera E, Saleem M, Woldu Z. Vegetation response to cattle grazing in the Ethiopianhighlands[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,1997,64(1):43—51
99Nash M S, Jackson E, Whitford W G. Soil microtopography on grazing gradients inChihuahuan desert grasslands[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2003,55(1):181—192
100Grant W E, Birney E C, French N R, Swift D M. Structure and productivity of grasslandsmall mammal communities related to grazing-induced changes in vegetative cover[J].Journal of Mammalogy,1982,63(2):248—260
101Jepsen J, Topping C, Oddersk r P, Andersen P. Evaluating consequences of land-usestrategies on wildlife populations using multiple-species predictive scenarios[J].Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,2005,105(4):581—594
102Aguilar R, Kelly E F, Heil R D. Effects of Cultivation on Soils in Northern GreatPlains Rangeland[J]. Soil Science Socity of America Journal,1988,52(4):1081—1085
103Davidson E,Ackerman I. Changes in soil carbon inventories following cultivation ofpreviously untilled soils[J]. Biogeochemistry,1993,20(3):161—193
104焦燕,赵江红,徐柱.农牧交错带开垦年限对土壤理化特性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(5):1965—1970
105张文丽,陈世苹,苗海霞,林光辉.开垦对克氏针茅草地生态系统碳通量的影响[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(6):1103—1110
106刘洪来,张卫华,王堃.开垦对农牧交错带地带性和非地带性草地土壤性质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(10):272—277
107文海燕.开垦和封育年限对退化沙质草地土壤性状的影响[J].草业学报,2005,14(1):31—37
108陈伏生,曾德慧,陈广生,范志平.开垦对草甸土有机碳的影响[J].土壤通报,2004,35(4):413—419
109Siriwardena G M, Baillie S R, Buckland S T, Fewster R M, Marchant J H, Wilson J D.Trends in the abundance of farmland birds: a quantitative comparison of smoothedCommon Birds Census indices[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,1998,35(1):24—43
110Krebs J R, Wilson J D, Bradbury R B, Siriwardena G M. The second silent spring?[J]Nature,1999,400:611—612
111Harris S, Morris P, Wray S, Yalden D, A review of British mammals: population estimatesand conservation status of British mammals other than cetaceans[M]. Peterborough UK:J.N.C. Committee,1995.45—85
112Halley J,Lawton J. The JAEP ecology of farmland modelling initiative: spatial modelsfor farmland ecology[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,1996,33(3):435—438
113Benton T G, Vickery J A, Wilson J D. Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneitythe key?[J] Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2003,18(4):182—188
114Mutze G. Mouse plagues in South Australia cereal-growing areas III. Changes in mouseabundance during plague and non-plague years, and the role of refugia[J]. WildlifeResearch,1991,18(5):593—603
115Singleton G R. Population dynamics of an outbreak of house mice (Mus domesticus)in the mallee wheatlands of Australia-hypothesis of plague formation[J]. Journal ofZoology,1989,219(3):495—515
116Barrio I C, Bueno C G, Tortosa F S. Alternative food and rabbit damage in vineyardsof southern Spain[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment.2010,138(1):51—54
117Brown P R, Davies M J, Singleton G R, Croft J D. Can farm-management practices reducethe impact of house mouse populations on crops in an irrigated farming system[J]?Wildlife Research,2005,31(6):597—604
118Jacob J. Short-term effects of farming practices on populations of common voles[J].Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,2003,95(1):321—325
119Jacob J,Hempel N. Effects of farming practices on spatial behaviour of common voles[J].Journal of Ethology,2003,21(1):45—50
120White J, Horskins K, Wilson J. The control of rodent damage in Australian macadamiaorchards by manipulation of adjacent non-crop habitats[J]. Crop Protection,1998,17(4):353—357
121Brakes C,Smith R H. Exposure of non-target small mammals to rodenticides: short-termeffects, recovery and implications for secondary poisoning[J]. Journal of AppliedEcology,2005,42(1):118—128
122孙儒泳.生活史对策[J].生物学通报,1997,32(5):2—4
123Ricklefs R E,Wikelski M. The physiology/life-history nexus[J]. Trends in ecology&evolution,2002,17(10):462—468
124Stearns S C. Trade-Offs in Life-History Evolution[J]. Functional Ecology,1989,3(3):259—268
125Fisher R A. The genetical theory of natural selection[M].2nd revised ed. London:Oxford University Press,1930
126Cole L C. The Population Consequences of Life History Phenomena[J]. The QuarterlyReview of Biology,1954,29(2):103—137
127MacArthur R H,Wilson E O. The theory of island biogeography[M]. Princeton, N.J.:Princeton Univ. Press,1967
128Pianka E R. On r and K selection[J]. The American Naturalist,1970,104(940):592—597
129Reznick D, Bryant M J, Bashey F. r-and K-Selection Revisited: The Role of PopulationRegulation in Life-History Evolution[J]. Ecology,2002,83(6):1509—1520
130Wilbur H M, Tinkle D W, Collins J P. Environmental Certainty, Trophic Level, andResource Availability in Life History Evolution[J]. The American Naturalist,1974,108(964):805—817
131Promislow D E L,Harvey P H. Living fast and dying young: A comparative analysis oflife-history variation among mammals[J]. Journal of Zoology,1990,220(3):417—437
132Grime J P. Vegetation classification by reference to strategies[J]. Nature,1974,250(5461):26—31
133刘志民,赵晓英,范世香. Grime的植物对策思想和生态学研究理念[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(4):603—608
134Borges R M. Plasticity comparisons between plants and animals:Concepts andmechanisms[J]. Plant Signaling&Behavior,2008,3(6):367—375
135Hodgson J G. The use of ecological theory and autecological datasets in studies ofendangered plant and animal species and communities[J]. Pirineos,1991,138:3—28
136Heppell S S, Caswell H, Crowder L B. Life histories and elasticity patterns:perturbation analysis for species with minimal demographic data[J]. Ecology,2000,81(3):654—665
137张知彬.兽类的死亡率[J].动物学报,1994,40(2):137—142
138刘赫,王德华,王祖望.啮齿动物胎仔数与生活史变量的关系[J].动物学研究,2002,23(3):248—252
139聂海燕,植食性小哺乳动物种群进化生态学研究：高原鼠兔种群生活史进化对策[D].杭州:浙江大学,2005.1—108
140刘伟,宛新荣,王广和,刘文东,钟文勤.不同季节长爪沙鼠同生群的繁殖特征及其在生活史对策中的意义[J].兽类学报,2004,24(3):229—234
141温新利,席贻龙.镜湖常见臂尾轮虫（Brachionus）种群周年动态及生活史对策[J].生态学报,2007,27(10):3956—3963
142肖能文,刘德燕,王学霞,闫春红,胡理乐,李俊生.大庆油田石油井开采对土壤线虫群落的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(13):3736—3744
143张继义,赵哈林.植被(植物群落)稳定性研究评述[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(4):42—48
144Grimm V, Schmidt E, Wissel C. On the application of stability concepts in ecology[J].Ecological Modelling,1992,63(1):143—161
145MacArthur R. Fluctuations of Animal Populations and a Measure of CommunityStability[J]. Ecology,1955,36(3):533—536
146Lehman C L,Tilman D, Biodiversity, Stability, and Productivity in CompetitiveCommunities[M]. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2000.534—552
147May R M. Stability in Randomly Fluctuating Versus Deterministic Environments[J].The American Naturalist,1973,107(957):621—650
148Holling C S. Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems[J]. Annual Review ofEcology and Systematics,1973,4:1—23
149Pimm S L. The complexity and stability of ecosystems[J]. Nature,1984,307(5949):321—326
150Sutherland J P. The fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina: a study instability[J]. American Naturalist,1981,118(4):499—519
151McNaughton S J. Diversity and stability of ecological communities: a comment on therole of empiricism in ecology[J]. American Naturalist,1977,111(979):515—525
152King A W,Pimm S L. Complexity, diversity, and stability: a reconciliation oftheoretical and empirical results[J]. American Naturalist,1983,122(2):229—239
153Tilman D, Reich P B, Knops J M H. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade—long grassland experiment[J]. Nature,2006,441(7093):629—632
154Tilman D,Downing J A. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands[J]. Nature,1994,367(6461):363—365
155Ives A R,Carpenter S R. Stability and diversity of ecosystems[J]. Science,2007,317(5834):58—62
156Goodman D. The theory of diversity-stability relationships in ecology[J]. QuarterlyReview of Biology,1975,50(3):237—266
157Gilpin M E. Stability of feasible predator-prey systems[J]. Nature,1975,254(5496):137—139
158Gardner M R,Ashby W R. Connectance of Large Dynamic (Cybernetic) Systems: CriticalValues for Stability[J]. Nature,1970,228(5273):784—784
159Tilman D. Biodiversity: Population Versus Ecosystem Stability[J]. Ecology,1996,77(2):350—363
160McCann K S. The diversity-stability debate[J]. Nature,2000,405(6783):228—233
161Hairston N, Allan J, Colwell R, Futuyma D, Howell J, Lubin M, Mathias J, VandermeerJ. The relationship between species diversity and stability: an experimental approachwith protozoa and bacteria[J]. Ecology,1968,49(6):1091—1101
162Grime J P. Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immediate, filter and foundereffects[J]. Journal of Ecology,1998,86(6):902—910
163马风云.生态系统稳定性若干问题研究评述[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(4):401—407
164李小方,邓欢,黄益宗,王新军,朱永官.土壤生态系统稳定性研究进展[J].生态学报,2009,29(12):6712—6722
165刘增文,李雅素.生态系统稳定性研究的历史与现状[J].生态学杂志,1997(2):58—61
166高东,何霞红.生物多样性与生态系统稳定性研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(12):2507—2513
167王国宏.再论生物多样性与生态系统的稳定性[J].生物多样性,2002,10(1):126—134
168李荣,张文辉,何景峰,周建云.不同间伐强度对辽东栎林群落稳定性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):14—20
169郑元润.森林群落稳定性研究方法初探[J].林业科学,2000,36(5):28—32
170高润梅,石晓东,郭跃东.山西文峪河上游河岸林群落稳定性评价[J].植物生态学报,2012,36(6):491—503
171王长庭,龙瑞军,路明,来德珍,李有福.草地生态系统中物种多样性、群落稳定性和生态功能的关系[J].草业科学,2005,22(6):1—7
172白永飞,陈佐忠.锡林河流域羊草草原植物种群和功能群的长期变异性及其对群落稳定性的影响[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(6):641—647
173党承林.植物群落的冗余机构--对生态系统稳定性的一种解释[J].生态学报,1998,18(6):665—672
174高宝嘉,张执中,李振宇.封山育林对昆虫群落结构及多样性稳定性影响的研究[J].生态学报,1992,12(1):1—7
175蔡万伦,石尚柏,杨长举,彭于发,郑亚莉. Bt水稻田不同斑块设计对田间节肢动物群落稳定性的影响[J].生态学报,2005,25(11):2968—2975
176张飞萍,尤民生.不同林分类型毛竹林节肢动物群落的多样性与稳定性[J].昆虫学报,2007,50(1):31—37
177韩宝瑜.茶园昆虫群落稳定性机制[J].茶叶科学,2000,20(1):1—4
178黄正恩,杜相革,董民,杨东鹏,张禄达.有机管理对茶园节肢动物群落稳定性的影响[J].中国农学通报,2004,20(6):57—59
179杜飞雁,王雪辉,李纯厚,张汉华,贾晓平.大亚湾大型底栖动物的群落结构[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1091—1098
180张莹,刘元进,张英,徐炳庆,吕振波.莱州湾多毛底栖动物生态特征及其对环境变化的响应[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(4):888—895
181李臻,杨丽媛,刘文,邓文洪.人工巢箱对次级洞巢鸟多样性及繁殖鸟类群落稳定性的作用[J].生物多样性,2008,16(6):601—606
182赵平,彭少麟,张经炜.恢复生态学--退化生态系统生物多样性恢复的有效途径[J].生态学杂志,2000,19(1):53—58
183竺锡武.自控与受控棉田生态系统稳定性的比较[J].生态学杂志,2000,19(2):20—23
184陈超英.节肢动物群落稳定性测度的灰色模型及其应用[J].生态学报,2005,25(11):3112—3116
185陈超英.节肢动物群落稳定性分析灰典型相关模型及其应用[J].生态学报,2007,27(8):3370—3378
186李新航,张真,马钦彦,王鸿斌,孔祥波,王淑芬.马尾松林节肢动物群落的稳定性[J].生态学报,2009,29(1):216—222
187李全胜,王兆骞.熵理论在生态系统稳定性研究中的应用[J].生物数学学报,1994,9(3):234—241
188张立敏,陈斌,李正跃.应用中性理论分析局域群落中的物种多样性及稳定性[J].生态学报,2010,30(6):1556—1563
189Cohen J E, Jonsson T, Carpenter S R. Ecological community description using the foodweb, species abundance, and body size[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences,2003,100(4):1781—1786
190Emmerson M C. The predictive science of community ecology[J]. Journal of AnimalEcology.2011,80(6):1111—1114
191任海,彭少麟.恢复生态系导论[M].北京:科学出版社.2002
192Krebs C J. Demographic Changes in Fluctuating Populations of Microtus californicus[J].Ecological Monographs,1966,36(3):239—273
193Cormack R. Estimates of survival from the sighting of marked animals[J]. Biometrika,1964,51(3/4):429—438
194Bonner S,Schwarz C. An extension of the Cormack-Jolly-Seber model for continuouscovariates with application to Microtus pennsylvanicus[J]. Biometrics,2005,62(1):142—149
195侯泰杰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2004
196Bollen K A. Multiple indicators: Internal consistency or no necessary relationship?[J]Quality&Quantity,1984,18(4):377—385
197Grace J,Guntenspergen G. The effects of landscape position on plant species density:evidence of past environmental effects in a coastal wetland[J]. Ecoscience,1999,6(3):381—391
198王酉石,储诚进.结构方程模型及其在生态学中的应用[J].植物生态学报,2011,35(3):337—344
199Grace J B,Bollen K A. Representing general theoretical concepts in structuralequation models: the role of composite variables[J]. Environmental and EcologicalStatistics,2008,15(2):191—213
200邱皓政,林碧芳.结构方程模型的原理与应用[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2009
201Warwick R M. A new method for detecting pollution effects on marine macrobenthiccommunities[J]. Marine Biology,1986,92(4):557—562
202Huston M. A General Hypothesis of Species Diversity[J]. The American Naturalist,1979,113(1):81—101
203Lambshead P J D, Platt H M, Shaw K M. The detection of differences among assemblagesof marine benthic species based on an assessment of dominance and diversity[J].Journal of Natural History,1983,17(6):859—874
204Clarke K R. Comparisons of dominance curves[J]. Journal of Experimental MarineBiology and Ecology,1990,138(1–2):143—157
205Wang Y H, Yang K C, Bridgman C, Lin L K. Habitat suitability modelling to correlategene flow with landscape connectivity[J]. Landscape Ecology,2008,23(8):989—1000
206Jorgensen E E. Small mammals: consequences of stochastic data variation for modelingindicators of habitat suitability for a well-studied resource[J]. EcologicalIndicators,2002,1(4):313—321
207吴克顺,傅华,张学英,牛得草,塔拉藤.阿拉善荒漠草地8种牧草营养物质季节动态及营养均衡价评价[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(2):257—262
208Peco B, de Pablos I, Traba J, Levassor C. The effect of grazing abandonment on speciescomposition and functional traits: the case of dehesa grasslands[J]. Basic andApplied Ecology,2005,6(2):175—183
209Burnham K P,Anderson D R. Model selection and multimodal inference: a practicalinformation-theoretic approach.2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag,2002
210Monadjem A. Geographic distribution patterns of small mammals in Swaziland inrelation to abiotic factors and human land-use activity[J]. Biodiversity&Conservation,1999,8(2):223—237
211Kutt A, Thurgate N, Hannah D. Distribution and habitat of the desert mouse (Pseudomysdesertor) in Queensland[J]. Wildlife Research,2004,31(2):129—142
212Morilhat C, Bernard N, Bournais C, Meyer C, Lamboley C, Giraudoux P. Responses ofArvicola terrestris scherman populations to agricultural practices, and to Talpaeuropaea abundance in eastern France[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,2007,122(3):392—398
213Read A F,Harvey P H. Life history differences among the eutherian radiations[J].Journal of Zoology,1989,219(2):329—353
214卢浩泉,马勇,赵桂芝.害鼠的分类测报与防治[M].北京:农业出版社,1988
215黄文几,徐士菊.中国啮齿类[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1995
216张知彬,王祖望.农业重要害鼠的生态学及控制对策[M].北京:海洋出版社,1998
217武晓东,付和平,杨泽龙.中国典型半荒漠与荒漠区啮齿动物研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2009
218马勇,王逢贵,金善科,李思华.新疆北部地区啮齿动物的分类和分布[M].北京:科学出版社,1987
219Bieber C, Ju–kaitis R, Turbill C, Ruf T. High survival during hibernation affectsonset and timing of reproduction[J]. Oecologia,2011,169(1):1—12
220Lebl K, Bieber C, Adamík P, Fietz J, Morris P, Pilastro A, Ruf T. Survival ratesin a small hibernator, the edible dormouse: a comparison across Europe[J]. Ecography,2011,34(4):683—692
221武晓东,付和平.人为干扰下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局--变动趋势与敏感性反应[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):849—861
222Lep J, Osbornová-Kosinová J, Rejmánek M. Community Stability, Complexity andSpecies Life History Strategies[J]. Vegetatio,1982,50(1):53—63
223Kerley G I. Ecological correlates of small mammal community structure in the semi-aridKaroo, South Africa[J]. Journal of Zoology,1992,227(1):17—27
224Owen J G. On productivity as a predictor of rodent and carnivore diversity[J]. Ecology,1988,69(4):1161—1165
225Hafner M S. Density and diversity in Mojave Desert rodent and shrub communities[J].The Journal of animal ecology,1977,46(3):925—938
226Fordham R. Field populations of deermice with supplemental food[J]. Ecology,1971,52(1):138—146
227Gilbert B,Krebs C. Effects of extra food on Peromyscus and Clethrionomys populationsin the southern Yukon[J]. Oecologia,1981,51(3):326—331
228Young B L,Stout J. Effects of extra food on small rodents in a south temperate zonehabitat: demographic responses[J]. Canadian Journal of Zoology,1986,64(6):1211—1217
229赵肯堂.三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta Pallas)的生态研究[J].动物学杂志,1964(02):59—62
230Vakhrusheva G, Volodin I, Ilchenko O, Pavlova E. keeping and breeding jerboas atMoscow Zoo[J]. International Zoo News,1994,41/7(256):20—28
231Zhou R, Li Y, Li J Q, Liu N F. Seasonal Changes in the Genetic Diversity of Two RodentPopulations, Midday Gerbil (Meriones meridianus) and Northern Three-Toed Jerboa(Dipus sagitta), Detected by ISSR[J]. Biochemical Genetics,2012,50(5):350—371
232Cassini M,Galante M. Foraging under predation risk in the wild guinea pig: the effectof vegetation height on habitat utilization[J]. Annales Zoologici Fennici.1992,29(4):285—290
233Brown J H, Whitham T G, Ernest S M, Gehring C A. Complex species interactions andthe dynamics of ecological systems: long-term experiments[J]. Science,2001,293(5530):643—650
234Coltrane J A,Barboza P S. Winter as a nutritional bottleneck for North Americanporcupines (Erethizon dorsatum)[J]. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical,Systemic, and Environmental Physiology,2010,180(6):905—918
235Solonen T. Overwinter population change of small mammals in southern Finland[J].Annales Zoologici Fennici,2006,43(3):295—302
236Dickman C. Sex-ratio variation in response to interspecific competition[J]. TheAmerican Naturalist,1988,132(2):289—297
237Whitaker J O, Jr. A Study of the Meadow Jumping Mouse, Zapus hudsonius (Zimmerman),in Central New York[J]. Ecological Monographs,1963,33(3):215—254
238李俊生,宋延龄,曾治高.7种荒漠啮齿动物食物组成与消化道长度的比较[J].动物学报,2003,49(2):171—178
239Gordon I, Illius A, Milne J. Sources of variation in the foraging efficiency of grazingruminants[J]. Functional Ecology,1996,10(2):219—226
240Murray M G,Brown D. Niche separation of grazing ungulates in the Serengeti: anexperimental test[J]. Journal of Animal Ecology,1993,62(2):380—389
241鄂晋,张福顺,余奕东,付和平.荒漠区开垦干扰下子午沙鼠种群数量动态与繁殖特征[J].内蒙古农业大学学报（自然科学版）,2009,30(2):140—144
242甘肃农业大学.草原保护学[M].第二版.北京:中国农业出版社,1997
243Bomford M,Redhead T. A field experiment to examine the effects of food quality andpopulation density on reproduction of wild house mice[J]. Oikos,1987:304—311
244宋恺,刘荣堂.子午沙鼠（Meriones meridianus）的生态研究[J].兽类学报,1984,4(4):291—300
245周宗汉,刘昌威,罗远才.河西荒漠子午沙鼠的生态学初步观察[J].四川动物,1985(1):10—13
246付和平,武晓东,马春梅,甘红军,青松.内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区鼠害成因及防治区划[J].干旱区资源与环境,2002.16(4):106—109
247Lipowsky A, Roscher C, Schumacher J, Schmid B. Density-Independent Mortality andIncreasing Plant Diversity Are Associated with Differentiation of Taraxacumofficinale into r-and K-Strategists[J]. PLoS ONE,2012,7(1):e28121
248Austad S N,Fischer K E. Mammalian Aging, Metabolism, and Ecology: Evidence From theBats and Marsupials[J]. Journal of Gerontology,1991,46(2):B47—B53
249Benton T G,Grant A. Optimal Reproductive Effort in Stochastic, Density-DependentEnvironments[J]. Evolution,1999,53(3):677—688
250武晓东,阿娟,付和平,金珩.人为不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局的动态特征--动物与植物群落的典型相关分析[J].生态学报,2008,28(12):6000—6017
251马克明,傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观生态学研究进展[C],李文华,赵景柱.生态学研究回顾与展望[C].北京:气象出版社,2004.534—553
252宛新荣,刘伟,王广和,钟文勤.浑善达克沙地小毛足鼠的食量与食性动态[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(2):223—227
253王广和,钟文勤,宛新荣.浑善达克沙地小毛足鼠的生物学习性[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(6):65—67
254Ghalambor C K, McKay J K, Carroll S P, Reznick D N. Adaptive versus non-adaptivephenotypic plasticity and the potential for contemporary adaptation in newenvironments[J]. Functional Ecology,2007,21(3):394—407
255Badyaev A V. Stress-induced variation in evolution: from behavioural plasticity togenetic assimilation[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,2005,272(1566):877—886
256Tuomainen U,Candolin U. Behavioural responses to human-induced environmentalchange[J]. Biological Reviews,2011,86(3):640—657
257Paine R T. Food web complexity and species diversity[J]. American Naturalist,1966,100(910):65—75
258Soykan C U,Sabo J L. Spatiotemporal food web dynamics along a desert riparian–upland transition[J]. Ecography,2009,32(2):354—368
259Downes B J, Lake P S, Schreiber E S G, Glaister A. Habitat structure and regulationof local species diversity in a stony, upland stream[J]. Ecological Monographs,1998,68(2):237—257
260Murdoch W W, Evans F C, Peterson C H. Diversity and pattern in plants and insects[J].Ecology,1972,53(5):819—829
261Sullivan T P, Sullivan D S, Lindgren P M F. Influence of repeated fertilization andcattle grazing on forest ecosystems: Abundance and diversity of forest—floor smallmammals[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2012,277(1):180—195
262Riojas-López M E. Response of rodent assemblages to change in habitat heterogeneityin fruit-oriented nopal orchards in the Central High Plateau of Mexico[J]. Journalof Arid Environments,2012,85:27—32
263Ralph C J. Habitat association patterns of forest and steppe birds of NorthernPatagonia, Argentina[J]. The Condor,1985,87(4):471—483
264Sullivan T P,Sullivan D S. Influence of variable retention harvests on forestecosystems. II. Diversity and population dynamics of small mammals[J]. Journal ofApplied Ecology,2001,38(6):1234—1252
265Tews J, Brose U, Grimm V, Tielb rger K, Wichmann M C, Schwager M, Jeltsch F. Animalspecies diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance ofkeystone structures[J]. Journal of Biogeography,2004,31(1):79—92
266张金屯.数量生态学[M].第二版.北京:科学出版社，2011
267Abramsky Z. The role of habitat and productivity in structuring desert rodentcommunities[J]. Oikos,1988,52(1):107—114
268Grace J B,Bollen K A. Interpreting the results from multiple regression and structuralequation models[J]. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America,2005,86(4):283—295
269Grace J B, Anderson T M, Olff H, Scheiner S M. On the specification of structuralequation models for ecological systems[J]. Ecological Monographs.2010,80(1):67—87
270Wright S. Correlation and causation[J]. Journal of agricultural research,1921,20(7):557—585
271Gough L,Grace J B. Effects of environmental change on plant species density: comparingpredictions with experiments[J]. Ecology,1999,80(3):882—890
272Grace J B,Keeley J E. A structural equation model analysis of postfire plant diversityin California shrublands[J]. Ecological Applications,2006,16(2):503—514
273Grace J B. Structural equation modeling for observational studies[J]. The Journalof wildlife management,2008,72(1):14—22
274Brown J H. The role of phylogeny in desert rodent community assembly[J]. The Journalof animal ecology,2012,81(2):307—309
2Brown J S. Desert rodent community structure: a test of four mechanisms ofcoexistence[J]. Ecological Monographs,1989,59(1):1—20
3Ojeda R A,Tabeni S. The mammals of the Monte Desert revisited[J]. Journal of AridEnvironments,2009,73(2):173—181
4Jensen T S. Seed production and outbreaks of non-cyclic rodent populations in deciduousforests[J]. Oecologia,1982,54(2):184—192
5Ostfeld R S,Canham C D. Effects of meadow vole population density on tree seedlingsurvival in oil fields[J]. Ecology,1993,74(6):1792—1801
6Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Domestic goat grazing disturbance enhances tree seed removaland caching by small rodents in a warm-temperate deciduous forest in China[J].Wildlife Research,2009,36(7):610—616
7Herrera J. Acorn predation and seedling production in a low-density population of corkoak (Quercus suber L.)[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1995,76(1):197—201
8Vander Wall S B. Food hoarding in animals[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1990
9Kerley G, Knight M, Erasmus T. Small mammal microhabitat use and diet in the southernKalahari[J]. South African Journal of Wildlife Research,1990,20(4):123—126
10Wada N,Uemura S. Seed dispersal and predation by small rodents on the herbaceousunderstory plant Symplocarpus renifolius[J]. American Midland Naturalist,1994,132(2):320—327
11Brown J H,Heske E J. Control of a desert-grassland transition by a keystone rodentguild[J].Science,1990,250(4988):1705—1707
12Flowerdew J R, Shore R F, Poulton S M C, Sparks T H. Live trapping to monitor smallmammals in Britain[J]. Mammal Review,2004,34(1—2):31—50
13Newton I. Population limitation in birds[M]. London: Academic Press,1998
14Keesing F. Impacts of ungulates on the demography and diversity of small mammals incentral Kenya[J]. Oecologia,1998,116(3):381—389
15Hayward B, Heske E J, Painter C W. Effects of livestock grazing on small mammals ata desert cienaga[J]. The Journal of wildlife management,1997,61(1):123—129
16Reichman O,Seabloom E W. The role of pocket gophers as subterranean ecosystemengineers[J]. Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2002,17(1):44—49
17Agnew W, Uresk D W, Hansen R M. Flora and fauna associated with prairie dog coloniesand adjacent ungrazed mixed-grass prairie in western South Dakota[J]. Journal ofRange Management,1986,39(2):135—139
18Manzano-Fischer P, List R, Ceballos G. Grassland birds in prairie-dog towns innorthwestern Chihuahua, Mexico[J]. Studies in Avian Biology,1999,19:263—271
19Bagchi S, Namgail T, Ritchie M E. Small mammalian herbivores as mediators of plantcommunity dynamics in the high-altitude arid rangelands of Trans-Himalaya[J].Biological Conservation,2006,127(4):438—442
20Paoletti M G. Using bioindicators based on biodiversity to assess landscapesustainability[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,1999,74(1):1—18
21Leis S, Leslie D, Engle D, Fehmi J. Small mammals as indicators of short-term andlong-term disturbance in mixed prairie[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,137(1):75—84
22Kincaid W B, Cameron G N, Carnes B A. Patterns of habitat utilization in sympatricrodents on the Texas coastal prairie[J]. Ecology,1983,64(6):1471—1480
23Bueno C, Ruckstuhl K, Arrigo N, Aivaz A, Neuhaus P. Impacts of cattle grazing onsmall-rodent communities: an experimental case study[J]. Canadian Journal of Zoology,2011,90(1):22—30
24Jones A L,Longland W S. Effects of cattle grazing on salt desert rodent communities[J].The American midland naturalist,1999,141(1):1—11
25Davidson A D, Ponce E, Lightfoot D C, Fredrickson E L, Brown J H, Cruzado J, BrantleyS L, Sierra-Corona R, List R, Toledo D. Rapid response of a grassland ecosystem toan experimental manipulation of a keystone rodent and domestic livestock[J].Ecology,2010,91(11):3189—3200
26Delibes-Mateos M, Smith A T, Slobodchikoff C N, Swenson J E. The paradox of keystonespecies persecuted as pests: A call for the conservation of abundant small mammalsin their native range[J]. Biological Conservation.2011,144(5):1335—1346
27Collins S L,Smith M D. Scale-dependent interaction of fire and grazing on communityheterogeneity in tallgrass prairie[J]. Ecology,2006,87(8):2058—2067
28Pickett S, Kolasa J, Armesto J, Collins S. The ecological concept of disturbance andits expression at various hierarchical levels[J]. Oikos,1989,54(2):129—136
29Rykiel E J. Towards a definition of ecological disturbance[J]. Australian Journalof Ecology,2006,10(3):361—365
30Klinger R. The interaction of disturbances and small mammal community dynamics ina lowland forest in Belize[J]. Journal of Animal Ecology,2006,75(6):1227—1238
31Roxburgh S H, Shea K, Wilson J B. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis: patchdynamics and mechanisms of species coexistence[J]. Ecology,2004,85(2):359—371
32White P S,Jentsch A. The search for generality in studies of disturbance and ecosystemdynamics[J]. Progress in botany,2001,62:399—450
33陈利顶,傅伯杰.干扰的类型、特征及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,2000,7(4):581—586
34Connell J H. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs[J]. Science,1978,199(4335):1302—1310
35Yu M, Ellis J E, Epstein H E. Regional Analysis of Climate, Primary Production, andLivestock Density in Inner Mongolia[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2004,33(5):1675—1681
36White P. Pattern, process, and natural disturbance in vegetation[J]. The BotanicalReview,1979,45(3):229—299
37Sousa W P. The role of disturbance in natural communities[J]. Annual Review of Ecologyand Systematics,1984,15:353—391
38Pickett S T A,White P S. The ecology of nature disturbance and patch dynamics[M].London: Academic Press,1985.3—5
39Bazzaz F A. Characteristics of population in relation to disturbance, and landscapeecology. ed. M.G. Turner.Landscape Heterogeneity and Disturbance[M], New York:Springer-Verlag,1987.213—229
40Turner M G, Gardner R H, Dale V H, O'Neill R V. Predicting the spread of disturbanceacross heterogeneous landscapes[J]. Oikos,1989,55(1):121—129
41孙儒泳.动物生态学原理[M].第3版.北京:北京师范大学出版社，2001.243,433
42Suttie J M, Reynolds S G, Batello C. Grasslands of the world (DB/OL). Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),2005
43Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, De Haan C. Livestock's long shadow:environmental issues and options(DB/OL). Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations(FAO),2006
44Van Auken O W. Shurb invasions of North American semiarid grasslands[J]. AnnualReview of Ecology and Systematics,2000.31(1):197—215
45Fleischner T L. Ecological costs of livestock grazing in western North America[J].Conservation Biology,1994,8(3):629—644
46Pacala S,Crawley M. Herbivores and plant diversity[J]. American Naturalist,1992:243—260
47Smit R, Bokdam J, den Ouden J, Olff H, Schot-Opschoor H, Schrijvers M. Effects ofintroduction and exclusion of large herbivores on small rodent communities[J]. PlantEcology,2001,155(1):119—127
48Belsky A J,Blumenthal D M. Effects of Livestock Grazing on Stand Dynamics and Soilsin Upland Forests of the Interior West[J]. Conservation Biology,1997,11(2):315—327
49Olff H,Ritchie M E. Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity[J]. Trendsin Ecology&Evolution,1998,13(7):261—265
50Rice B,Westoby M. Vegetative responses of some Great Basin shrub communitiesprotected against jackrabbits or domestic stock[J]. Journal of Range Management,1978,31(1):28—34
51Brotherson J D,Brotherson W T. Grazing impacts on sagebrush communities of centralUtah[J]. Western North American Naturalist,1981,41(3):335—340
52Whitford W G. Desertification and animal biodiversity in the desert grasslands ofNorth America[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,1997,37(4):709—720
53Kleiner E F,Harper K. Environment and Communiy Organization in Grasslands ofCanyonlands National Park[J]. Ecology,1972,53(2):299—309
54Rosenstock S S. Shrub-grassland small mammal and vegetation responses to rest fromgrazing[J]. Journal of Range Management,1996,49(3):199—203
55Van Haveren B P. Soil bulk density as influenced by grazing intensity and soil typeon a shortgrass prairie site[J]. Journal of Range Management,1983,36(5):586—588
56Steffens M, K lbl A, Totsche K U, K gel-Knabner I. Grazing effects on soil chemicaland physical properties in a semiarid steppe of Inner Mongolia[J]. Geoderma,2008,143(1):63—72
57Warren S, Nevill M, Blackburn W, Garza N. Soil response to trampling under intensiverotation grazing[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1986,50(5):1336—1341
58Li C, Hao X, Zhao M, Han G, Willms W D. Influence of historic sheep grazing onvegetation and soil properties of a Desert Steppe in Inner Mongolia[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2008,128(1):109—116
59Eccard J, Walther R, Milton S. How livestock grazing affects vegetation structuresand small mammal distribution in the semi-arid Karoo[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2000,46(2):103—106
60Rosi M, Puig S, Cona M, Videla F, Méndez E, Roig V. Diet of a fossorial rodent(Octodontidae), above-ground food availability, and changes related to cattlegrazing in the Central Monte (Argentina)[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2009,73(3):273—279
61Wheeler P. Effects of sheep grazing on abundance and predators of field vole(Microtus agrestis) in upland Britain[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,2008,123(1):49—55
62James C D. Response of vertebrates to fenceline contrasts in grazing intensity insemiarid woodlands of eastern Australia[J]. Austral Ecology,2003,28(2):137—151
63Yoshihara Y, Okuro T, Buuveibaatar B, Undarmaa J, Takeuchi K. Complementary effectsof disturbance by livestock and marmots on the spatial heterogeneity of vegetationand soil in a Mongolian steppe ecosystem[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment.2010,135(1):155—159
64Tabeni S,Ojeda R. Ecology of the Monte Desert small mammals in disturbed andundisturbed habitats[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2005,63(1):244—255
65Seldal T, Andersen K-J, H gstedt G. Grazing-induced proteinase inhibitors: apossible cause for lemming population cycles[J]. Oikos,1994,70(1):3—11
66Brown J H,McDonald W. Livestock grazing and conservation on southwesternrangelands[J]. Conservation Biology,1995,9(6):1644—1647
67Keesing F. Ecology and Behavior of the Pouched Mouse, Saccostomus mearnsi, in CentralKenya[J]. Journal of Mammalogy,1998,79(3):919—931
68Pearson D E, Ortega Y K, McKelvey K S, Ruggiero L F. Small mammal communities andhabitat selection in Northern Rocky Mountain bunchgrass: implications for exoticplant invasions[J]. Northwest Science,2001,75(2):107—117
69Simonetti J A. Effects of goats upon native rodents and european rabbits in theChilean matorral[J]. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural,1983,56:27—30
70Jones Z F, Bock C E, Bock J H. Rodent communities in a grazed and ungrazed Arizonagrassland, and a model of habitat relationships among rodents in southwesterngrass/shrublands[J]. The American midland naturalist,2003,149(2):384—394
71Rosenzweig M L,Winakur J. Population ecology of desert rodent communities: habitatsand environmental complexity[J]. Ecology,1969,50(4):558—572
72Pereira J, Walker R, Novaro A. Effects of livestock on the feeding and spatial ecologyof Geoffroy's cat. Journal of Arid Environments,2012,76:36—42
73Vial F, Macdonald D W, Haydon D T. Limits to exploitation: dynamic food web modelspredict the impact of livestock grazing on Ethiopian wolves Canis simensis and theirprey[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology.2011,48(2):340—347
74Johnson M D,Horn C M. Effects of rotational grazing on rodents and raptors in a coastalgrassland[J]. Western North American Naturalist,2008,68(4):444—452
75Torre I, Díaz M, Martínez-Padilla J, Bonal R, Vi uela J, Fargallo J A. Cattlegrazing, raptor abundance and small mammal communities in Mediterraneangrasslands[J]. Basic and Applied Ecology,2007,8(6):565—575
76Evans D M, Redpath S M, Elston D A, Evans S A, Mitchell R J, Dennis P. To graze ornot to graze? Sheep, voles, forestry and nature conservation in the British uplands[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,43(3):499—505
77Orrock J L, Danielson B J, Brinkerhoff R J. Rodent foraging is affected by indirect,but not by direct, cues of predation risk[J]. Behavioral Ecology,2004,15(3):433—437
78Steen H, Mysterud A, Austrheim G. Sheep grazing and rodent populations: evidenceof negative interactions from a landscape scale experiment[J]. Oecologia,2005,143(3):357—364
79Hansson L. Spatial dynamics of field voles Microtus agrestis in heterogeneouslandscapes[J]. Oikos,1977,29(3):539—544
80Ogada D, Gadd M, Ostfeld R, Young T, Keesing F. Impacts of large herbivorous mammalson bird diversity and abundance in an African savanna[J]. Oecologia,2008,156(2):387—397
81Heske E J,Campbell M. Effects of an11—year livestock exclosure on rodent and antnumbers in the Chihuahuan Desert, southeastern Arizona[J]. The SouthwesternNaturalist,1991,36(1):89—93
82Klemola T, Norrdahl K, Korpim ki E. Do delayed effects of overgrazing explainpopulation cycles in voles[J]? Oikos,2003,90(3):509—516
83Abramsky Z. Small mammal community ecology[J]. Oecologia,1978,34(2):113—123
84Banks P B,Dickman C R. Effects of winter food supplementation on reproduction, bodymass, and numbers of small mammals in montane Australia[J]. Canadian Journal ofZoology,2000,78(10):1775—1783
85Boutin S. Food supplementation experiments with terrestrial vertebrates: patterns,problems, and the future[J]. Canadian Journal of Zoology,1990,68(2):203—220
86Krebs C J,DeLong K T. A Microtus Population with Supplemental Food[J]. Journal ofMammalogy,1965,46(4):566—573
87Liu W, Wang G, Wan X, Zhong W. Winter food availability limits winter survival ofMongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)[J]. Acta Theriologica,2011,56(3):219—227
88Ernest S, Brown J H, Parmenter R R. Rodents, plants, and precipitation: spatial andtemporal dynamics of consumers and resources[J]. Oikos,2003,88(3):470—482
89Arsenault R,Owen-Smith N. Facilitation versus competition in grazing herbivoreassemblages[J]. Oikos,2002,97(3):313—318
90Miller D H,Getz L L. Factors influencing local distribution and species diversityof forest small mammals in New England[J]. Canadian Journal of Zoology,1977,55(5):806—814
91Lima S L. Protective cover and the use of space: different strategies in finches[J].Oikos,1990,58(2):151—158
92Cassini M. Foraging under predation risk in the wild guinea pig Cavia aperea[J].Oikos,1991,62(1):20—24
93Edge W D, Wolff J O, Carey R L. Density-dependent responses of gray-tailed volesto mowing[J]. The Journal of wildlife management,1995,59(2):245—251
94Verdolin J L. Meta-analysis of foraging and predation risk trade-offs in terrestrialsystems[J]. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,2006,60(4):457—464
95Blaum N, Rossmanith E, Fleissner G, Jeltsch F. The conflicting importance of shrubbylandscape structures for the reproductive success of the yellow mongoose (Cynictispenicillata)[J]. Journal of Mammalogy,2007,88(1):194—200
96Ebensperger L A,Bozinovic F. Energetics and burrowing behaviour in the semifossorialdegu Octodon degus (Rodentia: Octodontidae)[J]. Journal of Zoology,2006,252(2):179—186
97Tabeni S,Ojeda R. Assessing mammal responses to perturbations in temperate aridlandsof Argentina[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2003,55(4):715—726
98Mwendera E, Saleem M, Woldu Z. Vegetation response to cattle grazing in the Ethiopianhighlands[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,1997,64(1):43—51
99Nash M S, Jackson E, Whitford W G. Soil microtopography on grazing gradients inChihuahuan desert grasslands[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2003,55(1):181—192
100Grant W E, Birney E C, French N R, Swift D M. Structure and productivity of grasslandsmall mammal communities related to grazing-induced changes in vegetative cover[J].Journal of Mammalogy,1982,63(2):248—260
101Jepsen J, Topping C, Oddersk r P, Andersen P. Evaluating consequences of land-usestrategies on wildlife populations using multiple-species predictive scenarios[J].Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,2005,105(4):581—594
102Aguilar R, Kelly E F, Heil R D. Effects of Cultivation on Soils in Northern GreatPlains Rangeland[J]. Soil Science Socity of America Journal,1988,52(4):1081—1085
103Davidson E,Ackerman I. Changes in soil carbon inventories following cultivation ofpreviously untilled soils[J]. Biogeochemistry,1993,20(3):161—193
104焦燕,赵江红,徐柱.农牧交错带开垦年限对土壤理化特性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(5):1965—1970
105张文丽,陈世苹,苗海霞,林光辉.开垦对克氏针茅草地生态系统碳通量的影响[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(6):1103—1110
106刘洪来,张卫华,王堃.开垦对农牧交错带地带性和非地带性草地土壤性质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(10):272—277
107文海燕.开垦和封育年限对退化沙质草地土壤性状的影响[J].草业学报,2005,14(1):31—37
108陈伏生,曾德慧,陈广生,范志平.开垦对草甸土有机碳的影响[J].土壤通报,2004,35(4):413—419
109Siriwardena G M, Baillie S R, Buckland S T, Fewster R M, Marchant J H, Wilson J D.Trends in the abundance of farmland birds: a quantitative comparison of smoothedCommon Birds Census indices[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,1998,35(1):24—43
110Krebs J R, Wilson J D, Bradbury R B, Siriwardena G M. The second silent spring?[J]Nature,1999,400:611—612
111Harris S, Morris P, Wray S, Yalden D, A review of British mammals: population estimatesand conservation status of British mammals other than cetaceans[M]. Peterborough UK:J.N.C. Committee,1995.45—85
112Halley J,Lawton J. The JAEP ecology of farmland modelling initiative: spatial modelsfor farmland ecology[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,1996,33(3):435—438
113Benton T G, Vickery J A, Wilson J D. Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneitythe key?[J] Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2003,18(4):182—188
114Mutze G. Mouse plagues in South Australia cereal-growing areas III. Changes in mouseabundance during plague and non-plague years, and the role of refugia[J]. WildlifeResearch,1991,18(5):593—603
115Singleton G R. Population dynamics of an outbreak of house mice (Mus domesticus)in the mallee wheatlands of Australia-hypothesis of plague formation[J]. Journal ofZoology,1989,219(3):495—515
116Barrio I C, Bueno C G, Tortosa F S. Alternative food and rabbit damage in vineyardsof southern Spain[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment.2010,138(1):51—54
117Brown P R, Davies M J, Singleton G R, Croft J D. Can farm-management practices reducethe impact of house mouse populations on crops in an irrigated farming system[J]?Wildlife Research,2005,31(6):597—604
118Jacob J. Short-term effects of farming practices on populations of common voles[J].Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,2003,95(1):321—325
119Jacob J,Hempel N. Effects of farming practices on spatial behaviour of common voles[J].Journal of Ethology,2003,21(1):45—50
120White J, Horskins K, Wilson J. The control of rodent damage in Australian macadamiaorchards by manipulation of adjacent non-crop habitats[J]. Crop Protection,1998,17(4):353—357
121Brakes C,Smith R H. Exposure of non-target small mammals to rodenticides: short-termeffects, recovery and implications for secondary poisoning[J]. Journal of AppliedEcology,2005,42(1):118—128
122孙儒泳.生活史对策[J].生物学通报,1997,32(5):2—4
123Ricklefs R E,Wikelski M. The physiology/life-history nexus[J]. Trends in ecology&evolution,2002,17(10):462—468
124Stearns S C. Trade-Offs in Life-History Evolution[J]. Functional Ecology,1989,3(3):259—268
125Fisher R A. The genetical theory of natural selection[M].2nd revised ed. London:Oxford University Press,1930
126Cole L C. The Population Consequences of Life History Phenomena[J]. The QuarterlyReview of Biology,1954,29(2):103—137
127MacArthur R H,Wilson E O. The theory of island biogeography[M]. Princeton, N.J.:Princeton Univ. Press,1967
128Pianka E R. On r and K selection[J]. The American Naturalist,1970,104(940):592—597
129Reznick D, Bryant M J, Bashey F. r-and K-Selection Revisited: The Role of PopulationRegulation in Life-History Evolution[J]. Ecology,2002,83(6):1509—1520
130Wilbur H M, Tinkle D W, Collins J P. Environmental Certainty, Trophic Level, andResource Availability in Life History Evolution[J]. The American Naturalist,1974,108(964):805—817
131Promislow D E L,Harvey P H. Living fast and dying young: A comparative analysis oflife-history variation among mammals[J]. Journal of Zoology,1990,220(3):417—437
132Grime J P. Vegetation classification by reference to strategies[J]. Nature,1974,250(5461):26—31
133刘志民,赵晓英,范世香. Grime的植物对策思想和生态学研究理念[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(4):603—608
134Borges R M. Plasticity comparisons between plants and animals:Concepts andmechanisms[J]. Plant Signaling&Behavior,2008,3(6):367—375
135Hodgson J G. The use of ecological theory and autecological datasets in studies ofendangered plant and animal species and communities[J]. Pirineos,1991,138:3—28
136Heppell S S, Caswell H, Crowder L B. Life histories and elasticity patterns:perturbation analysis for species with minimal demographic data[J]. Ecology,2000,81(3):654—665
137张知彬.兽类的死亡率[J].动物学报,1994,40(2):137—142
138刘赫,王德华,王祖望.啮齿动物胎仔数与生活史变量的关系[J].动物学研究,2002,23(3):248—252
139聂海燕,植食性小哺乳动物种群进化生态学研究：高原鼠兔种群生活史进化对策[D].杭州:浙江大学,2005.1—108
140刘伟,宛新荣,王广和,刘文东,钟文勤.不同季节长爪沙鼠同生群的繁殖特征及其在生活史对策中的意义[J].兽类学报,2004,24(3):229—234
141温新利,席贻龙.镜湖常见臂尾轮虫（Brachionus）种群周年动态及生活史对策[J].生态学报,2007,27(10):3956—3963
142肖能文,刘德燕,王学霞,闫春红,胡理乐,李俊生.大庆油田石油井开采对土壤线虫群落的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(13):3736—3744
143张继义,赵哈林.植被(植物群落)稳定性研究评述[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(4):42—48
144Grimm V, Schmidt E, Wissel C. On the application of stability concepts in ecology[J].Ecological Modelling,1992,63(1):143—161
145MacArthur R. Fluctuations of Animal Populations and a Measure of CommunityStability[J]. Ecology,1955,36(3):533—536
146Lehman C L,Tilman D, Biodiversity, Stability, and Productivity in CompetitiveCommunities[M]. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2000.534—552
147May R M. Stability in Randomly Fluctuating Versus Deterministic Environments[J].The American Naturalist,1973,107(957):621—650
148Holling C S. Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems[J]. Annual Review ofEcology and Systematics,1973,4:1—23
149Pimm S L. The complexity and stability of ecosystems[J]. Nature,1984,307(5949):321—326
150Sutherland J P. The fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina: a study instability[J]. American Naturalist,1981,118(4):499—519
151McNaughton S J. Diversity and stability of ecological communities: a comment on therole of empiricism in ecology[J]. American Naturalist,1977,111(979):515—525
152King A W,Pimm S L. Complexity, diversity, and stability: a reconciliation oftheoretical and empirical results[J]. American Naturalist,1983,122(2):229—239
153Tilman D, Reich P B, Knops J M H. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade—long grassland experiment[J]. Nature,2006,441(7093):629—632
154Tilman D,Downing J A. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands[J]. Nature,1994,367(6461):363—365
155Ives A R,Carpenter S R. Stability and diversity of ecosystems[J]. Science,2007,317(5834):58—62
156Goodman D. The theory of diversity-stability relationships in ecology[J]. QuarterlyReview of Biology,1975,50(3):237—266
157Gilpin M E. Stability of feasible predator-prey systems[J]. Nature,1975,254(5496):137—139
158Gardner M R,Ashby W R. Connectance of Large Dynamic (Cybernetic) Systems: CriticalValues for Stability[J]. Nature,1970,228(5273):784—784
159Tilman D. Biodiversity: Population Versus Ecosystem Stability[J]. Ecology,1996,77(2):350—363
160McCann K S. The diversity-stability debate[J]. Nature,2000,405(6783):228—233
161Hairston N, Allan J, Colwell R, Futuyma D, Howell J, Lubin M, Mathias J, VandermeerJ. The relationship between species diversity and stability: an experimental approachwith protozoa and bacteria[J]. Ecology,1968,49(6):1091—1101
162Grime J P. Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immediate, filter and foundereffects[J]. Journal of Ecology,1998,86(6):902—910
163马风云.生态系统稳定性若干问题研究评述[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(4):401—407
164李小方,邓欢,黄益宗,王新军,朱永官.土壤生态系统稳定性研究进展[J].生态学报,2009,29(12):6712—6722
165刘增文,李雅素.生态系统稳定性研究的历史与现状[J].生态学杂志,1997(2):58—61
166高东,何霞红.生物多样性与生态系统稳定性研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(12):2507—2513
167王国宏.再论生物多样性与生态系统的稳定性[J].生物多样性,2002,10(1):126—134
168李荣,张文辉,何景峰,周建云.不同间伐强度对辽东栎林群落稳定性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):14—20
169郑元润.森林群落稳定性研究方法初探[J].林业科学,2000,36(5):28—32
170高润梅,石晓东,郭跃东.山西文峪河上游河岸林群落稳定性评价[J].植物生态学报,2012,36(6):491—503
171王长庭,龙瑞军,路明,来德珍,李有福.草地生态系统中物种多样性、群落稳定性和生态功能的关系[J].草业科学,2005,22(6):1—7
172白永飞,陈佐忠.锡林河流域羊草草原植物种群和功能群的长期变异性及其对群落稳定性的影响[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(6):641—647
173党承林.植物群落的冗余机构--对生态系统稳定性的一种解释[J].生态学报,1998,18(6):665—672
174高宝嘉,张执中,李振宇.封山育林对昆虫群落结构及多样性稳定性影响的研究[J].生态学报,1992,12(1):1—7
175蔡万伦,石尚柏,杨长举,彭于发,郑亚莉. Bt水稻田不同斑块设计对田间节肢动物群落稳定性的影响[J].生态学报,2005,25(11):2968—2975
176张飞萍,尤民生.不同林分类型毛竹林节肢动物群落的多样性与稳定性[J].昆虫学报,2007,50(1):31—37
177韩宝瑜.茶园昆虫群落稳定性机制[J].茶叶科学,2000,20(1):1—4
178黄正恩,杜相革,董民,杨东鹏,张禄达.有机管理对茶园节肢动物群落稳定性的影响[J].中国农学通报,2004,20(6):57—59
179杜飞雁,王雪辉,李纯厚,张汉华,贾晓平.大亚湾大型底栖动物的群落结构[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1091—1098
180张莹,刘元进,张英,徐炳庆,吕振波.莱州湾多毛底栖动物生态特征及其对环境变化的响应[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(4):888—895
181李臻,杨丽媛,刘文,邓文洪.人工巢箱对次级洞巢鸟多样性及繁殖鸟类群落稳定性的作用[J].生物多样性,2008,16(6):601—606
182赵平,彭少麟,张经炜.恢复生态学--退化生态系统生物多样性恢复的有效途径[J].生态学杂志,2000,19(1):53—58
183竺锡武.自控与受控棉田生态系统稳定性的比较[J].生态学杂志,2000,19(2):20—23
184陈超英.节肢动物群落稳定性测度的灰色模型及其应用[J].生态学报,2005,25(11):3112—3116
185陈超英.节肢动物群落稳定性分析灰典型相关模型及其应用[J].生态学报,2007,27(8):3370—3378
186李新航,张真,马钦彦,王鸿斌,孔祥波,王淑芬.马尾松林节肢动物群落的稳定性[J].生态学报,2009,29(1):216—222
187李全胜,王兆骞.熵理论在生态系统稳定性研究中的应用[J].生物数学学报,1994,9(3):234—241
188张立敏,陈斌,李正跃.应用中性理论分析局域群落中的物种多样性及稳定性[J].生态学报,2010,30(6):1556—1563
189Cohen J E, Jonsson T, Carpenter S R. Ecological community description using the foodweb, species abundance, and body size[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences,2003,100(4):1781—1786
190Emmerson M C. The predictive science of community ecology[J]. Journal of AnimalEcology.2011,80(6):1111—1114
191任海,彭少麟.恢复生态系导论[M].北京:科学出版社.2002
192Krebs C J. Demographic Changes in Fluctuating Populations of Microtus californicus[J].Ecological Monographs,1966,36(3):239—273
193Cormack R. Estimates of survival from the sighting of marked animals[J]. Biometrika,1964,51(3/4):429—438
194Bonner S,Schwarz C. An extension of the Cormack-Jolly-Seber model for continuouscovariates with application to Microtus pennsylvanicus[J]. Biometrics,2005,62(1):142—149
195侯泰杰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2004
196Bollen K A. Multiple indicators: Internal consistency or no necessary relationship?[J]Quality&Quantity,1984,18(4):377—385
197Grace J,Guntenspergen G. The effects of landscape position on plant species density:evidence of past environmental effects in a coastal wetland[J]. Ecoscience,1999,6(3):381—391
198王酉石,储诚进.结构方程模型及其在生态学中的应用[J].植物生态学报,2011,35(3):337—344
199Grace J B,Bollen K A. Representing general theoretical concepts in structuralequation models: the role of composite variables[J]. Environmental and EcologicalStatistics,2008,15(2):191—213
200邱皓政,林碧芳.结构方程模型的原理与应用[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2009
201Warwick R M. A new method for detecting pollution effects on marine macrobenthiccommunities[J]. Marine Biology,1986,92(4):557—562
202Huston M. A General Hypothesis of Species Diversity[J]. The American Naturalist,1979,113(1):81—101
203Lambshead P J D, Platt H M, Shaw K M. The detection of differences among assemblagesof marine benthic species based on an assessment of dominance and diversity[J].Journal of Natural History,1983,17(6):859—874
204Clarke K R. Comparisons of dominance curves[J]. Journal of Experimental MarineBiology and Ecology,1990,138(1–2):143—157
205Wang Y H, Yang K C, Bridgman C, Lin L K. Habitat suitability modelling to correlategene flow with landscape connectivity[J]. Landscape Ecology,2008,23(8):989—1000
206Jorgensen E E. Small mammals: consequences of stochastic data variation for modelingindicators of habitat suitability for a well-studied resource[J]. EcologicalIndicators,2002,1(4):313—321
207吴克顺,傅华,张学英,牛得草,塔拉藤.阿拉善荒漠草地8种牧草营养物质季节动态及营养均衡价评价[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(2):257—262
208Peco B, de Pablos I, Traba J, Levassor C. The effect of grazing abandonment on speciescomposition and functional traits: the case of dehesa grasslands[J]. Basic andApplied Ecology,2005,6(2):175—183
209Burnham K P,Anderson D R. Model selection and multimodal inference: a practicalinformation-theoretic approach.2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag,2002
210Monadjem A. Geographic distribution patterns of small mammals in Swaziland inrelation to abiotic factors and human land-use activity[J]. Biodiversity&Conservation,1999,8(2):223—237
211Kutt A, Thurgate N, Hannah D. Distribution and habitat of the desert mouse (Pseudomysdesertor) in Queensland[J]. Wildlife Research,2004,31(2):129—142
212Morilhat C, Bernard N, Bournais C, Meyer C, Lamboley C, Giraudoux P. Responses ofArvicola terrestris scherman populations to agricultural practices, and to Talpaeuropaea abundance in eastern France[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,2007,122(3):392—398
213Read A F,Harvey P H. Life history differences among the eutherian radiations[J].Journal of Zoology,1989,219(2):329—353
214卢浩泉,马勇,赵桂芝.害鼠的分类测报与防治[M].北京:农业出版社,1988
215黄文几,徐士菊.中国啮齿类[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1995
216张知彬,王祖望.农业重要害鼠的生态学及控制对策[M].北京:海洋出版社,1998
217武晓东,付和平,杨泽龙.中国典型半荒漠与荒漠区啮齿动物研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2009
218马勇,王逢贵,金善科,李思华.新疆北部地区啮齿动物的分类和分布[M].北京:科学出版社,1987
219Bieber C, Ju–kaitis R, Turbill C, Ruf T. High survival during hibernation affectsonset and timing of reproduction[J]. Oecologia,2011,169(1):1—12
220Lebl K, Bieber C, Adamík P, Fietz J, Morris P, Pilastro A, Ruf T. Survival ratesin a small hibernator, the edible dormouse: a comparison across Europe[J]. Ecography,2011,34(4):683—692
221武晓东,付和平.人为干扰下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局--变动趋势与敏感性反应[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):849—861
222Lep J, Osbornová-Kosinová J, Rejmánek M. Community Stability, Complexity andSpecies Life History Strategies[J]. Vegetatio,1982,50(1):53—63
223Kerley G I. Ecological correlates of small mammal community structure in the semi-aridKaroo, South Africa[J]. Journal of Zoology,1992,227(1):17—27
224Owen J G. On productivity as a predictor of rodent and carnivore diversity[J]. Ecology,1988,69(4):1161—1165
225Hafner M S. Density and diversity in Mojave Desert rodent and shrub communities[J].The Journal of animal ecology,1977,46(3):925—938
226Fordham R. Field populations of deermice with supplemental food[J]. Ecology,1971,52(1):138—146
227Gilbert B,Krebs C. Effects of extra food on Peromyscus and Clethrionomys populationsin the southern Yukon[J]. Oecologia,1981,51(3):326—331
228Young B L,Stout J. Effects of extra food on small rodents in a south temperate zonehabitat: demographic responses[J]. Canadian Journal of Zoology,1986,64(6):1211—1217
229赵肯堂.三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta Pallas)的生态研究[J].动物学杂志,1964(02):59—62
230Vakhrusheva G, Volodin I, Ilchenko O, Pavlova E. keeping and breeding jerboas atMoscow Zoo[J]. International Zoo News,1994,41/7(256):20—28
231Zhou R, Li Y, Li J Q, Liu N F. Seasonal Changes in the Genetic Diversity of Two RodentPopulations, Midday Gerbil (Meriones meridianus) and Northern Three-Toed Jerboa(Dipus sagitta), Detected by ISSR[J]. Biochemical Genetics,2012,50(5):350—371
232Cassini M,Galante M. Foraging under predation risk in the wild guinea pig: the effectof vegetation height on habitat utilization[J]. Annales Zoologici Fennici.1992,29(4):285—290
233Brown J H, Whitham T G, Ernest S M, Gehring C A. Complex species interactions andthe dynamics of ecological systems: long-term experiments[J]. Science,2001,293(5530):643—650
234Coltrane J A,Barboza P S. Winter as a nutritional bottleneck for North Americanporcupines (Erethizon dorsatum)[J]. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical,Systemic, and Environmental Physiology,2010,180(6):905—918
235Solonen T. Overwinter population change of small mammals in southern Finland[J].Annales Zoologici Fennici,2006,43(3):295—302
236Dickman C. Sex-ratio variation in response to interspecific competition[J]. TheAmerican Naturalist,1988,132(2):289—297
237Whitaker J O, Jr. A Study of the Meadow Jumping Mouse, Zapus hudsonius (Zimmerman),in Central New York[J]. Ecological Monographs,1963,33(3):215—254
238李俊生,宋延龄,曾治高.7种荒漠啮齿动物食物组成与消化道长度的比较[J].动物学报,2003,49(2):171—178
239Gordon I, Illius A, Milne J. Sources of variation in the foraging efficiency of grazingruminants[J]. Functional Ecology,1996,10(2):219—226
240Murray M G,Brown D. Niche separation of grazing ungulates in the Serengeti: anexperimental test[J]. Journal of Animal Ecology,1993,62(2):380—389
241鄂晋,张福顺,余奕东,付和平.荒漠区开垦干扰下子午沙鼠种群数量动态与繁殖特征[J].内蒙古农业大学学报（自然科学版）,2009,30(2):140—144
242甘肃农业大学.草原保护学[M].第二版.北京:中国农业出版社,1997
243Bomford M,Redhead T. A field experiment to examine the effects of food quality andpopulation density on reproduction of wild house mice[J]. Oikos,1987:304—311
244宋恺,刘荣堂.子午沙鼠（Meriones meridianus）的生态研究[J].兽类学报,1984,4(4):291—300
245周宗汉,刘昌威,罗远才.河西荒漠子午沙鼠的生态学初步观察[J].四川动物,1985(1):10—13
246付和平,武晓东,马春梅,甘红军,青松.内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区鼠害成因及防治区划[J].干旱区资源与环境,2002.16(4):106—109
247Lipowsky A, Roscher C, Schumacher J, Schmid B. Density-Independent Mortality andIncreasing Plant Diversity Are Associated with Differentiation of Taraxacumofficinale into r-and K-Strategists[J]. PLoS ONE,2012,7(1):e28121
248Austad S N,Fischer K E. Mammalian Aging, Metabolism, and Ecology: Evidence From theBats and Marsupials[J]. Journal of Gerontology,1991,46(2):B47—B53
249Benton T G,Grant A. Optimal Reproductive Effort in Stochastic, Density-DependentEnvironments[J]. Evolution,1999,53(3):677—688
250武晓东,阿娟,付和平,金珩.人为不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局的动态特征--动物与植物群落的典型相关分析[J].生态学报,2008,28(12):6000—6017
251马克明,傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观生态学研究进展[C],李文华,赵景柱.生态学研究回顾与展望[C].北京:气象出版社,2004.534—553
252宛新荣,刘伟,王广和,钟文勤.浑善达克沙地小毛足鼠的食量与食性动态[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(2):223—227
253王广和,钟文勤,宛新荣.浑善达克沙地小毛足鼠的生物学习性[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(6):65—67
254Ghalambor C K, McKay J K, Carroll S P, Reznick D N. Adaptive versus non-adaptivephenotypic plasticity and the potential for contemporary adaptation in newenvironments[J]. Functional Ecology,2007,21(3):394—407
255Badyaev A V. Stress-induced variation in evolution: from behavioural plasticity togenetic assimilation[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,2005,272(1566):877—886
256Tuomainen U,Candolin U. Behavioural responses to human-induced environmentalchange[J]. Biological Reviews,2011,86(3):640—657
257Paine R T. Food web complexity and species diversity[J]. American Naturalist,1966,100(910):65—75
258Soykan C U,Sabo J L. Spatiotemporal food web dynamics along a desert riparian–upland transition[J]. Ecography,2009,32(2):354—368
259Downes B J, Lake P S, Schreiber E S G, Glaister A. Habitat structure and regulationof local species diversity in a stony, upland stream[J]. Ecological Monographs,1998,68(2):237—257
260Murdoch W W, Evans F C, Peterson C H. Diversity and pattern in plants and insects[J].Ecology,1972,53(5):819—829
261Sullivan T P, Sullivan D S, Lindgren P M F. Influence of repeated fertilization andcattle grazing on forest ecosystems: Abundance and diversity of forest—floor smallmammals[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2012,277(1):180—195
262Riojas-López M E. Response of rodent assemblages to change in habitat heterogeneityin fruit-oriented nopal orchards in the Central High Plateau of Mexico[J]. Journalof Arid Environments,2012,85:27—32
263Ralph C J. Habitat association patterns of forest and steppe birds of NorthernPatagonia, Argentina[J]. The Condor,1985,87(4):471—483
264Sullivan T P,Sullivan D S. Influence of variable retention harvests on forestecosystems. II. Diversity and population dynamics of small mammals[J]. Journal ofApplied Ecology,2001,38(6):1234—1252
265Tews J, Brose U, Grimm V, Tielb rger K, Wichmann M C, Schwager M, Jeltsch F. Animalspecies diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance ofkeystone structures[J]. Journal of Biogeography,2004,31(1):79—92
266张金屯.数量生态学[M].第二版.北京:科学出版社，2011
267Abramsky Z. The role of habitat and productivity in structuring desert rodentcommunities[J]. Oikos,1988,52(1):107—114
268Grace J B,Bollen K A. Interpreting the results from multiple regression and structuralequation models[J]. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America,2005,86(4):283—295
269Grace J B, Anderson T M, Olff H, Scheiner S M. On the specification of structuralequation models for ecological systems[J]. Ecological Monographs.2010,80(1):67—87
270Wright S. Correlation and causation[J]. Journal of agricultural research,1921,20(7):557—585
271Gough L,Grace J B. Effects of environmental change on plant species density: comparingpredictions with experiments[J]. Ecology,1999,80(3):882—890
272Grace J B,Keeley J E. A structural equation model analysis of postfire plant diversityin California shrublands[J]. Ecological Applications,2006,16(2):503—514
273Grace J B. Structural equation modeling for observational studies[J]. The Journalof wildlife management,2008,72(1):14—22
274Brown J H. The role of phylogeny in desert rodent community assembly[J]. The Journalof animal ecology,2012,81(2):307—309
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |