造纸废水灌溉对黄河三角洲盐渍化湿地的影响研究
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摘要
黄河三角洲具有大面积的滨海荒碱地、浅海和滩涂,面临着如盐渍化土地内扩、潮间带湿地萎缩和退化等危机,是典型的生态脆弱区。本文以黄河三角洲沾化县某湿地废水处理系统为例,利用造纸废水生物塘出水构建芦苇湿地处理系统,通过对废水、土壤(0-30cm)和芦苇的定期采样与室内分析,统计分析,和模拟实验等手段,开展了生物塘-芦苇湿地复合系统对造纸废水污染物的去除规律,及废水灌溉对盐碱化土壤的生态、生物及理化指标的修复研究。主要研究结果如下:
(1)生物塘-芦苇湿地系统能有效去除造纸废水污染物
复合系统能有效去除废水中有机物、氮、磷、硫酸盐,但受气温和灌溉模式影响明显。塘、芦苇系统对COD累积去除率为48%和31.5%;塘系统对TP、TN去除率为23.94%和21.10%,湿地对氮磷去除率为22.33%和21.11%,以w4、w1效果较好。塘系统对SO42-去除率为56.63%,湿地中w3去除率最高(40.24%)。
(2)废水灌溉能有效降低湿地土壤盐分
废水洗脱是土壤脱盐的主要动力,灌溉对土壤Cl-、Na+洗脱率分别占其总去除量的93.27%和96.05%,而植物吸收分别占6.12%和3.59%。与w0比,灌后土壤Cl-、Na+、可溶盐最大洗脱率分别为52.38%、46.57%和34.97%,这是保证生态系统修复成功的前提。气温、降雨和灌溉方式对洗脱效果有影响,洗脱时间越长,降雨量越大,土壤盐分下降越明显。但灌溉方式变化引起的土壤降盐效果差异不显著,对Cl-、Na+及土壤盐去除率最高的灌溉方式分别为w1、w2和w4,并不一致。废水灌溉还能有效降低芦苇内氯、钠含量。灌后芦苇内氯、钠含量分别比未灌溉w0下降了41.18-69.6%和29.9%-56.1%。从试验结果来看,各灌溉处理中以w4、w1综合脱盐效果最好。
(3)废水灌溉能有效改善湿地生态系统结构和功能
废水灌溉能提高湿地土壤氮、磷和有机质含量,灌后分别是w0的1.47、1.13和1.29倍,这使得反映土壤生物结构和功能的MBC/TOC和土壤呼吸强度均增加,平均值分别为w0的1.69和1.2倍,且w4、w1表现出较好的微生物活性。而对土壤造成危害的土壤硫酸根,灌后比w0下降了62.03%,以w3下降最明显。
废水灌溉解除了芦苇缺水和盐分胁迫,微生物活性提高也增强了土壤养分的有效性,芦苇生长状况改善,株内平均氮磷含量分别是w0的1.16和1.44倍,平均株高比w0高6.34-11.01%,平均干生物量是w0的1.25倍(若8月收割,则为1.93倍),而且灌后芦苇内硫含量升高,增强了对土壤硫的吸收去除。
废水灌溉会减少湿地内植物多样性,杂草平均生物量仅为w0的52.18%,但对整个湿地系统而言,生物多样性包括土壤生物、动物(特别是鸟类)是增加的。
(4)废水灌溉能提高湿地微生物和湿地酶活性
废水灌溉后,土壤、植物根系和微生物形成了一个微生态系统。和w0相比,湿地微生物和酶数量均有提高,直接结果就是带来生物多样性的提高,对废水降解能力的增强,和湿地生态系统的修复。微生物和酶活性受气温、有机质和土壤供氧的影响,灌溉使细菌、纤维素分解菌、反硝化菌(DB)、特别是硫酸盐还原菌(SRB,最高为w0的3.24倍)等缺氧和厌氧性微生物增多;但放线菌和真菌增加不明显,甚至受轻微抑制。w0除放线菌和真菌水平较高外,其他微生物及酶含量均低于灌溉样地。灌溉方式也会间接影响有机质和供氧。w1和w4营养和供氧较好,其细菌、放线菌、真菌数量也较多,但SRB、DB数量较低;w1脱氢酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶最高(分别为w0的3.28、1.69、2.14和1.50倍),其次是w4、w2和w3。
生态因子的改善,提高了湿地系统去除污染物的功能,实验表明:土壤微生物和酶与废水污染物去除率之间存在正相关,表现为:纤维素菌数量、纤维素酶、脱氢酶和蔗糖酶与废水COD去除率;反硝化菌数量与土壤脱氮;脲酶与废水TN去除率;磷酸酶与废水总磷去除率呈显著正相关。
根据酶学、土壤微生物活性等指标确定w1为最优废水灌溉模式;其次为w4,考虑到w4对造纸废水处理及土壤脱盐的有效性,也是一种较好的推荐灌溉工艺。
(5)废水灌溉对系统金属离子迁移的影响
微量金属离子大多是生物生长的必需元素,在湿地内会被微生物、植物、动物利用或者被吸附固定;实验表明:和w0相比,灌后土壤和芦苇内锌、锰含量有较大升高,但锰离子迁移能力比锌稍差;土壤、芦苇内铜、铬没有产生明显富集。
钙、镁、钾是芦苇生长必需元素,既能促进土壤钠离子的洗脱,还能增加芦苇细胞内水势,增强抗旱、抗盐能力。和w0相比,灌后土壤Mg和K分别提高了3.93%和16.05%,钙没有明显变化。灌后芦苇穗、茎、根内K、Mg含量均小于w0;穗内Ca小于w0,叶内持平,而根、茎内高于w0,这表明,灌溉解除了干旱和盐分胁迫,使这些离子迁移到地上芦苇顶部的能力减弱。
K对增加植株细胞水势作用明显,w0穗、叶、茎内K比灌溉处理分别高出17.94%、4.32%和3.04%,但根内K却比灌溉低3.27%。这说明,在受水分和盐分胁迫时,w0中K、Mg会沿着根-茎-叶-穗流动,并在穗内超量积累,以提高水势,抵抗缺水,而且K、Mg的转移能力要比Ca强。
(6)湿地土壤代谢分泌物与抗盐碱胁迫机制
对土壤内代谢产物类别和含量动态变化的研究能揭示根际微生态状况和抗盐碱的机理。液相色谱图表明:土壤提取液色谱中都有脯氨酸优势峰,9、11月份样品中还发现可能为草酸和丁二酸的峰。说明在抗胁迫机制中,脯氨酸、草酸都起着重要的作用。一般系统受胁迫越严重,脯氨酸含量越高(如w0、w4),而灌溉减小了胁迫强度,因此连续灌溉后样品中脯氨酸含量有所降低(如w1、w2、w3)。
研究还发现:10-11月份虽然受低温、干旱、盐分胁迫严重,但并未刺激脯氨酸的产生和积累,这是因为w0芦苇部分死亡,微生物活性也受影响的原因。这表明脯氨酸主要是由芦苇分泌的。土壤中pro的垂直分布特征是上层>中层>下层。
总之,经过对生物塘-芦苇湿地系统处理造纸废水的研究,发现系统能有效去除废水中有机物,同时废水灌溉还极大的降低了土壤盐分,产生了一系列积极效应:系统内氮、磷、有机质增加;土壤微生物和酶活性增强;MBC/TOC及土壤呼吸强度提高;芦苇株高和产量增加,而杂草的多样性减少;同时也会影响系统内钙、镁、钾、锌、锰等离子迁移,改变系统受盐碱和缺水胁迫的现状和根际代谢状况,极大地改善了滨海盐碱生态系统现状。但修复程度也受到气温、降雨、营养和土壤供气等直接因素和灌溉方式等间接因素的影响,综合比较确定w1和w4为推荐灌溉模式。
Yellow River Delta is a typical weak eco-sensitive zone which have much coastal barren saline-alkali soils, shallow-seas and beaches, where is faced with some crisis such as spreading of soil saline-alkalizing, shrinking and degenerating of mid-tide zone. Using a wetland wastewater treating system in Zhanhua County in Yellow River Delta as an example, by samples collecting and analyzing of wastewater, soil, and reed periodically, and applying the method of statistical analyzing and simulating experiments, we constructed a reed wetland to treat the pond effluent, and carried out some researches on pollutant removal mechanism, and ecological, biological, and phy-chemical remediation for saline-alkali soil from wastewater irrigation. The main results are as follow:
(1) Pulp wastewater can be treated efficiently by pond-reed system
Organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfate in wastewater can be removed efficiently by complex system, but the effect was affected by temperature and irrigating mode. Total COD removal rate of pond and wetland system is 48% and 31.5% respectively; Removal rate of TN, TP in wastewater is 23.94%, 21.10% in pond system, and 22.33%, 21.11% in wetlands, and the w4, w1 modes are better than others. The maximum SO42- removal rates are 56.63% in pond and 40.24% in w3 wetland.
(2) Soil soluable salt can be washed out efficiently by wastewater irrigation
Wastewater washing is the main drive of soil desalting, which accounts for 93.27%, 96.05% of total Cl- and Na+ removal in soil respectively, and the contribution of plants’absorbability for the two ions are only occupy 6.12% and 3.59%. Comparing to w0, the maximum washing rates of Cl-, Na+ and soluble salt are 52.38%, 46.57% and 34.97% separately after irrigation, which formed the premise of successful ecosystem remediation. Temperature, rainfall and irrigating mode have effect on washing efficiency, longer the washing time, greater the rainfall, then, more evidently of soil desalting. But, the difference of soil desalting efficiency from irrigating modes variety is not marked, and the optimum irrigating modes for Cl-, Na+, and salt removal are w1, w2, and w4.
Wastewater irrigation can decrease the content of Cl-、Na+ in reed evidently also. Comparing to w0, the content of Cl-, Na+ in irrigated reed is decreased by 41.18-69.6% and 29.9%-56.1%. According to experimenting results, the w4 and w1 irrigating mode are recommended mostly.
(3) System structure and function are improved efficiently from irrigation
Irrigation can increase the level of TN, TP, and organic matter of system(1.47, 1.13, and 1.29 multiple comparing to w0 after irrigated), which enhanced the intensity of MBC/TOC and soil respire rate(1.69 and 1.20 multiple to w0) that can reflect the bio-structure and functions of soil, and the w4, w1 modes show higher microbial activities. Comparing to w0, the harmful soil SO42- is decreased by 62.03%(w3).
Wastewater irrigation can relieve the pressure of fresh water shortage & high salinity, and increase microbe activities, which enhanced the availability of soil nutrient and improved the reed growing conditions: the average N、P level in irrigated reed are 1.16 and 1.44 multiple, the average reed height is increased by 6.34-11.01%, and the average dry biomass is 1.25 multiple than w0(1.93 multiple if we harvest in Aug.), moreover, the sulfate level in irrigated reed increased, which enhanced the absorbability of soil sulfate. Wastewater irrigation can decreased the biodiversity of wetland plants, and the irrigated weed dry biomass is just account for 52.18% of w0. But, for the whole wetlands system, the biodiversity of soil microbes, animals, especially for the birds is increased.
(4) Activities of wetlands microbe and enzyme were increased from irrigation A micro-ecosystem of soil, plant root and soil microbe was formed after irrigation. Comparing to w0, the quantity of wetland microbes and enzymes were increased, which brought the result of increasing of biodiversity, enhancing of wastewater degradable ability, and renovating of wetlands ecology. The activities of microbes and enzymes were affected by temperature, organic matter and soil air level, irrigation brought the increasing of anoxic and anaerobic microbe quantity such as bacteria, celluloytic bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and sulfate reduction bacteria especially(3.24 multiple than w0), but the number of fungi and actinomyce was not increased obviously, even, they were mild restrained. Excepting for the number of fungi and actinomyces was high, the content of other microbes and enzymes in w0 were lower than irrigated samples.
The irrigating modes can affect the organic matter and soil oxygen indirectly. Since the conditions of nutrient and oxygen are perfect in w1, so the number of bacteria, fungi, and actinomyces is higher, but the number of SRB and DB is lower than w0; To enzymes, the quantities of dehydrogenase, phosphatase, sucrase, and urease were most in w1, the next were w4, w2, and w3 in turn.
Renovation of eco-factors enhanced the function of pollutants degradation. The results show: there were active linear correlation between quantities of soil microbes & enzymes and pollutants removal of wastewater, such as: quantities of celluloytic bacteria, cellulose, dehydrogenase, and sucrase with COD removal; DB with soil denitrifying, urease with wastewater TN removal, and phosphatase with wastewater TP removal (r>0.8,n=16)are good fit for active linear correlation.
According to enzymes and soil microbe activities, the w1 irrigating mode was the optimum irrigating mode. The next is w4, since it can degrade the wastewater and desalt effectively, it was a better recommended mode also.
(5) Affect on metal ions’transportation in system after irrigation Trace metal ions are required by most biology growth, and they can be utilized, adsorbed or fixed by microbe, plant and soil animal. The experiments show: comparing to w0, the content of Zn, Mn in irrigated soil and reed were increased greatly, but the transporting ability of Mn is smaller than Zn. Cu and Cr were not apparent enriched in system after irrigation also.
Soil Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ were needed by reed growth, and they can accelerate the washing out of Na+ from soil, increase the water potential in reed cell, and enhance the ability of anti-water-shortage and salinity depress. Comparing to w0, soil Mg2+, K+ level were increased by 3.93% and 16.05% respectively, and Ca2+level is not apparent changed; K+, Mg2+ level in spike, stem, and root of irrigated reed were all lower than w0; Ca2+ level is lower in spike, equal in leaves, but higher in root and stem than w0, which means that irrigation can relieve the pressure of water shortage and salinity, and can weaken the transporting ability of these ions from root to upper parts of reed.
K have apparent function on increasing the water potential of reed cell, and K level in spike, leaves, and stem of w0 is increased by 17.94%, 4.32%, and 3.04% respectively, but is decreased by 3.27% in root than irrigated samples, which means that K+ can be transported following the road of root-stem -leaves-spike and it can be over-accumulated in spike, in order to increase the water potential and ability of resisting water shortage and salinity depress. The transporting ability of K and Mg is higher than Ca.
(6)Metabolized secretion and the anti-pressure mechanism in wetlands
Research on the soil metabolized secretion types and dynamic change can reveal the micro-ecology conditions of root rhizosphere and anti-pressure mechanism. The HPLC curve show: there are Proline peak in all soil distilled samples, and others apparent peaks maybe come from Oxalic or Succinic acid in Sep. Nov. samples. It shows that Proline and Oxalic have important functions in anti-pressure mechanism, more serious the pressure, more high the Proline level(such as w0, w4). Since the irrigation can relieve the pressure intensity, the Proline levels in irrigated samples are decreased also(w1,w2,w3).
Results shows that the Proline in w0 is not produced and accumulated plentifully comparing to irrigated samples even it was faced with serious lower temperature, water shortage and salinity pressures in Oct. and Nov, this is because that the plants is dying and the microbe activities is limited, which indicate that the Proline is produced by reed mainly. The vertical distribution of Proline in soil is topsoil>midsoil>subsoil.
In a word, according to the research of pulp wastewater treatment using pond-reed system, we discovered that the complex system can removal wastewater pollutants effectively, at the same time, the salinity of soil is dramatic decreased through wastewater washing, which bring many active results: increasing of N, P, and organic matter; enhancing of soil microbes, enzymes, MBC/TOC, and soil respire rate; increasing of reed height and yield, decreasing of weed diversity; affecting of transporting ability of Ca, Mg, K, Zn, and Mn , and improving of water shortage, salinity resistance and rhizosphere metabolized secretion conditions, all those improved the weak ecosystem. The renovating degree of system is affected by temperature, rainfall, nutrient, and soil air etc. directly or indirectly, the w1, w4 irrigating modes are most recommended.
(1)生物塘-芦苇湿地系统能有效去除造纸废水污染物
复合系统能有效去除废水中有机物、氮、磷、硫酸盐,但受气温和灌溉模式影响明显。塘、芦苇系统对COD累积去除率为48%和31.5%;塘系统对TP、TN去除率为23.94%和21.10%,湿地对氮磷去除率为22.33%和21.11%,以w4、w1效果较好。塘系统对SO42-去除率为56.63%,湿地中w3去除率最高(40.24%)。
(2)废水灌溉能有效降低湿地土壤盐分
废水洗脱是土壤脱盐的主要动力,灌溉对土壤Cl-、Na+洗脱率分别占其总去除量的93.27%和96.05%,而植物吸收分别占6.12%和3.59%。与w0比,灌后土壤Cl-、Na+、可溶盐最大洗脱率分别为52.38%、46.57%和34.97%,这是保证生态系统修复成功的前提。气温、降雨和灌溉方式对洗脱效果有影响,洗脱时间越长,降雨量越大,土壤盐分下降越明显。但灌溉方式变化引起的土壤降盐效果差异不显著,对Cl-、Na+及土壤盐去除率最高的灌溉方式分别为w1、w2和w4,并不一致。废水灌溉还能有效降低芦苇内氯、钠含量。灌后芦苇内氯、钠含量分别比未灌溉w0下降了41.18-69.6%和29.9%-56.1%。从试验结果来看,各灌溉处理中以w4、w1综合脱盐效果最好。
(3)废水灌溉能有效改善湿地生态系统结构和功能
废水灌溉能提高湿地土壤氮、磷和有机质含量,灌后分别是w0的1.47、1.13和1.29倍,这使得反映土壤生物结构和功能的MBC/TOC和土壤呼吸强度均增加,平均值分别为w0的1.69和1.2倍,且w4、w1表现出较好的微生物活性。而对土壤造成危害的土壤硫酸根,灌后比w0下降了62.03%,以w3下降最明显。
废水灌溉解除了芦苇缺水和盐分胁迫,微生物活性提高也增强了土壤养分的有效性,芦苇生长状况改善,株内平均氮磷含量分别是w0的1.16和1.44倍,平均株高比w0高6.34-11.01%,平均干生物量是w0的1.25倍(若8月收割,则为1.93倍),而且灌后芦苇内硫含量升高,增强了对土壤硫的吸收去除。
废水灌溉会减少湿地内植物多样性,杂草平均生物量仅为w0的52.18%,但对整个湿地系统而言,生物多样性包括土壤生物、动物(特别是鸟类)是增加的。
(4)废水灌溉能提高湿地微生物和湿地酶活性
废水灌溉后,土壤、植物根系和微生物形成了一个微生态系统。和w0相比,湿地微生物和酶数量均有提高,直接结果就是带来生物多样性的提高,对废水降解能力的增强,和湿地生态系统的修复。微生物和酶活性受气温、有机质和土壤供氧的影响,灌溉使细菌、纤维素分解菌、反硝化菌(DB)、特别是硫酸盐还原菌(SRB,最高为w0的3.24倍)等缺氧和厌氧性微生物增多;但放线菌和真菌增加不明显,甚至受轻微抑制。w0除放线菌和真菌水平较高外,其他微生物及酶含量均低于灌溉样地。灌溉方式也会间接影响有机质和供氧。w1和w4营养和供氧较好,其细菌、放线菌、真菌数量也较多,但SRB、DB数量较低;w1脱氢酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶最高(分别为w0的3.28、1.69、2.14和1.50倍),其次是w4、w2和w3。
生态因子的改善,提高了湿地系统去除污染物的功能,实验表明:土壤微生物和酶与废水污染物去除率之间存在正相关,表现为:纤维素菌数量、纤维素酶、脱氢酶和蔗糖酶与废水COD去除率;反硝化菌数量与土壤脱氮;脲酶与废水TN去除率;磷酸酶与废水总磷去除率呈显著正相关。
根据酶学、土壤微生物活性等指标确定w1为最优废水灌溉模式;其次为w4,考虑到w4对造纸废水处理及土壤脱盐的有效性,也是一种较好的推荐灌溉工艺。
(5)废水灌溉对系统金属离子迁移的影响
微量金属离子大多是生物生长的必需元素,在湿地内会被微生物、植物、动物利用或者被吸附固定;实验表明:和w0相比,灌后土壤和芦苇内锌、锰含量有较大升高,但锰离子迁移能力比锌稍差;土壤、芦苇内铜、铬没有产生明显富集。
钙、镁、钾是芦苇生长必需元素,既能促进土壤钠离子的洗脱,还能增加芦苇细胞内水势,增强抗旱、抗盐能力。和w0相比,灌后土壤Mg和K分别提高了3.93%和16.05%,钙没有明显变化。灌后芦苇穗、茎、根内K、Mg含量均小于w0;穗内Ca小于w0,叶内持平,而根、茎内高于w0,这表明,灌溉解除了干旱和盐分胁迫,使这些离子迁移到地上芦苇顶部的能力减弱。
K对增加植株细胞水势作用明显,w0穗、叶、茎内K比灌溉处理分别高出17.94%、4.32%和3.04%,但根内K却比灌溉低3.27%。这说明,在受水分和盐分胁迫时,w0中K、Mg会沿着根-茎-叶-穗流动,并在穗内超量积累,以提高水势,抵抗缺水,而且K、Mg的转移能力要比Ca强。
(6)湿地土壤代谢分泌物与抗盐碱胁迫机制
对土壤内代谢产物类别和含量动态变化的研究能揭示根际微生态状况和抗盐碱的机理。液相色谱图表明:土壤提取液色谱中都有脯氨酸优势峰,9、11月份样品中还发现可能为草酸和丁二酸的峰。说明在抗胁迫机制中,脯氨酸、草酸都起着重要的作用。一般系统受胁迫越严重,脯氨酸含量越高(如w0、w4),而灌溉减小了胁迫强度,因此连续灌溉后样品中脯氨酸含量有所降低(如w1、w2、w3)。
研究还发现:10-11月份虽然受低温、干旱、盐分胁迫严重,但并未刺激脯氨酸的产生和积累,这是因为w0芦苇部分死亡,微生物活性也受影响的原因。这表明脯氨酸主要是由芦苇分泌的。土壤中pro的垂直分布特征是上层>中层>下层。
总之,经过对生物塘-芦苇湿地系统处理造纸废水的研究,发现系统能有效去除废水中有机物,同时废水灌溉还极大的降低了土壤盐分,产生了一系列积极效应:系统内氮、磷、有机质增加;土壤微生物和酶活性增强;MBC/TOC及土壤呼吸强度提高;芦苇株高和产量增加,而杂草的多样性减少;同时也会影响系统内钙、镁、钾、锌、锰等离子迁移,改变系统受盐碱和缺水胁迫的现状和根际代谢状况,极大地改善了滨海盐碱生态系统现状。但修复程度也受到气温、降雨、营养和土壤供气等直接因素和灌溉方式等间接因素的影响,综合比较确定w1和w4为推荐灌溉模式。
Yellow River Delta is a typical weak eco-sensitive zone which have much coastal barren saline-alkali soils, shallow-seas and beaches, where is faced with some crisis such as spreading of soil saline-alkalizing, shrinking and degenerating of mid-tide zone. Using a wetland wastewater treating system in Zhanhua County in Yellow River Delta as an example, by samples collecting and analyzing of wastewater, soil, and reed periodically, and applying the method of statistical analyzing and simulating experiments, we constructed a reed wetland to treat the pond effluent, and carried out some researches on pollutant removal mechanism, and ecological, biological, and phy-chemical remediation for saline-alkali soil from wastewater irrigation. The main results are as follow:
(1) Pulp wastewater can be treated efficiently by pond-reed system
Organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfate in wastewater can be removed efficiently by complex system, but the effect was affected by temperature and irrigating mode. Total COD removal rate of pond and wetland system is 48% and 31.5% respectively; Removal rate of TN, TP in wastewater is 23.94%, 21.10% in pond system, and 22.33%, 21.11% in wetlands, and the w4, w1 modes are better than others. The maximum SO42- removal rates are 56.63% in pond and 40.24% in w3 wetland.
(2) Soil soluable salt can be washed out efficiently by wastewater irrigation
Wastewater washing is the main drive of soil desalting, which accounts for 93.27%, 96.05% of total Cl- and Na+ removal in soil respectively, and the contribution of plants’absorbability for the two ions are only occupy 6.12% and 3.59%. Comparing to w0, the maximum washing rates of Cl-, Na+ and soluble salt are 52.38%, 46.57% and 34.97% separately after irrigation, which formed the premise of successful ecosystem remediation. Temperature, rainfall and irrigating mode have effect on washing efficiency, longer the washing time, greater the rainfall, then, more evidently of soil desalting. But, the difference of soil desalting efficiency from irrigating modes variety is not marked, and the optimum irrigating modes for Cl-, Na+, and salt removal are w1, w2, and w4.
Wastewater irrigation can decrease the content of Cl-、Na+ in reed evidently also. Comparing to w0, the content of Cl-, Na+ in irrigated reed is decreased by 41.18-69.6% and 29.9%-56.1%. According to experimenting results, the w4 and w1 irrigating mode are recommended mostly.
(3) System structure and function are improved efficiently from irrigation
Irrigation can increase the level of TN, TP, and organic matter of system(1.47, 1.13, and 1.29 multiple comparing to w0 after irrigated), which enhanced the intensity of MBC/TOC and soil respire rate(1.69 and 1.20 multiple to w0) that can reflect the bio-structure and functions of soil, and the w4, w1 modes show higher microbial activities. Comparing to w0, the harmful soil SO42- is decreased by 62.03%(w3).
Wastewater irrigation can relieve the pressure of fresh water shortage & high salinity, and increase microbe activities, which enhanced the availability of soil nutrient and improved the reed growing conditions: the average N、P level in irrigated reed are 1.16 and 1.44 multiple, the average reed height is increased by 6.34-11.01%, and the average dry biomass is 1.25 multiple than w0(1.93 multiple if we harvest in Aug.), moreover, the sulfate level in irrigated reed increased, which enhanced the absorbability of soil sulfate. Wastewater irrigation can decreased the biodiversity of wetland plants, and the irrigated weed dry biomass is just account for 52.18% of w0. But, for the whole wetlands system, the biodiversity of soil microbes, animals, especially for the birds is increased.
(4) Activities of wetlands microbe and enzyme were increased from irrigation A micro-ecosystem of soil, plant root and soil microbe was formed after irrigation. Comparing to w0, the quantity of wetland microbes and enzymes were increased, which brought the result of increasing of biodiversity, enhancing of wastewater degradable ability, and renovating of wetlands ecology. The activities of microbes and enzymes were affected by temperature, organic matter and soil air level, irrigation brought the increasing of anoxic and anaerobic microbe quantity such as bacteria, celluloytic bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and sulfate reduction bacteria especially(3.24 multiple than w0), but the number of fungi and actinomyce was not increased obviously, even, they were mild restrained. Excepting for the number of fungi and actinomyces was high, the content of other microbes and enzymes in w0 were lower than irrigated samples.
The irrigating modes can affect the organic matter and soil oxygen indirectly. Since the conditions of nutrient and oxygen are perfect in w1, so the number of bacteria, fungi, and actinomyces is higher, but the number of SRB and DB is lower than w0; To enzymes, the quantities of dehydrogenase, phosphatase, sucrase, and urease were most in w1, the next were w4, w2, and w3 in turn.
Renovation of eco-factors enhanced the function of pollutants degradation. The results show: there were active linear correlation between quantities of soil microbes & enzymes and pollutants removal of wastewater, such as: quantities of celluloytic bacteria, cellulose, dehydrogenase, and sucrase with COD removal; DB with soil denitrifying, urease with wastewater TN removal, and phosphatase with wastewater TP removal (r>0.8,n=16)are good fit for active linear correlation.
According to enzymes and soil microbe activities, the w1 irrigating mode was the optimum irrigating mode. The next is w4, since it can degrade the wastewater and desalt effectively, it was a better recommended mode also.
(5) Affect on metal ions’transportation in system after irrigation Trace metal ions are required by most biology growth, and they can be utilized, adsorbed or fixed by microbe, plant and soil animal. The experiments show: comparing to w0, the content of Zn, Mn in irrigated soil and reed were increased greatly, but the transporting ability of Mn is smaller than Zn. Cu and Cr were not apparent enriched in system after irrigation also.
Soil Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ were needed by reed growth, and they can accelerate the washing out of Na+ from soil, increase the water potential in reed cell, and enhance the ability of anti-water-shortage and salinity depress. Comparing to w0, soil Mg2+, K+ level were increased by 3.93% and 16.05% respectively, and Ca2+level is not apparent changed; K+, Mg2+ level in spike, stem, and root of irrigated reed were all lower than w0; Ca2+ level is lower in spike, equal in leaves, but higher in root and stem than w0, which means that irrigation can relieve the pressure of water shortage and salinity, and can weaken the transporting ability of these ions from root to upper parts of reed.
K have apparent function on increasing the water potential of reed cell, and K level in spike, leaves, and stem of w0 is increased by 17.94%, 4.32%, and 3.04% respectively, but is decreased by 3.27% in root than irrigated samples, which means that K+ can be transported following the road of root-stem -leaves-spike and it can be over-accumulated in spike, in order to increase the water potential and ability of resisting water shortage and salinity depress. The transporting ability of K and Mg is higher than Ca.
(6)Metabolized secretion and the anti-pressure mechanism in wetlands
Research on the soil metabolized secretion types and dynamic change can reveal the micro-ecology conditions of root rhizosphere and anti-pressure mechanism. The HPLC curve show: there are Proline peak in all soil distilled samples, and others apparent peaks maybe come from Oxalic or Succinic acid in Sep. Nov. samples. It shows that Proline and Oxalic have important functions in anti-pressure mechanism, more serious the pressure, more high the Proline level(such as w0, w4). Since the irrigation can relieve the pressure intensity, the Proline levels in irrigated samples are decreased also(w1,w2,w3).
Results shows that the Proline in w0 is not produced and accumulated plentifully comparing to irrigated samples even it was faced with serious lower temperature, water shortage and salinity pressures in Oct. and Nov, this is because that the plants is dying and the microbe activities is limited, which indicate that the Proline is produced by reed mainly. The vertical distribution of Proline in soil is topsoil>midsoil>subsoil.
In a word, according to the research of pulp wastewater treatment using pond-reed system, we discovered that the complex system can removal wastewater pollutants effectively, at the same time, the salinity of soil is dramatic decreased through wastewater washing, which bring many active results: increasing of N, P, and organic matter; enhancing of soil microbes, enzymes, MBC/TOC, and soil respire rate; increasing of reed height and yield, decreasing of weed diversity; affecting of transporting ability of Ca, Mg, K, Zn, and Mn , and improving of water shortage, salinity resistance and rhizosphere metabolized secretion conditions, all those improved the weak ecosystem. The renovating degree of system is affected by temperature, rainfall, nutrient, and soil air etc. directly or indirectly, the w1, w4 irrigating modes are most recommended.
引文
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