烤烟连作对土壤理化特性及烟叶品质的影响
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摘要
通过开展重庆市烟田连作土壤营养缺失及其修复机制的研究,探索了连作烟田矿质营养恢复的途径和解除烟株连作营养障碍的方法。试验结果如下:
1烤烟连作对土壤养分状况的影响
烟田连作后pH值下降,相邻茬次之间平均降幅0.05个单位,土壤易酸化;土壤有机质含量会逐年下降,相邻茬次之间平均衰减量0.56 g/kg;土壤中全氮、全磷、全钾含量随连作年限延长表现出不同程度的升高趋势:P(6 %～31 %)>K(6 %～21%)>N(2 %～12 %);土壤中速效磷、速效钾含量随连作年限延长逐年降低,且降低程度P(6 %～24 %)>K(2 %～10 %),速效氮含量略有上升;速效养分N/P、N/K和K/P比值明显增加,土壤养分比例失调。
2烤烟连作对土壤微生态的影响
随着连作年限的增加,土壤中过氧化氢酶活性持续增加,蔗糖酶活性呈现逐渐下降的趋势,土壤磷酸酶活性在重茬急剧减少,在多茬缓慢增加,土壤脲酶活性呈“升–降–升”N字变化趋势;烟田土壤微生物区系数量表现为:细菌>放线菌>真菌,烤烟连作使细菌、放线菌均呈下降趋势,而真菌呈上升趋势。
3烤烟连作对烟叶养分含量的影响
烟叶中磷、钾含量随连作逐年降低,且降低程度P>K(在漏茬与多茬时,磷含量下降约16.7 %～26.5 %,钾含量约下降10.4 %～20.0 %),氮含量略有上升(氮上升约2.2 %～15.8 %);三县植烟烟叶硫含量和镁含量均随连作年限的增加而递减,烟叶钙含量表现为先升后降趋势。
4不同茬次烟叶养分含量与土壤营养元素的相关分析
通过对不同茬次烟叶有效养分与对应土壤营养元素的相关分析表明,随连作年限的延长,烟叶中的磷、钾、钙、镁、硫含量与土壤中对应元素含量呈较强正相关,而烟叶中的氮和土壤中的速效氮呈弱的正相关,烟叶中的铁、钼、锌、硼、氯含量与土壤中对应元素含量都呈较强正相关,其中烟叶中氯与土壤中有效氯含量在漏茬和多茬达到显著正相关(P<0.05)。
5连作对大田烟株农艺性状及烟叶产质量的影响
随着连作年限延长,烟株株高、茎围、节距逐渐下降,同时降低上部叶烟株圆顶速度,推迟圆顶时间;烟叶亩产量、亩产值、中上等烟率均有不同幅度的下降;烟叶中烟碱、蛋白质、总氮含量均明显增加,总糖和还原糖的含量呈明显下降趋势;烟叶中施木克值、两糖比和糖氮比有明显的下降趋势,氮碱比、钾氯比变化不明显;石柱、南川和奉节烤烟烟叶中中性致香物新植二烯、茄酮、β-大马酮含量较高,类胡萝卜素类物质降解产物最多。三县烤烟总中性致香物含量以南川为最高(728.90～858.72μg/g),其次为奉节(558.25～680.50μg/g)和石柱(520.73～637.13μg/g)。新植二烯、类胡萝卜素类和苯丙氨酸类致香成分随连作阶梯下降,类西柏烷类和棕色化产物总体上呈现降低趋势,在不同茬次间均表现出头茬和重茬的差距小,漏茬和多茬变化明显的规律。
6土壤修复剂处理对土壤微生态的影响
不同茬次、不同修复剂处理的土壤酶活性变化有所不同,有各自的针对性:在重茬时XF3施肥处理的有利于过氧化氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性的提高;在漏茬时,XF2和XF4处理的有利于脲酶、磷酸酶活性的增加,XF1处理的有利于过氧化氢酶活的表达,XF3处理的更有利于蔗糖酶活性的表达;在多茬时,XF2、XF3处理的过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性相对高,XF4处理的更有利于蔗糖酶活性的表达,XF1有利于磷酸酶活的表达。在重茬时,XF4、XF1、XF3修复处理分别有利于细菌、真菌、放线菌的生长;在漏茬时,XF3、XF2、XF3修复处理分别有利于细菌、真菌、放线菌的繁殖;在多茬时,XF2修复处理均有利于三大微生物的繁殖。
7土壤修复剂处理对烟叶品质的影响
石柱、南川、奉节等三县的土壤修复剂处理均增加了烟株株高、茎围和叶片数,其中以XF2和XF4处理效果最为明显,更有利于提高烟叶中上等烟率、亩产量、均价和亩产值。
Through the study of soil nutrient deficiency and its repair mechanisms on tobacco field continuous cropping obstacles in the city of Chongqing , this project mainly explored the way of mineral nutrition for the resumption in the tobacco fields and the releasing to nutrition disorders in continuous cropping obstacles of tobacco plant. The results showed that:
1 Effect of tobacco continuous cropping on soil nutrient status
Due to the tobacco continuous cropping, the pH value decreased, average decrement of neighboring stubbles was 0.05 unit, leading to soil acidification; soil organic matter content would decrease year by year, average decrement of neighboring stubbles was 0.56 g/kg; the total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium content of soil increased differently with the extension of cropping year: P(6%～31%)> K(6%～21%)> N(2%～12%); available phosphorus and potassium content lowered year after year, the level of reducing is P(6%～24%)> K(2%～10%), and available nitrogen content had a slight increase; The ratios of N/P, N/K, K/P increased significantly, which resulted in the imbalance of soil nutrient.
2 Effect of tobacco continuous cropping on soil micro- ecosystem
With the increase of cropping years, catalase activity in soil continued to increase, invertase activity showed a declining trend, phosphatase activity rapidly reduced, following by a gradual increase, urease activity showed "N" word trend; the number of microflora lshowed that: bacteria> actinomycetes> fungi, the number of bacteria and actinomycetes fell with tobacco cropping, while the fungi rose.
3 Effect of tobacco continuous cropping on tobacco available nutrients
Phosphorus and potassium content of tobacco lowered year after year , the level of reducing : P> K (phosphorus content dropped by about 16.7%～26.5%, potassium content about 10.4%～20.0%), and nitrogen had a slight increase in content(nitrogen increased by 2.2%～15.8%); in the three tobacco areas, tobacco sulfur and magnesium level was declined even with the increase of cropping years, and calcium content had first increasing and then decreasing trend.
4 The correlation analysis of the tobacco nutrients and the corresponding soil nutrients
Through the correlation analysis of the tobacco nutrients and the corresponding soil nutrients in different stubbles, with the extension of cropping years, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur content of tobacco and the corresponding element contents in the soil showed a strong positive correlation, while the total nitrogen of tobacco and soil available nitrogen was a weak positive correlation, the iron, molybdenum, zinc, boron and chlorine content and the corresponding element contents in soil were tested a strong positive correlation, in which tobacco chlorine and soil chlorine content achieved a significant positive correlation (P<0.05) in the third and multiple stubbles.
5 Effect of tobacco continuous cropping on agronomic traits, yield and quality of tobacco
With the increase of cropping years, trunk height, stem girth and internode of tobacco plant declined gradually, and the dome speed of upper leaves of tobacco plants had a downward trend; tobacco production, output value, the ratio of mid-high grade leaves declined in different extent;the nicotine, protein, and total nitrogen content in tobacco showed a marked increase trend, with total sugar and reducing sugar content in a clearly lowering trend; schmuck value, two sugar ratio and the ratio of sugar to nitrogen dropped significantly, the ratio of nitrogen to alkali and the ratio of potassium to chloride didn’t change significantly. In the three tobacco areas, neophytadiene、solanone andβ-damascenone had a high content, and carotenoids had the most degradation products. With the extension of cropping years, total neutral aroma components of flue-cured tobacco decreased in the three areas, in which the highest was in Nanchuan followed by Fengjie and Shizhu. The neophytadiene, carotenoids and phenylalanine aroma components lowered year by year, and cembrane aroma and brown reaction products generally showed a decreased tendency, and differrent stubbles showed a similar laws, namely, the content in the first and second stubbles had no obvious changes, and the third and multiple stubbles changed markedly.
6 Effect of soil remediation agent on soil micro- ecosystem
The soil enzymatic activity of different soil remediation agent treatment in different stubble changed,and had the respective pointedness: in the second stubbles, the XF3 treatment (mineral synergist, 25 g/plant+ (NH_4)_6Mo_7O_(24)·4H_2O, 0.7 g/plant) was beneficial to increase catalase, urease and phosphatase activity; in the third stubbles, XF2(mineral synergist, 25 g/plant + MgSO4, 10 g/plant) and XF4(mineral synergist, 25 g/plant+ MgSO_4, 10g / plant+(NH_4)_6Mo_7O_(24)·4H_2O, 0.7 g/plant) was beneficial to increase urease and phosphatase activity, XF1(mineral synergist, 25 g/plant) was in favor of the expression of catalase activity, XF3 treatment was more conducive to the expression of invertase activity; in the multiple stubbles, catalase and urease activity of XF2 and XF3were relatively high, XF4 was more conducive to the expression of invertase activity, XF1 more conducive to the expression of phosphatase activity. XF4, XF1 and XF3 treatments were advantageous to the growth of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes respectively in the second stubbles; XF3, XF2 and XF3 treatments were beneficial to the reproduction of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes respectively in the third stubbles; XF2 treatment was conducive to the propagation of the three microorganisms in the multiple stubbles.
7 Effect of soil remediation agent on tobacco quality
Soil remediation agent treatment increased the number of tobacco leaves, trunk height and stem girth in three county of Shizhu, Nanchuan , Fengjie and so on, in which XF2 and XF4 treatment was most obvious, and helped to improve ratio of mid-high grade leaves, yield per mu, the average price, yield value per mu.
1烤烟连作对土壤养分状况的影响
烟田连作后pH值下降,相邻茬次之间平均降幅0.05个单位,土壤易酸化;土壤有机质含量会逐年下降,相邻茬次之间平均衰减量0.56 g/kg;土壤中全氮、全磷、全钾含量随连作年限延长表现出不同程度的升高趋势:P(6 %～31 %)>K(6 %～21%)>N(2 %～12 %);土壤中速效磷、速效钾含量随连作年限延长逐年降低,且降低程度P(6 %～24 %)>K(2 %～10 %),速效氮含量略有上升;速效养分N/P、N/K和K/P比值明显增加,土壤养分比例失调。
2烤烟连作对土壤微生态的影响
随着连作年限的增加,土壤中过氧化氢酶活性持续增加,蔗糖酶活性呈现逐渐下降的趋势,土壤磷酸酶活性在重茬急剧减少,在多茬缓慢增加,土壤脲酶活性呈“升–降–升”N字变化趋势;烟田土壤微生物区系数量表现为:细菌>放线菌>真菌,烤烟连作使细菌、放线菌均呈下降趋势,而真菌呈上升趋势。
3烤烟连作对烟叶养分含量的影响
烟叶中磷、钾含量随连作逐年降低,且降低程度P>K(在漏茬与多茬时,磷含量下降约16.7 %～26.5 %,钾含量约下降10.4 %～20.0 %),氮含量略有上升(氮上升约2.2 %～15.8 %);三县植烟烟叶硫含量和镁含量均随连作年限的增加而递减,烟叶钙含量表现为先升后降趋势。
4不同茬次烟叶养分含量与土壤营养元素的相关分析
通过对不同茬次烟叶有效养分与对应土壤营养元素的相关分析表明,随连作年限的延长,烟叶中的磷、钾、钙、镁、硫含量与土壤中对应元素含量呈较强正相关,而烟叶中的氮和土壤中的速效氮呈弱的正相关,烟叶中的铁、钼、锌、硼、氯含量与土壤中对应元素含量都呈较强正相关,其中烟叶中氯与土壤中有效氯含量在漏茬和多茬达到显著正相关(P<0.05)。
5连作对大田烟株农艺性状及烟叶产质量的影响
随着连作年限延长,烟株株高、茎围、节距逐渐下降,同时降低上部叶烟株圆顶速度,推迟圆顶时间;烟叶亩产量、亩产值、中上等烟率均有不同幅度的下降;烟叶中烟碱、蛋白质、总氮含量均明显增加,总糖和还原糖的含量呈明显下降趋势;烟叶中施木克值、两糖比和糖氮比有明显的下降趋势,氮碱比、钾氯比变化不明显;石柱、南川和奉节烤烟烟叶中中性致香物新植二烯、茄酮、β-大马酮含量较高,类胡萝卜素类物质降解产物最多。三县烤烟总中性致香物含量以南川为最高(728.90～858.72μg/g),其次为奉节(558.25～680.50μg/g)和石柱(520.73～637.13μg/g)。新植二烯、类胡萝卜素类和苯丙氨酸类致香成分随连作阶梯下降,类西柏烷类和棕色化产物总体上呈现降低趋势,在不同茬次间均表现出头茬和重茬的差距小,漏茬和多茬变化明显的规律。
6土壤修复剂处理对土壤微生态的影响
不同茬次、不同修复剂处理的土壤酶活性变化有所不同,有各自的针对性:在重茬时XF3施肥处理的有利于过氧化氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性的提高;在漏茬时,XF2和XF4处理的有利于脲酶、磷酸酶活性的增加,XF1处理的有利于过氧化氢酶活的表达,XF3处理的更有利于蔗糖酶活性的表达;在多茬时,XF2、XF3处理的过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性相对高,XF4处理的更有利于蔗糖酶活性的表达,XF1有利于磷酸酶活的表达。在重茬时,XF4、XF1、XF3修复处理分别有利于细菌、真菌、放线菌的生长;在漏茬时,XF3、XF2、XF3修复处理分别有利于细菌、真菌、放线菌的繁殖;在多茬时,XF2修复处理均有利于三大微生物的繁殖。
7土壤修复剂处理对烟叶品质的影响
石柱、南川、奉节等三县的土壤修复剂处理均增加了烟株株高、茎围和叶片数,其中以XF2和XF4处理效果最为明显,更有利于提高烟叶中上等烟率、亩产量、均价和亩产值。
Through the study of soil nutrient deficiency and its repair mechanisms on tobacco field continuous cropping obstacles in the city of Chongqing , this project mainly explored the way of mineral nutrition for the resumption in the tobacco fields and the releasing to nutrition disorders in continuous cropping obstacles of tobacco plant. The results showed that:
1 Effect of tobacco continuous cropping on soil nutrient status
Due to the tobacco continuous cropping, the pH value decreased, average decrement of neighboring stubbles was 0.05 unit, leading to soil acidification; soil organic matter content would decrease year by year, average decrement of neighboring stubbles was 0.56 g/kg; the total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium content of soil increased differently with the extension of cropping year: P(6%～31%)> K(6%～21%)> N(2%～12%); available phosphorus and potassium content lowered year after year, the level of reducing is P(6%～24%)> K(2%～10%), and available nitrogen content had a slight increase; The ratios of N/P, N/K, K/P increased significantly, which resulted in the imbalance of soil nutrient.
2 Effect of tobacco continuous cropping on soil micro- ecosystem
With the increase of cropping years, catalase activity in soil continued to increase, invertase activity showed a declining trend, phosphatase activity rapidly reduced, following by a gradual increase, urease activity showed "N" word trend; the number of microflora lshowed that: bacteria> actinomycetes> fungi, the number of bacteria and actinomycetes fell with tobacco cropping, while the fungi rose.
3 Effect of tobacco continuous cropping on tobacco available nutrients
Phosphorus and potassium content of tobacco lowered year after year , the level of reducing : P> K (phosphorus content dropped by about 16.7%～26.5%, potassium content about 10.4%～20.0%), and nitrogen had a slight increase in content(nitrogen increased by 2.2%～15.8%); in the three tobacco areas, tobacco sulfur and magnesium level was declined even with the increase of cropping years, and calcium content had first increasing and then decreasing trend.
4 The correlation analysis of the tobacco nutrients and the corresponding soil nutrients
Through the correlation analysis of the tobacco nutrients and the corresponding soil nutrients in different stubbles, with the extension of cropping years, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur content of tobacco and the corresponding element contents in the soil showed a strong positive correlation, while the total nitrogen of tobacco and soil available nitrogen was a weak positive correlation, the iron, molybdenum, zinc, boron and chlorine content and the corresponding element contents in soil were tested a strong positive correlation, in which tobacco chlorine and soil chlorine content achieved a significant positive correlation (P<0.05) in the third and multiple stubbles.
5 Effect of tobacco continuous cropping on agronomic traits, yield and quality of tobacco
With the increase of cropping years, trunk height, stem girth and internode of tobacco plant declined gradually, and the dome speed of upper leaves of tobacco plants had a downward trend; tobacco production, output value, the ratio of mid-high grade leaves declined in different extent;the nicotine, protein, and total nitrogen content in tobacco showed a marked increase trend, with total sugar and reducing sugar content in a clearly lowering trend; schmuck value, two sugar ratio and the ratio of sugar to nitrogen dropped significantly, the ratio of nitrogen to alkali and the ratio of potassium to chloride didn’t change significantly. In the three tobacco areas, neophytadiene、solanone andβ-damascenone had a high content, and carotenoids had the most degradation products. With the extension of cropping years, total neutral aroma components of flue-cured tobacco decreased in the three areas, in which the highest was in Nanchuan followed by Fengjie and Shizhu. The neophytadiene, carotenoids and phenylalanine aroma components lowered year by year, and cembrane aroma and brown reaction products generally showed a decreased tendency, and differrent stubbles showed a similar laws, namely, the content in the first and second stubbles had no obvious changes, and the third and multiple stubbles changed markedly.
6 Effect of soil remediation agent on soil micro- ecosystem
The soil enzymatic activity of different soil remediation agent treatment in different stubble changed,and had the respective pointedness: in the second stubbles, the XF3 treatment (mineral synergist, 25 g/plant+ (NH_4)_6Mo_7O_(24)·4H_2O, 0.7 g/plant) was beneficial to increase catalase, urease and phosphatase activity; in the third stubbles, XF2(mineral synergist, 25 g/plant + MgSO4, 10 g/plant) and XF4(mineral synergist, 25 g/plant+ MgSO_4, 10g / plant+(NH_4)_6Mo_7O_(24)·4H_2O, 0.7 g/plant) was beneficial to increase urease and phosphatase activity, XF1(mineral synergist, 25 g/plant) was in favor of the expression of catalase activity, XF3 treatment was more conducive to the expression of invertase activity; in the multiple stubbles, catalase and urease activity of XF2 and XF3were relatively high, XF4 was more conducive to the expression of invertase activity, XF1 more conducive to the expression of phosphatase activity. XF4, XF1 and XF3 treatments were advantageous to the growth of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes respectively in the second stubbles; XF3, XF2 and XF3 treatments were beneficial to the reproduction of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes respectively in the third stubbles; XF2 treatment was conducive to the propagation of the three microorganisms in the multiple stubbles.
7 Effect of soil remediation agent on tobacco quality
Soil remediation agent treatment increased the number of tobacco leaves, trunk height and stem girth in three county of Shizhu, Nanchuan , Fengjie and so on, in which XF2 and XF4 treatment was most obvious, and helped to improve ratio of mid-high grade leaves, yield per mu, the average price, yield value per mu.
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