沂蒙山区土地覆被与土壤侵蚀动态特征
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摘要
本文利用沂蒙山区三个时期TM影像资料和其他图件及数据资料,应用遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)、全球定位系统(GPS)技术手段,从沂蒙山区总体和区域(县、市区)空间尺度上,阐明了土地利用/覆被以及土壤侵蚀的空间格局及其动态特征。为沂蒙山区生态退化过程与机制研究提供参考,对沂蒙山区水土保持的科学规划具有指导作用。论文的主要结果与结论如下。
1.沂蒙山区土地利用/覆被分类系统
以《土地利用现状分类》国家标准(GB/T 21010-2007)为原则,参考我国土地资源遥感调查与监测技术规程,结合研究目的和区域实际,建立了一套研究区土地利用分类系统。
2.沂蒙山区土地利用/覆被格局与动态特征
基于1987、1997、2007年三个典型时期TM影像资料,通过人机交互解译,建立了不同时期研究区域土地利用、植被数据库,揭示了土地利用和土壤侵蚀时空变化规律及其主要影响因素。
(1) 2007年沂蒙山区土地利用结构以耕地、林地为主,两者占土地总面积的77.65%。
(2) 20年间沂蒙山区土地利用结构发生了很大的变化:耕地面积减少,林地持续增加,草地持续减少,城镇村及工矿交通用地持续增加,水域及水利设施用地先增加后减少,但变化不大,未利用土地先增加后减少。耕地与林地之间转化频繁,减少的耕地主要用于林地、城镇村及工矿交通用地的增加。
(3)随着城市化、工业化进程的加快和社会经济的迅猛发展,建设用地的需求仍会保持较高增长进度,耕地、林地等资源的保护压力会进一步加剧。虽然土地利用率较高,但由于居民区分布较为分散,土地利用、植被的聚集程度仍然较低,生态破碎化有加剧的趋势。
3.沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀格局与动态特征以土地利用、植被数据库为基础,对土壤侵蚀进行分析,揭示了土壤侵蚀时空变化规律。
(1) 2007年沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀面积占土地总面积的25.67%;土壤侵蚀强度以中度和轻度侵蚀为主,局部地区是以强度、极强度侵蚀为主的侵蚀类型区;从土壤侵蚀面积在沂蒙山区各个县市的分布来看,土壤侵蚀面积主要分布在鲁中中低山地丘陵区,侵蚀面积较大的县市区主要有,沂源县、沂水县、费县、平邑县、蒙阴县、山亭区等。
(2) 20年间沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀的变化特征:土壤侵蚀面积由1987年到2007年的20年间呈现整体减小的趋势。在土壤侵蚀强度等级中,轻度侵蚀面积先减小后增大;中度及中度以上侵蚀面积均减小,剧烈侵蚀的增减幅度为最大,其次为极强度侵蚀。20年间,土壤侵蚀强度表现出总体减弱的趋势。各县市土壤侵蚀面积变化不同,增减幅度差异较大。
(3) 20年沂蒙山区各种土壤侵蚀强度与面积的转化结果表明: 1987~1997年时段低强度侵蚀面积增加、高强度侵蚀面积减少,而1997~2007年时段高强度侵蚀面积减少、低强度侵蚀面积增加。总体表现为高强度侵蚀面积减少、低强度侵蚀面积增加的趋势,其实质是土壤侵蚀由高强度向低强度转变的过程,这是沂蒙山区20年来土壤侵蚀面积减少、土壤侵蚀强度减轻的原因所在。轻度侵蚀面积减少、局部地区强度和极强度侵蚀面积增加,生态环境质量有退化的趋势。
In order to provide references for research on process and mechanism of ecological degragation and guide scientific planning of soil and water conservation, spatial patterns and dynamic characteristics of land use/cover and soil erosion were clarified based on TM imaging data of three periods and other data and maps in Yimeng mountainous area from the spatial scales of the overall and reginal research area by technical means of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), globle positioning system (GPS). The main results are as follows:
1. Land use/cover classification system of Yimeng mountainous area
Based on GB/T21010-2007 in《classification of land present use situation》and regulations on remote sensing survey and monitoring techniques of land resource in our country, combined with research objectives and area fact, land use classification system was established.
2. Land use/cover patterns and dynamic characteristics of Yimengmountainous area
Date bases of land use and plant in research area in different periods were established, space-time change laws and influencial factors of land use and soil erosion were revealed by mean of man-computer interactive based on TM image data in typical period of the year of 1987, 1997 and 2007.
(1) Farmland and forest land, area of which accounted for 77.65% of the total area in this region, were the main land use structure in Yimeng mountainous area in 2007.
(2) There was great change among 20 years in land use structure in Yimeng mountainous area. Area of both farmland and grassland decreased while that of forest land, town and village land, and industry and mining and traffic land increased. Meanwhile, Waters and water conservancy facilities land increased first and then decreased, which changed a little. And unutilized land showed the same changing trend as waters and water consetvancy facilities land. In addition, there were frequent conversions between farmland and forest land. And the decreased farmland mainly converted forest land, town and village land and industry and mining and traffic land.
(3) As process of urbanization and industrilazation speeded up and social economy fast developed, demands of construction land would remain keep increasing, and protection pressure of resources such as farmland and forest land would futher intensify. Land use efficiency was higher, but aggregation extent of land use and plant was lower and ecological fragmentation would show intensifing trend.
3. Soil erosion patterns and dynamic characteristics of Yimeng mountainous area
Based on date base of land use and plant, soil erosion was analysised, space-time change laws of soil erosion was revealed.
(1) Area of soil erosion accounted for 25.67% of the total land area in Yimeng mountainous area in 2007. Moderate erosion and mild erosion were the main soil erosion types in reearch area while intensive erosion and deep intensive erosion were the main soil erosion types in local area. From the view of the distribution of soil erosion in Yimeng mountainous area, medium-low mountainous hilly ragion was the main soil erosion region, including towns of Yiyuan, Yishui, Fei, Pingyi and Mengyin, and zone of Shanting.
(2) Changing characteristics of soil erosion in Yimeng area in the researched 20 years were as follows: area of soil erosion showed decreasing trend. In research area, area of mild erosion decreased first and then increased while areas of moderate erosion and above moderate erosion both decreased. In addition, fluctuate amplitude of violent erosion was largest, and deep intensive erosion was larger. In researched 20 years, soil erosion intensity exhibited overall weak trend. Area changes of soil erosion in different towns were different and their flutuate amplitudes made great differece.
(3) Conversional results of soil erosion intensity and area in the researched 20 years in Yimeng mountainous area showed that area of lower intensity of soil erosion increased and that of higher intensity of soil erosion decreased during the period of the years from 1987 to 1997 while the changing trend was just opposite during the years from 1997 to 2007. As a whole, area of higher intensity of soil erosion decreased and that of lower intensity of soil erosion increased during the 20 years. That is, soil erosion in the area in the 20 years changed from higher intensity of erosion into lower intensity of erosion gradually, which showed why the total area of soil erosion decreased and the intensity of soil erosion alleviated in Yimeng mountainous area in the 20 years. However, area of mild intensity of soil erosion decreased and in local area intensive erosion and deep intensive erosion increased. Also, ecological and environmental quality showed degradating trend.
1.沂蒙山区土地利用/覆被分类系统
以《土地利用现状分类》国家标准(GB/T 21010-2007)为原则,参考我国土地资源遥感调查与监测技术规程,结合研究目的和区域实际,建立了一套研究区土地利用分类系统。
2.沂蒙山区土地利用/覆被格局与动态特征
基于1987、1997、2007年三个典型时期TM影像资料,通过人机交互解译,建立了不同时期研究区域土地利用、植被数据库,揭示了土地利用和土壤侵蚀时空变化规律及其主要影响因素。
(1) 2007年沂蒙山区土地利用结构以耕地、林地为主,两者占土地总面积的77.65%。
(2) 20年间沂蒙山区土地利用结构发生了很大的变化:耕地面积减少,林地持续增加,草地持续减少,城镇村及工矿交通用地持续增加,水域及水利设施用地先增加后减少,但变化不大,未利用土地先增加后减少。耕地与林地之间转化频繁,减少的耕地主要用于林地、城镇村及工矿交通用地的增加。
(3)随着城市化、工业化进程的加快和社会经济的迅猛发展,建设用地的需求仍会保持较高增长进度,耕地、林地等资源的保护压力会进一步加剧。虽然土地利用率较高,但由于居民区分布较为分散,土地利用、植被的聚集程度仍然较低,生态破碎化有加剧的趋势。
3.沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀格局与动态特征以土地利用、植被数据库为基础,对土壤侵蚀进行分析,揭示了土壤侵蚀时空变化规律。
(1) 2007年沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀面积占土地总面积的25.67%;土壤侵蚀强度以中度和轻度侵蚀为主,局部地区是以强度、极强度侵蚀为主的侵蚀类型区;从土壤侵蚀面积在沂蒙山区各个县市的分布来看,土壤侵蚀面积主要分布在鲁中中低山地丘陵区,侵蚀面积较大的县市区主要有,沂源县、沂水县、费县、平邑县、蒙阴县、山亭区等。
(2) 20年间沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀的变化特征:土壤侵蚀面积由1987年到2007年的20年间呈现整体减小的趋势。在土壤侵蚀强度等级中,轻度侵蚀面积先减小后增大;中度及中度以上侵蚀面积均减小,剧烈侵蚀的增减幅度为最大,其次为极强度侵蚀。20年间,土壤侵蚀强度表现出总体减弱的趋势。各县市土壤侵蚀面积变化不同,增减幅度差异较大。
(3) 20年沂蒙山区各种土壤侵蚀强度与面积的转化结果表明: 1987~1997年时段低强度侵蚀面积增加、高强度侵蚀面积减少,而1997~2007年时段高强度侵蚀面积减少、低强度侵蚀面积增加。总体表现为高强度侵蚀面积减少、低强度侵蚀面积增加的趋势,其实质是土壤侵蚀由高强度向低强度转变的过程,这是沂蒙山区20年来土壤侵蚀面积减少、土壤侵蚀强度减轻的原因所在。轻度侵蚀面积减少、局部地区强度和极强度侵蚀面积增加,生态环境质量有退化的趋势。
In order to provide references for research on process and mechanism of ecological degragation and guide scientific planning of soil and water conservation, spatial patterns and dynamic characteristics of land use/cover and soil erosion were clarified based on TM imaging data of three periods and other data and maps in Yimeng mountainous area from the spatial scales of the overall and reginal research area by technical means of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), globle positioning system (GPS). The main results are as follows:
1. Land use/cover classification system of Yimeng mountainous area
Based on GB/T21010-2007 in《classification of land present use situation》and regulations on remote sensing survey and monitoring techniques of land resource in our country, combined with research objectives and area fact, land use classification system was established.
2. Land use/cover patterns and dynamic characteristics of Yimengmountainous area
Date bases of land use and plant in research area in different periods were established, space-time change laws and influencial factors of land use and soil erosion were revealed by mean of man-computer interactive based on TM image data in typical period of the year of 1987, 1997 and 2007.
(1) Farmland and forest land, area of which accounted for 77.65% of the total area in this region, were the main land use structure in Yimeng mountainous area in 2007.
(2) There was great change among 20 years in land use structure in Yimeng mountainous area. Area of both farmland and grassland decreased while that of forest land, town and village land, and industry and mining and traffic land increased. Meanwhile, Waters and water conservancy facilities land increased first and then decreased, which changed a little. And unutilized land showed the same changing trend as waters and water consetvancy facilities land. In addition, there were frequent conversions between farmland and forest land. And the decreased farmland mainly converted forest land, town and village land and industry and mining and traffic land.
(3) As process of urbanization and industrilazation speeded up and social economy fast developed, demands of construction land would remain keep increasing, and protection pressure of resources such as farmland and forest land would futher intensify. Land use efficiency was higher, but aggregation extent of land use and plant was lower and ecological fragmentation would show intensifing trend.
3. Soil erosion patterns and dynamic characteristics of Yimeng mountainous area
Based on date base of land use and plant, soil erosion was analysised, space-time change laws of soil erosion was revealed.
(1) Area of soil erosion accounted for 25.67% of the total land area in Yimeng mountainous area in 2007. Moderate erosion and mild erosion were the main soil erosion types in reearch area while intensive erosion and deep intensive erosion were the main soil erosion types in local area. From the view of the distribution of soil erosion in Yimeng mountainous area, medium-low mountainous hilly ragion was the main soil erosion region, including towns of Yiyuan, Yishui, Fei, Pingyi and Mengyin, and zone of Shanting.
(2) Changing characteristics of soil erosion in Yimeng area in the researched 20 years were as follows: area of soil erosion showed decreasing trend. In research area, area of mild erosion decreased first and then increased while areas of moderate erosion and above moderate erosion both decreased. In addition, fluctuate amplitude of violent erosion was largest, and deep intensive erosion was larger. In researched 20 years, soil erosion intensity exhibited overall weak trend. Area changes of soil erosion in different towns were different and their flutuate amplitudes made great differece.
(3) Conversional results of soil erosion intensity and area in the researched 20 years in Yimeng mountainous area showed that area of lower intensity of soil erosion increased and that of higher intensity of soil erosion decreased during the period of the years from 1987 to 1997 while the changing trend was just opposite during the years from 1997 to 2007. As a whole, area of higher intensity of soil erosion decreased and that of lower intensity of soil erosion increased during the 20 years. That is, soil erosion in the area in the 20 years changed from higher intensity of erosion into lower intensity of erosion gradually, which showed why the total area of soil erosion decreased and the intensity of soil erosion alleviated in Yimeng mountainous area in the 20 years. However, area of mild intensity of soil erosion decreased and in local area intensive erosion and deep intensive erosion increased. Also, ecological and environmental quality showed degradating trend.
引文
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