基于景观格局的城市流域景观生态风险评价
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摘要
在城市化过程中,尤其是经历快速城市化扩张过程的区域,由于人类活动的强烈干扰,打破了生态系统原有的景观格局构成,导致自然生态过程的改变和生物多样性的损失,影响了区域生态安全。如何定量表达快速城市化地区生态系统风险水平,并对其进行有效、合理的评估正成为众多学者关注的热点问题。
本文以重庆市主城区清水溪流域为例,结合景观生态学的原理,借鉴国内外有关生态风险评价的理论和方法,采用ERDAS9.2图像处理软件,基于清水溪流域1988年、1998年和2007年三期遥感影像数据获取流域的景观格局变化信息。根据景观格局特征构建了景观生态风险指数作为流域景观生态风险评价指标,并利用ARCGIS9.2的空间分析方法对风险指数进行变量空间化,揭示了清水溪流域生态风险的空间分布等级及其变化,针对各级风险区提出了相应的风险管理对策和整治措施。
结果表明:在快速城市化过程中,清水溪流域景观格局发生了很大变化。耕地、林地、水域等自然或半自然景观迅速向城镇建设用地等人文景观转变,主要表现为耕地、林地的大量减少,城镇建设用地的大幅增加,尤其是自重庆直辖以来,城镇建设用地的增长更为迅速。流域景观多样性指数呈逐渐减少的趋势,在持续的土地利用变化背景下使得流域景观异质性不断降低,大量耕地、林地转换成城市建设用地。流域景观优势度指数逐渐上升,占优势地位的林地景观逐步被建设用地景观所代替,而均匀度指数在逐渐下降。清水溪流域生态风险空间等级分布具有一定的规律性,即流域景观生态风险值从歌乐山向东西两侧逐渐增高,从流域东北部建成区的沙坪坝、小龙坎向西南方向增高,即风险值大小分布呈带状结构,流域中部风险值较高,歌乐山、流域东北部建成区风险值较低。最后,针对各级风险区提出了相应的生态风险管理对策和综合整治措施,以期使清水溪流域恢复人与自然和谐的生态系统,改善流域内的城市景观,并为研究区生态环境保护和产业经济布局提供有价值的参考。
In the process of urbanization, most of all, the region which was experienced rapid urbanization processing, due to the human activities interfere is involved strongly, which breaking the intrinsic landscape pattern composition of the ecosystem, leading to the changes of processes in the natural ecological and the loss of biodiversity, and affecting the regional ecological safety. Therefore, it is becoming a concern to a number of researchers by how to express the level of the ecological system risk in rapid urbanization quantitatively, and effective and reasonable assessment.
The paper use the Qingshui stream which in the main city of Chongqing as an example, combined with the principle and approach of landscape ecology, drawing on the theories and methods of ecological risk assessment which come from domestic and foreign, using ERDAS9.2 image processing software and the remote sensing image data of Qingshui stream in 1988, 1998, 2007 to obtain the watershed landscape pattern change information of three period. According to characteristics of landscape pattern, we can build the landscape ecological risk index based on landscape pattern to regard as the indicators of landscape ecological risk assessment, and use the spatial analysis methods of ARCGIS9.2 to variable space-based of the risk index, which can revealed the spatial distribution grades and its change of the ecological risk in Qingshui stream, then we proposed the strategies and comprehensive control measures of watershed ecological risk management for the corresponding risk areas.
The results showed that: In the process of rapid urbanization, the landscape pattern has changed greatly in Qingshui stream. Farmland, forest, water and other natural or semi-natural landscapes was changed to the cultural landscape as urban construction land promptly, which mainly register as farmland, forest reducing numerous, urban construction land increase, especially since Chongqing became a municipality, urban construction land has been growth more rapidly.
Landscape diversity index was a gradual declined, in the context of the sustainable land-use change, the landscape heterogeneity was diminishing, a large number of farmland and forest was converted to urban construction land. Landscape dominance index gradually increased, the forest land being replaced by construction land gradually, while the landscape evenness index gradually decreased.
Ecological Risk spatial class distribution of Qingshui stream has a certain regularity, the value of the landscape ecological risk increased gradually from Gele mountain to its east and west sides, from the built-up areas of the watershed northeast such as Shapingba, Xiaolongkan, increased to the watershed southwest, the size of the risk value distribution is showed banded structure, the risk value of the central watershed is high, Gele mountain and the built-up areas of the watershed northeast is low.
Finally, the paper combine with the actual situation in the Qingshui stream, we proposed the strategies and comprehensive control measures of watershed ecological risk management in order to make the Qingshui stream to restore the ecosystem which harmony between man and the natural, and to improve the urban landscape, providing valuable reference to Qingshui stream of its ecological environment protection study and the layout of industrial economy.
本文以重庆市主城区清水溪流域为例,结合景观生态学的原理,借鉴国内外有关生态风险评价的理论和方法,采用ERDAS9.2图像处理软件,基于清水溪流域1988年、1998年和2007年三期遥感影像数据获取流域的景观格局变化信息。根据景观格局特征构建了景观生态风险指数作为流域景观生态风险评价指标,并利用ARCGIS9.2的空间分析方法对风险指数进行变量空间化,揭示了清水溪流域生态风险的空间分布等级及其变化,针对各级风险区提出了相应的风险管理对策和整治措施。
结果表明:在快速城市化过程中,清水溪流域景观格局发生了很大变化。耕地、林地、水域等自然或半自然景观迅速向城镇建设用地等人文景观转变,主要表现为耕地、林地的大量减少,城镇建设用地的大幅增加,尤其是自重庆直辖以来,城镇建设用地的增长更为迅速。流域景观多样性指数呈逐渐减少的趋势,在持续的土地利用变化背景下使得流域景观异质性不断降低,大量耕地、林地转换成城市建设用地。流域景观优势度指数逐渐上升,占优势地位的林地景观逐步被建设用地景观所代替,而均匀度指数在逐渐下降。清水溪流域生态风险空间等级分布具有一定的规律性,即流域景观生态风险值从歌乐山向东西两侧逐渐增高,从流域东北部建成区的沙坪坝、小龙坎向西南方向增高,即风险值大小分布呈带状结构,流域中部风险值较高,歌乐山、流域东北部建成区风险值较低。最后,针对各级风险区提出了相应的生态风险管理对策和综合整治措施,以期使清水溪流域恢复人与自然和谐的生态系统,改善流域内的城市景观,并为研究区生态环境保护和产业经济布局提供有价值的参考。
In the process of urbanization, most of all, the region which was experienced rapid urbanization processing, due to the human activities interfere is involved strongly, which breaking the intrinsic landscape pattern composition of the ecosystem, leading to the changes of processes in the natural ecological and the loss of biodiversity, and affecting the regional ecological safety. Therefore, it is becoming a concern to a number of researchers by how to express the level of the ecological system risk in rapid urbanization quantitatively, and effective and reasonable assessment.
The paper use the Qingshui stream which in the main city of Chongqing as an example, combined with the principle and approach of landscape ecology, drawing on the theories and methods of ecological risk assessment which come from domestic and foreign, using ERDAS9.2 image processing software and the remote sensing image data of Qingshui stream in 1988, 1998, 2007 to obtain the watershed landscape pattern change information of three period. According to characteristics of landscape pattern, we can build the landscape ecological risk index based on landscape pattern to regard as the indicators of landscape ecological risk assessment, and use the spatial analysis methods of ARCGIS9.2 to variable space-based of the risk index, which can revealed the spatial distribution grades and its change of the ecological risk in Qingshui stream, then we proposed the strategies and comprehensive control measures of watershed ecological risk management for the corresponding risk areas.
The results showed that: In the process of rapid urbanization, the landscape pattern has changed greatly in Qingshui stream. Farmland, forest, water and other natural or semi-natural landscapes was changed to the cultural landscape as urban construction land promptly, which mainly register as farmland, forest reducing numerous, urban construction land increase, especially since Chongqing became a municipality, urban construction land has been growth more rapidly.
Landscape diversity index was a gradual declined, in the context of the sustainable land-use change, the landscape heterogeneity was diminishing, a large number of farmland and forest was converted to urban construction land. Landscape dominance index gradually increased, the forest land being replaced by construction land gradually, while the landscape evenness index gradually decreased.
Ecological Risk spatial class distribution of Qingshui stream has a certain regularity, the value of the landscape ecological risk increased gradually from Gele mountain to its east and west sides, from the built-up areas of the watershed northeast such as Shapingba, Xiaolongkan, increased to the watershed southwest, the size of the risk value distribution is showed banded structure, the risk value of the central watershed is high, Gele mountain and the built-up areas of the watershed northeast is low.
Finally, the paper combine with the actual situation in the Qingshui stream, we proposed the strategies and comprehensive control measures of watershed ecological risk management in order to make the Qingshui stream to restore the ecosystem which harmony between man and the natural, and to improve the urban landscape, providing valuable reference to Qingshui stream of its ecological environment protection study and the layout of industrial economy.
引文
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