国际分割生产与中国制造业出口发展的研究
|
摘要
改革开放以来,出口导向型经济发展战略的实施,使得中国的出口规模迅速扩张。中国出口总额的世界排名由1980年的第28位,上升至2007年的第2位,到2009年,中国超过德国成为了世界第一大出口国。中国的出口中制成品出口占了绝大部分的份额,且制成品出口的增长速度快于所有货物出口总额的增长速度。制成品是我国参与国际分割生产的主体,国际分割生产,即把产品的生产过程分割成不同的区段配置到不同国家和地区,已经成为影响我国制造业出口的重要因素。
传统的国际贸易理论没有考虑国际分割生产现象,不能解释国际分割生产对出口贸易的影响。本文首先构建了一个南—北国际分割生产的模型,为分析国际分割生产影响出口贸易提供理论分析框架。另外,对中国出口贸易的相关经验研究主要从宏观层面进行,主要分析贸易总量增长的决定因素,很少具体到行业层面,也很少对中国的出口复杂度、出口的广化和深化等产品特征进行分析,还没有文献把国际分割生产与中国出口的产品特征相结合进行研究。为此,本文一方面运用传统的国际贸易理论和新贸易理论,把国际分割生产纳入分析框架；另一方面,本文选取出口比较优势、出口结构、出口复杂度、出口的广化和深化为反映制造业出口发展状况的指标,分析了国际分割生产现象对中国制造业出口比较优势和出口结构变化的影响；并重点就国际分割生产对中国制造业的出口复杂度、出口的广化和深化的影响进行了理论分析和经验分析。
本文包括八个部分。导论指出本文的选题背景、意义、论文思路和结构安排以及创新之处。第一章简要介绍国际分割生产与贸易和出口发展的相关文献。第二章基于Dixit-Stiglitz (1977)的模型,把产品的生产过程分成不同区段并跨国配置,构建一个南—北国际分割生产的模型,分析国际分割生产对制造业出口贸易的影响。第三章在相关文献基础上,构建三类度量中国制造业国际分割生产程度的指标进行度量。第四章分析考虑国际分割生产与不考虑国际分割生产时,中国制造业出口比较优势和出口结构的变化。第五章首先构建指标度量中国制造业的出口复杂度,其次就国际分割生产对我国制造业出口复杂度的影响进行经验分析。第六章首先构建指标度量中国制造业出口的广化和出口的深化,其次就国际分割生产对我国制造业出口的广化和深化的影响进行计量分析。第七章总结本文的研究结论,并指出进一步研究的方向。
本文得出如下主要结论。一、随着北方国家向南方国家分割生产,将会对南方的出口比较优势、出口结构、出口复杂度、出口的深化和广化产生影响。二、中国资本或技术密集型制造业的国际分割生产程度比较高,资源密集型行业的分割生产程度较低。中国制造业与北美、亚洲的分割生产程度最高,其次是与欧洲、拉美的分割生产程度,与非洲、大洋洲的分割生产程度最低。三、由于国际分割生产,中国制造业的出口比较优势明显增强,中国制造业出口结构改善程度也非常突出。但是,分离了国际分割生产引起的他国的贡献和含量后,中国制造业的出口比较优势和口结构改善程度并没有这么突出。四、中国制造业的出口复杂度呈上升趋势。随着我国科技投入的增加和我国通过FDI和加工贸易等方式参与国际分割生产的程度不断提高,促进了我国制造业出口复杂度的提高。五、中国制造业各行业出口市场份额的变化主要源于出口深化的贡献,出口广化的贡献很小。国际分割生产对不同要素密集型行业出口的深化与广化的影响存在差异。
Since the reform in 1978, as implement of Export Oriented strategy, China's export achieved tremendous growth. As a result, the world ranking of China's total exports raised from the 28th in 1980 to 2nd in 2007 and China has become the biggest export countries in the world in 2009. Manufactured goods export accounted for most of China's export share, and it has growth faster than the total export. Manufactured goods is the main product that produced by international fragmentation of production in China. The international fragmentation of production, the production process of a product is fragmented into some segments and locate different countries and regions, has become an important factor in China's manufacturing export.
International fragmentation of production is ignored in Traditional International Trade Theory. So it cannot explain the influence of international fragmentation production on export trade. Therefore, this dissertation develops a South-North international fragmentation of production model, and provides a theoretical analysis framework to analyze the influence international fragmentation of production on manufacturing export. On the other hand, the related experience research about China's export trade mainly from focus on the macro-level, which mainly analyzed the determinant factors of trade volume growth. Few studies involved industry level, and few studies analysis of the characteristics of China's export products such as export sophistication, the intensive and extensive margin of export. No literature researched the relationship between the product features of China's exports and international fragmentation of production. One hand, this dissertation uses the Traditional International Trade Theory and the New Trade Theory, and it adds the international fragmentation of production into the analysis framework; another hand, Select the comparative advantage indices and export structure index,export sophistication, the intensive and extensive margin of export as export development representative indexes, and analyses the influence of the international fragmentation of production on export comparative advantage and export structure. This dissertation analyses emphatically the relationship between the international fragmentation of production and China's export sophistication, the intensive and extensive margin of China's exports theoretically and empirically.
This dissertation includes eight parts.
Introduction explains the motif, structure and contributions of the study.
Chapter 1 outlines the related literature about international fragmentation of production and trade, and about export development.
Chapter 2 develops a South-North international fragmentation of production model based on Dixit-Stieglitz (1977) model, in which production activities are divided into different segments and spread over different countries, and analyzes the influence international fragmentation of production on manufacturing export.
Chapter 3 Constructs three measure indexes of the international fragmentation production of the manufacturing based on related literature, and measures the international fragmentation production of China's manufacturing.
Chapter 4 Compares China's comparative advantage and the structure of manufacturing export, with and without international fragmentation of production.
Chapter 5 firstly constructs an index to measure China's manufacturing export Sophistication, secondly analyzes the influence international fragmentation of production on manufacturing export Sophistication empirically.
Chapter 6 firstly construct the index to decomposes the intensive and extensive margin of China's manufacturing exports Chinese export, Secondly analyzes the influence international fragmentation of production on the intensive and extensive margin of China's manufacturing exports empirically.
Chapter 7 concludes the dissertation and points out the possible directions for further research.
This dissertation arrives at the following major conclusions.
First, as North country segments some fragments toward South country, it will affect the South country comparative advantage, export sophistication, the intensive and extensive margin of China's manufacturing exports.
Second, the degree of international fragmentation production of China's capital or technology-intensive industry is high, and the degree of international fragmentation production of resource-intensive industry is low. The degree of international fragmentation production of manufacturing between China and North America, Asia is the highest, that between China and Europe, Latin American is in the intermediate level, that between China and Africa, Australia is the lowest.
Third, when eliminate the effect of international fragmentation production, the comparative advantage of Chinese manufacturing decreases in general obviously, and China's manufacturing export structure improvement is decreased too.
Fourth, China's manufacturing export sophistication shows ascendant trend. With the increase of investment in science and technology in China, and with China participate in international fragmentation production through FDI and processing trade more and more, China's manufacturing export sophistication is improved.
Fifth, the export shares of Chinese manufacturing industries export Change mainly comes from the contribution of intensive margin of export, the contribution of extensive margin of export is very small. The influence of international fragmentation production on the intensive and extensive margin of Chinese manufacturing export is different between resources or labor intensive industries and capital or tech-intensive industries.
传统的国际贸易理论没有考虑国际分割生产现象,不能解释国际分割生产对出口贸易的影响。本文首先构建了一个南—北国际分割生产的模型,为分析国际分割生产影响出口贸易提供理论分析框架。另外,对中国出口贸易的相关经验研究主要从宏观层面进行,主要分析贸易总量增长的决定因素,很少具体到行业层面,也很少对中国的出口复杂度、出口的广化和深化等产品特征进行分析,还没有文献把国际分割生产与中国出口的产品特征相结合进行研究。为此,本文一方面运用传统的国际贸易理论和新贸易理论,把国际分割生产纳入分析框架；另一方面,本文选取出口比较优势、出口结构、出口复杂度、出口的广化和深化为反映制造业出口发展状况的指标,分析了国际分割生产现象对中国制造业出口比较优势和出口结构变化的影响；并重点就国际分割生产对中国制造业的出口复杂度、出口的广化和深化的影响进行了理论分析和经验分析。
本文包括八个部分。导论指出本文的选题背景、意义、论文思路和结构安排以及创新之处。第一章简要介绍国际分割生产与贸易和出口发展的相关文献。第二章基于Dixit-Stiglitz (1977)的模型,把产品的生产过程分成不同区段并跨国配置,构建一个南—北国际分割生产的模型,分析国际分割生产对制造业出口贸易的影响。第三章在相关文献基础上,构建三类度量中国制造业国际分割生产程度的指标进行度量。第四章分析考虑国际分割生产与不考虑国际分割生产时,中国制造业出口比较优势和出口结构的变化。第五章首先构建指标度量中国制造业的出口复杂度,其次就国际分割生产对我国制造业出口复杂度的影响进行经验分析。第六章首先构建指标度量中国制造业出口的广化和出口的深化,其次就国际分割生产对我国制造业出口的广化和深化的影响进行计量分析。第七章总结本文的研究结论,并指出进一步研究的方向。
本文得出如下主要结论。一、随着北方国家向南方国家分割生产,将会对南方的出口比较优势、出口结构、出口复杂度、出口的深化和广化产生影响。二、中国资本或技术密集型制造业的国际分割生产程度比较高,资源密集型行业的分割生产程度较低。中国制造业与北美、亚洲的分割生产程度最高,其次是与欧洲、拉美的分割生产程度,与非洲、大洋洲的分割生产程度最低。三、由于国际分割生产,中国制造业的出口比较优势明显增强,中国制造业出口结构改善程度也非常突出。但是,分离了国际分割生产引起的他国的贡献和含量后,中国制造业的出口比较优势和口结构改善程度并没有这么突出。四、中国制造业的出口复杂度呈上升趋势。随着我国科技投入的增加和我国通过FDI和加工贸易等方式参与国际分割生产的程度不断提高,促进了我国制造业出口复杂度的提高。五、中国制造业各行业出口市场份额的变化主要源于出口深化的贡献,出口广化的贡献很小。国际分割生产对不同要素密集型行业出口的深化与广化的影响存在差异。
Since the reform in 1978, as implement of Export Oriented strategy, China's export achieved tremendous growth. As a result, the world ranking of China's total exports raised from the 28th in 1980 to 2nd in 2007 and China has become the biggest export countries in the world in 2009. Manufactured goods export accounted for most of China's export share, and it has growth faster than the total export. Manufactured goods is the main product that produced by international fragmentation of production in China. The international fragmentation of production, the production process of a product is fragmented into some segments and locate different countries and regions, has become an important factor in China's manufacturing export.
International fragmentation of production is ignored in Traditional International Trade Theory. So it cannot explain the influence of international fragmentation production on export trade. Therefore, this dissertation develops a South-North international fragmentation of production model, and provides a theoretical analysis framework to analyze the influence international fragmentation of production on manufacturing export. On the other hand, the related experience research about China's export trade mainly from focus on the macro-level, which mainly analyzed the determinant factors of trade volume growth. Few studies involved industry level, and few studies analysis of the characteristics of China's export products such as export sophistication, the intensive and extensive margin of export. No literature researched the relationship between the product features of China's exports and international fragmentation of production. One hand, this dissertation uses the Traditional International Trade Theory and the New Trade Theory, and it adds the international fragmentation of production into the analysis framework; another hand, Select the comparative advantage indices and export structure index,export sophistication, the intensive and extensive margin of export as export development representative indexes, and analyses the influence of the international fragmentation of production on export comparative advantage and export structure. This dissertation analyses emphatically the relationship between the international fragmentation of production and China's export sophistication, the intensive and extensive margin of China's exports theoretically and empirically.
This dissertation includes eight parts.
Introduction explains the motif, structure and contributions of the study.
Chapter 1 outlines the related literature about international fragmentation of production and trade, and about export development.
Chapter 2 develops a South-North international fragmentation of production model based on Dixit-Stieglitz (1977) model, in which production activities are divided into different segments and spread over different countries, and analyzes the influence international fragmentation of production on manufacturing export.
Chapter 3 Constructs three measure indexes of the international fragmentation production of the manufacturing based on related literature, and measures the international fragmentation production of China's manufacturing.
Chapter 4 Compares China's comparative advantage and the structure of manufacturing export, with and without international fragmentation of production.
Chapter 5 firstly constructs an index to measure China's manufacturing export Sophistication, secondly analyzes the influence international fragmentation of production on manufacturing export Sophistication empirically.
Chapter 6 firstly construct the index to decomposes the intensive and extensive margin of China's manufacturing exports Chinese export, Secondly analyzes the influence international fragmentation of production on the intensive and extensive margin of China's manufacturing exports empirically.
Chapter 7 concludes the dissertation and points out the possible directions for further research.
This dissertation arrives at the following major conclusions.
First, as North country segments some fragments toward South country, it will affect the South country comparative advantage, export sophistication, the intensive and extensive margin of China's manufacturing exports.
Second, the degree of international fragmentation production of China's capital or technology-intensive industry is high, and the degree of international fragmentation production of resource-intensive industry is low. The degree of international fragmentation production of manufacturing between China and North America, Asia is the highest, that between China and Europe, Latin American is in the intermediate level, that between China and Africa, Australia is the lowest.
Third, when eliminate the effect of international fragmentation production, the comparative advantage of Chinese manufacturing decreases in general obviously, and China's manufacturing export structure improvement is decreased too.
Fourth, China's manufacturing export sophistication shows ascendant trend. With the increase of investment in science and technology in China, and with China participate in international fragmentation production through FDI and processing trade more and more, China's manufacturing export sophistication is improved.
Fifth, the export shares of Chinese manufacturing industries export Change mainly comes from the contribution of intensive margin of export, the contribution of extensive margin of export is very small. The influence of international fragmentation production on the intensive and extensive margin of Chinese manufacturing export is different between resources or labor intensive industries and capital or tech-intensive industries.
引文
[1]杜修立,王维国.中国出口贸易的技术结构及其变迁：1980-2003.经济研究,2007年第7期
[2]方世建,付文林.影响中国出口贸易增长的因素分析.上海经济研究,2001年第9期
[3]樊纲,关志雄,姚枝仲.国际贸易结构分析：贸易品的技术分布.经济研究,2006年第8期
[4]傅朝阳.国出口商品的比较优势的实证分析：1980-2000.世界经济研究,2005年第3期
[5]关志雄.从美国市场看“中国制造”的实力.国际经济评论,2002年第8期
[6][美]格罗斯罗和赫尔普曼著,何帆等译.全球经济中的创新与增长.人民大学出版社,2002年
[7]黄玖立,李坤望.对外贸易、地方保护和中国的产业布局.经济学(季刊),2006年第2期
[8]黄玖立,李坤望.出口开放、地区市场规模和经济增长,经济研究,2006年第6期
[9]黄玖立,对外贸易、地理优势与中国的地区差异：理论与实证,[博士学位论文],天津：南开大学,2006
[10]江小涓.中国出口增长与结构变化：外商投资企业的贡献.南开经济研究，2002年第2期
[11]江小涓.我国出口商品结构的决定因素和变化趋势.经济研究,2007年05期
[12]李坤望,黄玖立.中国贸易开放度的经验分析：以制造业为例.世界经济,2006年第8期
[13]林毅夫,蔡昉,李周.中国的奇迹：发展战略与经济改革.上海人民出版社、上海三联书店,1994年
[14]林毅夫.后发优势与后发劣势——与杨小凯教授商榷.经济学(季刊),2003年第3期
[15]卢锋.产品内分工.经济学(季刊),2004年第4期
[16]卢锋.中国国际收支双顺差现象研究：对中国外汇储备突破万亿美元的理论思考.世界经济,2006年第11期
[17]鲁晓东,李荣林.中国对外贸易结构、比较优势及其稳定性检验,世界经济,2007年第10期
[18]齐俊妍.中国是否出口了更多高技术产品——基于技术含量和附加值的考察,世界经济研究,2008年第9期.
[19]Rodrik.Dani中国的出口有何独到之处？.世界经济,2006年第3期
[20]平新乔等.中国出口贸易中的垂直专门化与中美贸易.世界经济,2006年第5期
[21]钱学锋.企业异质性、贸易成本与中国出口增长的二元边际.管理世界,2008年第9期
[22]钱学锋,黄汉民.垂直专业化、公司内贸易与中美贸易不平衡.财贸经济,2008年第3期
[23]盛斌.中国对外贸易政策的政治经济学分析.上海人民出版社,2002年
[24]盛斌,马涛.中国工业部门垂直专业化与国内技术含量的关系研究.世界经济研究,2008年08期
[25]施炳展,李坤望.中国靠什么实现了对美国出口的迅速增长.世界经济研究,2009年第4期
[26]魏浩,毛日,张二震.中国制成品出口比较优势及贸易结构分析.世界经济,2005年第2期
[27]文东伟,冼国明,马静.FDI、产业结构变迁与中国的出口竞争力.管理世界,2009年第4期
[28]王泽填,姚洋.结构转型与巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应.世界经济,2009年第4期
[29]冼国明,严兵,张岸元.中国出口与外商在华直接投资——1983-2000年数据的计量研究. 南开经济研究,2003年第1期
[30]冼国明,薄文广.外国直接投资对中国企业技术创新作用的影响——基于地区层面的分析.经济科学,2006年第3期
[31]冼国明,文东伟.竞争、生产率外溢与东道国的产业发展.南开经济研究,2006年第4期
[32][日]小岛清著.对外贸易论.南开大学出版社,1987年
[33]杨长志.外商直接投资是否降低了中国内资企业的出口竞争力——基于显示比较优势的研究经济学家,2009年第5期
[34]杨汝岱,朱诗娥.中国对外贸易结构与竞争力研究：1978—2006.财贸经济,2008年第2期
[35]杨汝岱.我国工业制成品出口增长的影响因素研究——基于1994—2005年分行业面板数据的实证分析.世界经济,2008年第8期
[36]杨汝岱,姚洋.有限赶超与经济增长.经济研究,2008年第8期
[37]杨汝岱,朱诗娥.我国对外贸易结构与竞争力研究：1978-2006.财贸经济,2008年第2期
[38]姚洋,章林峰.中国本土企业出口竞争优势和技术变迁分析.世界经济,2008年第2期
[39]姚洋,张晔.中国出口品国内技术含量升级的动态研究——来自全国及江苏省、广东省的证据.中国社会科学,2008年第2期
[40]张帆、潘佐红.本土市场效应及其对中国省间生产和贸易的影响.经济学(季刊),2006年第2期
[41]张乃丽,崔小秀.中国机电产品显性比较优势变动分析.产业经济评论,2009年第6期
[42]张幼文.经济全球化与国家经济实力.国际经济评论,2005年第4期
[43]张幼文.开放经济发展目标的动态演进——答华民教授的商榷意见.国际经济评论,2006年第1期
[44]张晓峒.计量经济分析,经济科学出版社,2000年
[45]钟昌标.影响中国电子行业出口决定因素的经验分析.经济研究,2007年第9期
[46]朱希伟,金祥荣,罗德明.国内市场分割与中国的出口贸易扩张.经济研究,2005年第12期
[47]宗毅君.国际产品内分工与进出口贸易——基于我国工业行业面板数据的经验研究.国际贸易问题,2008年第2期
[48]Abramovitz, M. (1995), "The elements of social capability", in Perkins, D. H. and B.H. Koo (eds.), Social Capability and long-term growth, Basingstoke:Macmillan Press.
[49]Alvarez, R. and S. Claro, (2006), "The China Phenomenon:Price, Quality or Variety?" Working Paper No.411, Central Bank of Chile.
[50]Amador, J., Cabral, S. and Maria, J. R. (2007), "Relative export structures and vertical specialization:A simple cross-country index", Working Paper 1-2007, Banco de Portugal.
[51]Amador, J. and Cabral, S. (2008a), "Vertical specialization across the world:A relative measure", Working Paper 10-2008, Banco de Portugal.
[52]Amador, J. and Cabral, S. (2008b), "Vertical specialization in Portuguese international trade", Banco de Portugal Economic Bulletin Summer.
[53]Amiti, M. and S. Wei (2007), "Service Offshoring and Productivity:Evidence from the United States", NBER Working Paper, No.11926.
[54]Amiti, M. and C. Freund, (2008), "An Anatomy of China's Trade Growth", Paper presented at the Trade Conference, IMF.
[55]Amurgo-Pacheco, A. and M. D. Pierola, (2008), "Patterns of Export Diversification in Developing Countries:Intensive and Extensive Margins", World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.4473.
[56]Ando, M. (2006), "Fragmentation and vertical intra-industry trade in East Asia", The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 17(3),257-281.
[57]Antras, P. (2003), "Firms, Contracts, and Trade Structure," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4),1375-1418.
[58]Antras, P. and Helpman, E. (2004), "Global sourcing", Journal of Political Economy 112(3), 552-580.
[59]Antras, P., Garicano, L. and Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2006), "Offshoring in a knowledge economy", The Quarterly Journal of Economics 121(1),31-77.
[60]Arndt, S. W. (1997), "Globalization and the open economy", The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 8(1),71-79.
[61]Arndt, S. W. and Kierzkowski, H., eds (2001), "Fragmentation:New Production Patterns in the World Economy", Oxford University Press, USA.
[62]Athukorala, P.-c., (2003). "Product Fragmentation and Trade Patterns in East Asia", Departmental Working Papers 2003-21, Australian National University, Economics RSPAS
[63]Athukorala, P.-c. and Yamashita, N. (2006), "Production fragmentation and trade integration: East Asia in a global context', The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 17(3), 233-256.
[64]Balassa, B. (1965), "Trade liberalization and revealed comparative advantage", The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies 33(2),99-123.
[65]Baldone, S., Sdogati, F. and Tajoli, L. (2001), "Patterns and determinants of international fragmentation of production:Evidence from outward processing trade between the EU and Central Eastern European Countries", Review of World Economics 137(1),80-104.
[66]Baldone, S., Sdogati, F. and Tajoli, L. (2007), "On some effects of international fragmentation of production on comparative advantages, trade flows and the income of countries", The World Economy 30(11),1726-1769.
[67]Baldwin, R.E. (2006), "The Euro's Trade Effect", European Central Bank, Working Paper Series 594.
[68]Baldwin, R.E. and Robert-Nicoud, F. (2007), "Offshoring:general equilibrium effects on wages, production and trade". Working Paper, No.12991
[69]Baumann, U. and di Mauro, F. (2007), "Globalisation and euro area trade:Interactions and challenges", Occasional Paper Series 55, European Central Bank.
[70]Becker, S.O., Ekholm, K. and Muendler, M. (2009), "Offshoring and the onshore composition of occupations, tasks and skills". CEPR Discussion Papers 7391.
[71]Besedes, T. and T. J. Prusa, (2007), "The Role of Extensive and Intensive Margins and Export Growth", NBER Working Paper, No.13628.
[72]Blomstrom, M and F. Sjoholm, (1999). "Technology transfer and spillovers:does local participation with multinationals matter?", European Economic Review,43,915-923.
[73]Blomstrom, M. and Kokko, A. (2002),"FDI and human capital:a research agenda", OECD Technical papers No.195, OECD Development Centre.
[74]Borga, M. and Zeile, W. J. (2004), "International fragmentation of production and the intrafirm trade of U.S. multinational companies", BEA Working Papers 0013, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
[75]Breda, E., Cappariello, R. and Zizza, R. (2008), "Vertical specialization in Europe:Evidence from the import content of exports", Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 682, Bank of Italy, Economic Research Department.
[76]Broda, C. and D. Weinstein (2006) "Globalization and the Gains from Varieties," Quarterly Journal of Economics 121(2):541-85.
[77]Cadarso, M.-A., G'omez, N., L'opez, L.-A. and Tobarra, M.-A. (2007), "Vertical specialisation in EU manufacturing and services sectors," Paper presented at the 16th International Conference on Input-Output Techniques, Istanbul 2-6 July 2007.
[78]Campa, J. and Goldberg, L. S. (1997), "The evolving external orientation of manufacturing:a profile of four countries", Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review 3(2), 53-81.
[79]Chaney, T., (2008), "Distorted Gravity:The Intensive and Extensive Margins of International Trade", American Economic Review,98(4),1707-1721.
[80]Chen, H., Kondratowicz, M. and Yi, K.-M. (2005), "Vertical specialization and three facts about U.S. international trade", The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 16(1), 35-59.
[81]Chen, H.-Y. and Chang, Y.-M. (2006), "Trade verticality and structural change in industries: The cases of Taiwan and South Korea", Open Economies Review 17(3),321-340.
[82]Choudhri E.U. and Hakura D.S. (2001), "International Trade in Manufactored Products:a Ricardo-Heckscher-Ohlin Explanation with Monopolistic Competition", IMF Working Papers, wp0141.
[83]Clark, D. (2006), "Country and industry-level determinants of vertical specialization based trade", International Economic Journal 20(2),211-225.
[84]Clerides, S., S. Lach and J. R. Tybout, (1998), "Is Learning by Exporting Important? Micro-Dynamic Evidence from Colombia, Mexico and Morocco", Quarterly Journal of Economics,113(3),903-947.
[85]Cohen, W. M. and D. A. Levinthal (1990), "Absorptive capacity:a new perspective on learning and innovation", Administrative Science Quarterly,35,128-52.
[86]Coe, D.T. and E.Helpman (1995), "International R&D Spillovers", European Economic Review,39,859-887
[87]Corsetti, G., P. Martin and P. Pesenti, (2008), "Varieties and Imbalances:The Extensive Margins of the Current Account Adjustment," NBER Working Paper No.13795.
[88]Criscuolo C. and M. Leaver (2006), "Offshore Outsourcing and Productivity" www.oecd.org/dataoecd/55/23/35637436.pdf
[89]Dahlman, C. and R. Nelson (1995), "Social absorption capability, national innovation systems and economic development", in Perkins, D. H. and B.H. Koo (eds.), Social Capability and long-term growth, Basingstoke:Macmillan Press.
[90]Debaere, P., S., Mostashari, (2007), "Do Tariffs Matter for the Extensive Margin of International Trade? An Empirical Analysis", CEPR Working Paper。
[91]Dean, J., Fung K. C. and Zhi Wang, (2007), "Measuring the Vertical Specialization in Chinese Trade", Office of Economics Working Paper, No.2007-01-A.
[92]Deardorff, A. V. (2001a), "Fragmentation across cones, in S. W. Arndt and H. Kierzkowski, eds,'Fragmentation:New Production Patterns in the World Economy", Oxford University Press, USA, chapter 3,35-51.
[93]Deardorff, A. V. (2001b), "Fragmentation in simple trade models", The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 12(2),121-137.
[94]Deardorff, A.V. (2005), "A trade theorist's take on skilled-labor outsourcing". International Review of Economics and Finance 14(3):259-271.
[95]Dixit, A. and Stiglitz, J. E. (1977), "Monopolistic competition and optimum product diversity". The American Economic Review, Vol.67, No.3,297-308
[96]Dixit, A. and Grossman. G. (1980), "Theory of International Trade", Cambridge University Press.
[97]Dixit, A. and Grossman. G. (1982), "Trade and Protection with Multistage Production", The Review of Economic Studies, Vol.49, No.4 (Oct.,1982),583-594.
[98]Egger, P., Pfaffermayr, M. and Wolfmayr-Schnitzer, Y. (2001), "The international fragmentation of Austrian manufacturing:The effects of outsourcing on productivity and wages", The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 12(3),257-272.
[99]Egger, H. and Egger, P. (2001), "Cross-border sourcing and outward processing in EU manufacturing". North American Journal of Economics and Finance 12(3):243-256.
[100]Egger, H. and Falkinger, J. (2003), "The distributional effects of international outsourcing in a 2×2 production model". North American Journal of Economics and Finance14 (2): 189-206.
[101]Egger, H. and Egger, P. (2003), "Outsourcing and skill-specific employment in a small economy:Austria after the fall of the Iron Curtain", Oxford Economic Papers 55(4), 625-643.
[102]Egger, H. and Egger, P. (2005a), "The determinants of EU processing trade", The World Economy 28(2),147-168.
[103]Egger, H. and Egger, P. (2005b) "Labor market effects of outsourcing under industrial interdependence". International Review of Economics and Finance 14(3):349-363.
[104]Egger, H. and Kreickemeier, U. (2008), "International fragmentation:boon or bane for domestic employment?" European Economic Review 52(1):116-132.
[105]Eaton J., Kortum S. (2002), "Technology, Geography, and Trade", Econometrica, Vol.70, 1741-1779.
[106]Eaton, J., S. Kortum and F. Kramarz, (2008), "An Anatomy of International Trade:Evidence from French Firms", NBER Working Paper No.14610.
[107]Evenett, Simon J. and Anthony J. Venables (2002), "Export Growth in DevelopingCountries: Market Entry and Bilateral Trade Flows," www.alexandria.unisg.ch/EXPORT/DL/22269.pdf.
[108]Falvey, R.E. (1981). "Commercial policy and intra-industry trade". Journal of International Economics,11,495-511
[109]Falvey, R.E.& Kierzkowski, H. (1987). "Product quality, intra-industry trade and imperfect competition". In H. Kierzkowski (Ed), Protection and competition in international trade: Essays in honor of W. M. Corden, Oxford:Basil Blackwell.
[110]Feenstra, R.C. (1994), "New Product Varieties and the Measurement of International Prices," American Economic Review 84(1):157-77.
[111]Feenstra, R.C. and G.H. Hanson (1996), "Globalization, Outsourcing, and Wage Inequality," American Economic Review,86(2),240-245.
[112]Feenstra, R.C. and G.H. Hanson (2001) "Global Production Sharing and Rising Inequality:A Survey of Trade and Wages ", NBER Working Papers No.8372
[113]Feenstra, R.C.and H. L. Kee, (2007), "Trade Liberalisation and Export Variety:A Comparison of Mexico and China", The World Economy,30(1),5-21.
[114]Feenstra, R.C. and H. L. Kee, (2008), "Export Variety and Country Productivity:Estimating the Monopolistic Competition Model with Endogenous Productivity", Journal of International Economics,74(2),500-518.
[115]Felbermayr, G. J. and W. Kohler, (2006), "Exploring the Intensive and Extensive Margins of World Trade", Review of World Economics,142(4),642-674.
[116]Fu, X. (2008), "Foreign direct investment, absorptive capacity and regional innovation capabilities in China", Oxford Development Studies,36(1),89-110.
[117]Galstyan, V. and P. R. Lane, (2008), "External Imbalances and the Extensive Margin of Trade", HIS Discussion Paper No.259.
[118]Gaulier, G., Lemoine, F. and Unal Kesenci, D. (2005), "China's integration in East Asia: Production sharing, FDI and high-tech trade", CEPⅡ Working Papers 2005-09.
[119]Gaulier, G., Lemoine, F. and Unal Kesenci, D. (2006), "China's emergence and the reorganization of trade flows in Asia", Working Papers 2006-05, CEPII Research Center.
[120]Geishecker, I. (2006); "Does outsourcing to Central and Eastern Europe really threaten manual workers'jobs in Germany?" The World Economy 29(5),559-583.
[121]Geishecker, I. and Gorg, H. (2007), "Winners and losers:A micro-level analysis of international outsourcing and wages", CEPR Discussion Papers 6484, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
[122]Geishecker, I., Gorg, H. and Munch, J. R. (2008), "Do labour market institutions matter? Micro-level wage effects of international outsourcing in three European countries", Kiel Working Papers 1404, Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
[123]Girma, S. and Gorg, H. (2004), "Outsourcing, foreign ownership, and productivity:Evidence from UK establishment-level data", Review of International Economics 12(5),817-832.
[124]Gorg, H. (2000), "Fragmentation and trade:US inward processing trade in the EU", Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 127(3),403-422.
[125]Gorg, H. and Hanley, A. (2005a), "International outsourcing and productivity:evidence from the Irish electronics industry". North American Journal of Economics and Finance 16(2): 255-269.
[126]Gorg, H. and Hanley, A. (2005b), "Labour demand effects of international outsourcing: evidence from plant-level data". International Review of Economics and Finance 14(3):365-376.
[127]Gorg, H., Hanley, A. and Strobl, E. (2008), "Productivity effects of international outsourcing: evidence from plant level data".Canadian Journal of Economics 41(2):670-688.
[128]Graziani, G. (2001), "International subcontracting in the textile and clothing industry", in Arndt, S.W.. Kierzkowski, H. (Eds),Fragmentation and New Production Patterns in the World Economy, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[129]Grossman, G. M. and Helpman, E. (2005), "Outsourcing in a global economy", Review of Economic Studies 72(1),135-159.
[130]Grossman, G. M. and Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2006), "The rise of offshoring:it's not wine for cloth anymore", The New Economic Geography:Effects and Policy Implications, Vol. Jackson Hole Conference, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City,59-102.
[131]Grossman, G.M.and Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2008), "Trading Tasks:A Simple Theory of Offshoring," American Economic Review,98 (5) 1978-1997.
[132]Hansson, P. (2000), "Relative demand for skills in Swedish manufacturing:technology or trade?" Review of International Economics 8(3):533-555.
[133]Hansson, P. (2005) "Skill upgrading and production transfer within Swedish multinationals". Scandinavian Journal of Economics 107(4):673-692.
[134]Hanson, G. H., Mataloni, R. J. and Slaughter, M. J. (2005), "Vertical production networks in multinational firms", The Review of Economics and Statistics 87(4),664-678.
[135]Hausmann, R., J.Hwang and D.Rodrik (2007), "What You Export Matters", Journal of Economic Growth,12,1-25.
[136]Head, K. and Ries, J. (2002) "Offshore production and skill upgrading by Japanese manufacturing firms". Journal of International Economics 58(1):81-105.
[137]Helg, R. and Tajoli, L. (2005), "Patterns of international fragmentation of production and the relative demand for labor". North American Journal of Economics and Finance16 (2): 233-254.
[138]Helpman, E. (1981), "International trade in the presence of product differentiation, economies of scale and monopolistic competition". Journal of International Economics,11, 305-340
[139]Helpman, E.and Krugman, P. (1985), "Market Structure and Foreign Trade:Increasing Returns, Imperfect Competition, and the International Economy", MIT Press.
[140]Hijzen, A. (2005), "A bird's eye view of international outsourcing:data, measurement and labour demand effects". Economie Internationale 104(4):45-63.
[141]Hijzen, A., Gorg, H. and Hine, R.C. (2005), "International outsourcing and the skill structure of labour demand in the United Kingdom".The Economic Journal 115(506):860-878.
[142]Hijzen, A. (2007), "International outsourcing, technological change, and wage inequality", Review of International Economics 15(1),188-205.
[143]Hoppe, Mombert, "Technology Transfer through Trade", Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei working paper 19 (2005).
[144]Horgos, D. (2007), "Labor market effects of international outsourcing:How measurement matters", SOEP papers 58, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel.
[145]Hummels, D., Rapoport, D. and Yi, K.-M. (1998), "Vertical specialization and the changing nature of world trade", Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review 4(2), 79-99.
[146]Hummels, D., Ishii, J. and Yi, K.-M. (2001), "The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade", Journal of International Economics 54(1),75-96.
[147]Hummels, D. and P. Klenow, (2005), "The Variety and Quality of a Nation's Exports", American Economic Review,95(3),704-23.
[148]Javorcik, Beata Smarzynska (2004), "Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers through Backward Linkages", American Economic Review,94,3,605-627.
[149]Jones, R.W. and Kierzkowski, H. (1990) "The role of services in production and international trade:a theoretical framework", in Jones, R.W. and Krueger, A.O. (Eds):The Political Economy of International Trade, Essays in Honor of Robert E. Baldwin, Basil Blackwell,31-48.
[150]Jones, R.W. and Kierzkowski, H. (2001a), "Globalization and consequences of international fragmentation". In R. Dornbusch, G. Galvo and M. Obsfeld, (eds.) Money, capital mobility and trade:Festschrift in honor of Robert A. Mundell, Cambridge:MIT Press.
[151]Jones, R.W. and Kierzkowski, H. (2001b) "A framework for fragmentation", in Arndt, S.W. and Kierzkowski, H. (Eds):Fragmentation, New Production Patterns in the World Economy, Oxford University Press,17-34.
[152]Jones, R.W. and Kierzkowski, H. (2005), "International fragmentation and the new economic geography", The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 16(1),1-10.
[153]Kaminski, B. and Ng, F. (2001), "Trade and production fragmentation:Central European economies in European Union networks of production and marketing", Policy Research Working Paper Series 2611, The World Bank.
[154]Kimura, F. and K. Kiyota (2006), "Exports, FDI, and Productivity of Firm:Dynamic Evidence from Japanese Firms," Review of World Economics,142,695-719.
[155]Kimura, F. and Ando, M. (2005), "Two-dimensional fragmentation in East Asia:Conceptual framework and empirics", International Review of Economics & Finance 14(3),317-348.
[156]Kimura, F.(2006), "International production and distribution networks in East Asia:Eighteen facts, mechanics, and policy implications", Asian Economic Policy Review 1(2),326-344.
[157]Kimura, F., Takahashi, Y. and Hayakawa, K. (2007), "Fragmentation and parts and components trade:Comparison between East Asia and Europe", The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 18(1),23-40.
[158]Kohler, W. (2001), "A specific-factor view on outsourcing". North American Journal of Economics and Finance 12(1):31-53.
[159]Kohler, W. (2003), "Factor Price Frontiers with International Fragmentation of Multistage Production". Johannes Kepler University Linz, Economics working papers No.2003-05.
[160]Kohler, W. (2004), "Aspects of international fragmentation", Review of International Economics 12(5),793-816.
[161]Kokko A.(1994),"Technology Market Characteristics and Spillovers", Journal of Development Economics,Vol.43,279-293;
[162]Kokko, A., Tansini, R. and M.C. Zejan (1996), "Local technological capability and productivity spillovers from FDI in the Uruguayan manufacturing sector", Jounal of Development Studies, Vol.32, No.4,602-11.
[163]Koopman, R., Wang Zhi and Wei ShangJin (2008), "How Much of Chinese Exports is Really Made in China? Assessing Domestic Value-added When Processing Trade is Pervasive", NBER Working Paper, No.14109.
[164]Krugman, P. (1990), "A Technological Gap Model of International Trade", In Paul Krugman, Rethinking International Trade, Cambridge, Mass:MITPress.
[165]Krugman, P. (1979), "Increasing returns, monopolistic competition and international trade" Journal of International Economics,9,469-479
[166]Kurz, C. J. (2006), "Outstanding outsourcers:a firm-and plant-level analysis of production sharing", Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2006-04, US Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
[167]Lall S. (2000), "The Technological Structure and Performance od DevelopingCountry Manufactured Exports,1985-1998", Oxford Development Studies,28,
[168]Lall,S., Albaladejo, M. and Zhang, J. (2004), "Mapping fragmentation:Electronics and automobiles in East Asia and Latin America", Oxford Development Studies 32(3),407-432.
[169]Lall, S., J. Weiss and J.K. Zhang (2006), "The Sophistication of Export:A New Trade Measure", World Development,34,2,222-237.
[170]Lancaster, K. (1980). "Intra-industry trade under perfect monopolistic competition",Journal of International Economics,10,151-175
[171]Lemoine, F. and Unal Kesenci, D. (2002), "China in the international segmentation of production processes", Working Papers 2002-02, CEPⅡResearch Center.
[172]Lemoine, F. and Unal Kesenci, D. (2004), "Assembly trade and technology transfer:The case of China", World Development 32(5),829-850.
[173]Liu, R. and Trefler, D. (2008), "Much ado about nothing:American jobs and the rise of service outsourcing to China and India", NBER Working Paper 14061.
[174]Long, N.V., Riezman, R. and Soubeyran, A. (2005), "Fragmentation and Services". The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol.16,137-152
[175]Lurong Chen (2008), "The Emergence of International Fragmentation and Global Outsourcing of Production:Theories and Empirical Evidence", UNU-CRIS Working Papers, W-2008/12.
[176]Markusen, J.R. and Venables, A.J. (2005) A Multi-Country Approach to Factor Proportions Trade and Trade Costs. HIS Discussion Paper No.51.
[177]McLaren, J. (2000), "Globalization and vertical structure", The American Economic Review 90(5),1239-1254.
[178]Molnar, M., Pain, N. and Taglioni, D. (2007), "The internationalisation of production, international outsourcing and employment in the OECD", OECD Economics Department Working Papers 561, OECD.
[179]Navaretti, G.B. and Venables, A.J. (2004), "Multinational firms in the world economy", Princeton University Press.
[180]Nelson, R.R. (1992), "National innovation systems:a retrospective on a study," Industrial and Corporate Change,1 (2),347-374.
[181]Ng, F. and Yeats, A. J. (1999), "Production sharing in East Asia:Who does what for whom, and why?" Policy Research Working Paper Series 2197, The World Bank.
[182]Ng, F. and Yeats, A. (2003), "Major trade trends in East Asia:what are their implications for regional cooperation and growth". World Bank Working Paper 3084
[183]OECD (2005), "Measuring Globalisation:OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators", OECD.
[184]Petrucci, A. and Quintieri, B. (2001), "Will Italy survive Globalization?"In S. W. Arndt and H. Kierzkowski (eds.) Fragmentation:New Production Patterns in the World Economy. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[185]Rodriguez-Clare, A. (2007), "Offshoring in a Ricardian world", NBER Working Paper No.13203.
[186]Rodrik, D. (2006), "What Is So Special about China's exports?"NBER Working Paper, No.11947.
[187]Ruane, F. and Gorg, H. (2001), "Globalization and fragmentation:evidence for the electronics industry in Ireland". In S. W. Arndt and H. Kierzkowski (eds.) Fragmentation: New Production Patterns in the World Economy. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[188]Sanyal, K. K. and Jones, R. W. (1982), "The theory of trade in middle products", The American Economic Review 72(1),16-31.
[189]Schott, P.K. (2004) "Across-Product versus Within-Product Specialization in International Trade," Quarterly Journal of Economics 119(2):647-78.
[190]Schott, R. K. (2006), "The Relative Sophistication of Chinese Exports", NBER Working Paper, No.12173.
[191]Silvia Formentini and Lelio lapadre (2008), "Measuring International Production Fragmentation:Where Do We Stand?" International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation, and Development,1 (3),330-352.
[192]Solow, Robert M. (1956):"A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth." Quarterly Journal of Economics,70:65-94.
[193]Strauss-Kahn, V. (2003), "The role of globalization in the within-industry shift away from unskilled workers in France", NBER Working Paper No.9716.
[194]Swenson, D. L. (2005), "Overseas assembly and country sourcing choices", Journal of International Economics 66(1),107-130.
[195]Tomiura, E. (2007), "Foreign Outsourcing, Exporting, and FD1:A Productivity Comparison at the Firm Level," Journal of International Economics,72,113-127.
[196]Venables, A. J. (1999), "Fragmentation and multinational production", European Economic Review 43(4-6),935-945.
[197]Wang, Zhi and S.J. Wei (2007), "The Rising Sophistication of China's Exports:Assessing the Roles of Processing Trade, Foreign Invested Firms, Human Capital, and Government Policies", Working Paper for NBER Conference on China's Growing Role in World Trade.
[198]Wang, Zhi and S.J. Wei (2008), "What accounts for the rising sophistication of China's exports", NBER Working paper, No.13771
[199]Xiaodi, Z. and Jingwei, S. (2007), "An analysis of China's global industrial competitive strength based on vertical specialization", Frontiers of Economics in China 2(1),57-73.
[200]Xu, Bin (2006), "Measuring the Technology Content of China's Exports", Working Paper, China Europe International Business School.
[201]Xu, Bin(2007), "Measuring China's Export Sophistication", Working Paper, China Europe International Business School.
[202]Xu, Bin and J.Y. Lu (2008), "Foreign Direct Investment, Processing Trade, and China's Export Sophistication", Working Paper, China Europe International Business School.
[203]Yeaple, S. (2006), "Offshoring, Foreign Direct Investment and the Structure of U.S. Trade", Journal of the European Economic Association 4,602-11.
[204]Yeats, A. J. (1998), "Just how big is global production sharing?" Policy Research Working Paper Series 1871, The World Bank.
[205]Yi, K.-M. (2003), "Can Vertical Specialization Explain the Growth of World Trade?" Journal of Political Economy,111,52-102.
[2]方世建,付文林.影响中国出口贸易增长的因素分析.上海经济研究,2001年第9期
[3]樊纲,关志雄,姚枝仲.国际贸易结构分析：贸易品的技术分布.经济研究,2006年第8期
[4]傅朝阳.国出口商品的比较优势的实证分析：1980-2000.世界经济研究,2005年第3期
[5]关志雄.从美国市场看“中国制造”的实力.国际经济评论,2002年第8期
[6][美]格罗斯罗和赫尔普曼著,何帆等译.全球经济中的创新与增长.人民大学出版社,2002年
[7]黄玖立,李坤望.对外贸易、地方保护和中国的产业布局.经济学(季刊),2006年第2期
[8]黄玖立,李坤望.出口开放、地区市场规模和经济增长,经济研究,2006年第6期
[9]黄玖立,对外贸易、地理优势与中国的地区差异：理论与实证,[博士学位论文],天津：南开大学,2006
[10]江小涓.中国出口增长与结构变化：外商投资企业的贡献.南开经济研究，2002年第2期
[11]江小涓.我国出口商品结构的决定因素和变化趋势.经济研究,2007年05期
[12]李坤望,黄玖立.中国贸易开放度的经验分析：以制造业为例.世界经济,2006年第8期
[13]林毅夫,蔡昉,李周.中国的奇迹：发展战略与经济改革.上海人民出版社、上海三联书店,1994年
[14]林毅夫.后发优势与后发劣势——与杨小凯教授商榷.经济学(季刊),2003年第3期
[15]卢锋.产品内分工.经济学(季刊),2004年第4期
[16]卢锋.中国国际收支双顺差现象研究：对中国外汇储备突破万亿美元的理论思考.世界经济,2006年第11期
[17]鲁晓东,李荣林.中国对外贸易结构、比较优势及其稳定性检验,世界经济,2007年第10期
[18]齐俊妍.中国是否出口了更多高技术产品——基于技术含量和附加值的考察,世界经济研究,2008年第9期.
[19]Rodrik.Dani中国的出口有何独到之处？.世界经济,2006年第3期
[20]平新乔等.中国出口贸易中的垂直专门化与中美贸易.世界经济,2006年第5期
[21]钱学锋.企业异质性、贸易成本与中国出口增长的二元边际.管理世界,2008年第9期
[22]钱学锋,黄汉民.垂直专业化、公司内贸易与中美贸易不平衡.财贸经济,2008年第3期
[23]盛斌.中国对外贸易政策的政治经济学分析.上海人民出版社,2002年
[24]盛斌,马涛.中国工业部门垂直专业化与国内技术含量的关系研究.世界经济研究,2008年08期
[25]施炳展,李坤望.中国靠什么实现了对美国出口的迅速增长.世界经济研究,2009年第4期
[26]魏浩,毛日,张二震.中国制成品出口比较优势及贸易结构分析.世界经济,2005年第2期
[27]文东伟,冼国明,马静.FDI、产业结构变迁与中国的出口竞争力.管理世界,2009年第4期
[28]王泽填,姚洋.结构转型与巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应.世界经济,2009年第4期
[29]冼国明,严兵,张岸元.中国出口与外商在华直接投资——1983-2000年数据的计量研究. 南开经济研究,2003年第1期
[30]冼国明,薄文广.外国直接投资对中国企业技术创新作用的影响——基于地区层面的分析.经济科学,2006年第3期
[31]冼国明,文东伟.竞争、生产率外溢与东道国的产业发展.南开经济研究,2006年第4期
[32][日]小岛清著.对外贸易论.南开大学出版社,1987年
[33]杨长志.外商直接投资是否降低了中国内资企业的出口竞争力——基于显示比较优势的研究经济学家,2009年第5期
[34]杨汝岱,朱诗娥.中国对外贸易结构与竞争力研究：1978—2006.财贸经济,2008年第2期
[35]杨汝岱.我国工业制成品出口增长的影响因素研究——基于1994—2005年分行业面板数据的实证分析.世界经济,2008年第8期
[36]杨汝岱,姚洋.有限赶超与经济增长.经济研究,2008年第8期
[37]杨汝岱,朱诗娥.我国对外贸易结构与竞争力研究：1978-2006.财贸经济,2008年第2期
[38]姚洋,章林峰.中国本土企业出口竞争优势和技术变迁分析.世界经济,2008年第2期
[39]姚洋,张晔.中国出口品国内技术含量升级的动态研究——来自全国及江苏省、广东省的证据.中国社会科学,2008年第2期
[40]张帆、潘佐红.本土市场效应及其对中国省间生产和贸易的影响.经济学(季刊),2006年第2期
[41]张乃丽,崔小秀.中国机电产品显性比较优势变动分析.产业经济评论,2009年第6期
[42]张幼文.经济全球化与国家经济实力.国际经济评论,2005年第4期
[43]张幼文.开放经济发展目标的动态演进——答华民教授的商榷意见.国际经济评论,2006年第1期
[44]张晓峒.计量经济分析,经济科学出版社,2000年
[45]钟昌标.影响中国电子行业出口决定因素的经验分析.经济研究,2007年第9期
[46]朱希伟,金祥荣,罗德明.国内市场分割与中国的出口贸易扩张.经济研究,2005年第12期
[47]宗毅君.国际产品内分工与进出口贸易——基于我国工业行业面板数据的经验研究.国际贸易问题,2008年第2期
[48]Abramovitz, M. (1995), "The elements of social capability", in Perkins, D. H. and B.H. Koo (eds.), Social Capability and long-term growth, Basingstoke:Macmillan Press.
[49]Alvarez, R. and S. Claro, (2006), "The China Phenomenon:Price, Quality or Variety?" Working Paper No.411, Central Bank of Chile.
[50]Amador, J., Cabral, S. and Maria, J. R. (2007), "Relative export structures and vertical specialization:A simple cross-country index", Working Paper 1-2007, Banco de Portugal.
[51]Amador, J. and Cabral, S. (2008a), "Vertical specialization across the world:A relative measure", Working Paper 10-2008, Banco de Portugal.
[52]Amador, J. and Cabral, S. (2008b), "Vertical specialization in Portuguese international trade", Banco de Portugal Economic Bulletin Summer.
[53]Amiti, M. and S. Wei (2007), "Service Offshoring and Productivity:Evidence from the United States", NBER Working Paper, No.11926.
[54]Amiti, M. and C. Freund, (2008), "An Anatomy of China's Trade Growth", Paper presented at the Trade Conference, IMF.
[55]Amurgo-Pacheco, A. and M. D. Pierola, (2008), "Patterns of Export Diversification in Developing Countries:Intensive and Extensive Margins", World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.4473.
[56]Ando, M. (2006), "Fragmentation and vertical intra-industry trade in East Asia", The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 17(3),257-281.
[57]Antras, P. (2003), "Firms, Contracts, and Trade Structure," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4),1375-1418.
[58]Antras, P. and Helpman, E. (2004), "Global sourcing", Journal of Political Economy 112(3), 552-580.
[59]Antras, P., Garicano, L. and Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2006), "Offshoring in a knowledge economy", The Quarterly Journal of Economics 121(1),31-77.
[60]Arndt, S. W. (1997), "Globalization and the open economy", The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 8(1),71-79.
[61]Arndt, S. W. and Kierzkowski, H., eds (2001), "Fragmentation:New Production Patterns in the World Economy", Oxford University Press, USA.
[62]Athukorala, P.-c., (2003). "Product Fragmentation and Trade Patterns in East Asia", Departmental Working Papers 2003-21, Australian National University, Economics RSPAS
[63]Athukorala, P.-c. and Yamashita, N. (2006), "Production fragmentation and trade integration: East Asia in a global context', The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 17(3), 233-256.
[64]Balassa, B. (1965), "Trade liberalization and revealed comparative advantage", The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies 33(2),99-123.
[65]Baldone, S., Sdogati, F. and Tajoli, L. (2001), "Patterns and determinants of international fragmentation of production:Evidence from outward processing trade between the EU and Central Eastern European Countries", Review of World Economics 137(1),80-104.
[66]Baldone, S., Sdogati, F. and Tajoli, L. (2007), "On some effects of international fragmentation of production on comparative advantages, trade flows and the income of countries", The World Economy 30(11),1726-1769.
[67]Baldwin, R.E. (2006), "The Euro's Trade Effect", European Central Bank, Working Paper Series 594.
[68]Baldwin, R.E. and Robert-Nicoud, F. (2007), "Offshoring:general equilibrium effects on wages, production and trade". Working Paper, No.12991
[69]Baumann, U. and di Mauro, F. (2007), "Globalisation and euro area trade:Interactions and challenges", Occasional Paper Series 55, European Central Bank.
[70]Becker, S.O., Ekholm, K. and Muendler, M. (2009), "Offshoring and the onshore composition of occupations, tasks and skills". CEPR Discussion Papers 7391.
[71]Besedes, T. and T. J. Prusa, (2007), "The Role of Extensive and Intensive Margins and Export Growth", NBER Working Paper, No.13628.
[72]Blomstrom, M and F. Sjoholm, (1999). "Technology transfer and spillovers:does local participation with multinationals matter?", European Economic Review,43,915-923.
[73]Blomstrom, M. and Kokko, A. (2002),"FDI and human capital:a research agenda", OECD Technical papers No.195, OECD Development Centre.
[74]Borga, M. and Zeile, W. J. (2004), "International fragmentation of production and the intrafirm trade of U.S. multinational companies", BEA Working Papers 0013, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
[75]Breda, E., Cappariello, R. and Zizza, R. (2008), "Vertical specialization in Europe:Evidence from the import content of exports", Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 682, Bank of Italy, Economic Research Department.
[76]Broda, C. and D. Weinstein (2006) "Globalization and the Gains from Varieties," Quarterly Journal of Economics 121(2):541-85.
[77]Cadarso, M.-A., G'omez, N., L'opez, L.-A. and Tobarra, M.-A. (2007), "Vertical specialisation in EU manufacturing and services sectors," Paper presented at the 16th International Conference on Input-Output Techniques, Istanbul 2-6 July 2007.
[78]Campa, J. and Goldberg, L. S. (1997), "The evolving external orientation of manufacturing:a profile of four countries", Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review 3(2), 53-81.
[79]Chaney, T., (2008), "Distorted Gravity:The Intensive and Extensive Margins of International Trade", American Economic Review,98(4),1707-1721.
[80]Chen, H., Kondratowicz, M. and Yi, K.-M. (2005), "Vertical specialization and three facts about U.S. international trade", The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 16(1), 35-59.
[81]Chen, H.-Y. and Chang, Y.-M. (2006), "Trade verticality and structural change in industries: The cases of Taiwan and South Korea", Open Economies Review 17(3),321-340.
[82]Choudhri E.U. and Hakura D.S. (2001), "International Trade in Manufactored Products:a Ricardo-Heckscher-Ohlin Explanation with Monopolistic Competition", IMF Working Papers, wp0141.
[83]Clark, D. (2006), "Country and industry-level determinants of vertical specialization based trade", International Economic Journal 20(2),211-225.
[84]Clerides, S., S. Lach and J. R. Tybout, (1998), "Is Learning by Exporting Important? Micro-Dynamic Evidence from Colombia, Mexico and Morocco", Quarterly Journal of Economics,113(3),903-947.
[85]Cohen, W. M. and D. A. Levinthal (1990), "Absorptive capacity:a new perspective on learning and innovation", Administrative Science Quarterly,35,128-52.
[86]Coe, D.T. and E.Helpman (1995), "International R&D Spillovers", European Economic Review,39,859-887
[87]Corsetti, G., P. Martin and P. Pesenti, (2008), "Varieties and Imbalances:The Extensive Margins of the Current Account Adjustment," NBER Working Paper No.13795.
[88]Criscuolo C. and M. Leaver (2006), "Offshore Outsourcing and Productivity" www.oecd.org/dataoecd/55/23/35637436.pdf
[89]Dahlman, C. and R. Nelson (1995), "Social absorption capability, national innovation systems and economic development", in Perkins, D. H. and B.H. Koo (eds.), Social Capability and long-term growth, Basingstoke:Macmillan Press.
[90]Debaere, P., S., Mostashari, (2007), "Do Tariffs Matter for the Extensive Margin of International Trade? An Empirical Analysis", CEPR Working Paper。
[91]Dean, J., Fung K. C. and Zhi Wang, (2007), "Measuring the Vertical Specialization in Chinese Trade", Office of Economics Working Paper, No.2007-01-A.
[92]Deardorff, A. V. (2001a), "Fragmentation across cones, in S. W. Arndt and H. Kierzkowski, eds,'Fragmentation:New Production Patterns in the World Economy", Oxford University Press, USA, chapter 3,35-51.
[93]Deardorff, A. V. (2001b), "Fragmentation in simple trade models", The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 12(2),121-137.
[94]Deardorff, A.V. (2005), "A trade theorist's take on skilled-labor outsourcing". International Review of Economics and Finance 14(3):259-271.
[95]Dixit, A. and Stiglitz, J. E. (1977), "Monopolistic competition and optimum product diversity". The American Economic Review, Vol.67, No.3,297-308
[96]Dixit, A. and Grossman. G. (1980), "Theory of International Trade", Cambridge University Press.
[97]Dixit, A. and Grossman. G. (1982), "Trade and Protection with Multistage Production", The Review of Economic Studies, Vol.49, No.4 (Oct.,1982),583-594.
[98]Egger, P., Pfaffermayr, M. and Wolfmayr-Schnitzer, Y. (2001), "The international fragmentation of Austrian manufacturing:The effects of outsourcing on productivity and wages", The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 12(3),257-272.
[99]Egger, H. and Egger, P. (2001), "Cross-border sourcing and outward processing in EU manufacturing". North American Journal of Economics and Finance 12(3):243-256.
[100]Egger, H. and Falkinger, J. (2003), "The distributional effects of international outsourcing in a 2×2 production model". North American Journal of Economics and Finance14 (2): 189-206.
[101]Egger, H. and Egger, P. (2003), "Outsourcing and skill-specific employment in a small economy:Austria after the fall of the Iron Curtain", Oxford Economic Papers 55(4), 625-643.
[102]Egger, H. and Egger, P. (2005a), "The determinants of EU processing trade", The World Economy 28(2),147-168.
[103]Egger, H. and Egger, P. (2005b) "Labor market effects of outsourcing under industrial interdependence". International Review of Economics and Finance 14(3):349-363.
[104]Egger, H. and Kreickemeier, U. (2008), "International fragmentation:boon or bane for domestic employment?" European Economic Review 52(1):116-132.
[105]Eaton J., Kortum S. (2002), "Technology, Geography, and Trade", Econometrica, Vol.70, 1741-1779.
[106]Eaton, J., S. Kortum and F. Kramarz, (2008), "An Anatomy of International Trade:Evidence from French Firms", NBER Working Paper No.14610.
[107]Evenett, Simon J. and Anthony J. Venables (2002), "Export Growth in DevelopingCountries: Market Entry and Bilateral Trade Flows," www.alexandria.unisg.ch/EXPORT/DL/22269.pdf.
[108]Falvey, R.E. (1981). "Commercial policy and intra-industry trade". Journal of International Economics,11,495-511
[109]Falvey, R.E.& Kierzkowski, H. (1987). "Product quality, intra-industry trade and imperfect competition". In H. Kierzkowski (Ed), Protection and competition in international trade: Essays in honor of W. M. Corden, Oxford:Basil Blackwell.
[110]Feenstra, R.C. (1994), "New Product Varieties and the Measurement of International Prices," American Economic Review 84(1):157-77.
[111]Feenstra, R.C. and G.H. Hanson (1996), "Globalization, Outsourcing, and Wage Inequality," American Economic Review,86(2),240-245.
[112]Feenstra, R.C. and G.H. Hanson (2001) "Global Production Sharing and Rising Inequality:A Survey of Trade and Wages ", NBER Working Papers No.8372
[113]Feenstra, R.C.and H. L. Kee, (2007), "Trade Liberalisation and Export Variety:A Comparison of Mexico and China", The World Economy,30(1),5-21.
[114]Feenstra, R.C. and H. L. Kee, (2008), "Export Variety and Country Productivity:Estimating the Monopolistic Competition Model with Endogenous Productivity", Journal of International Economics,74(2),500-518.
[115]Felbermayr, G. J. and W. Kohler, (2006), "Exploring the Intensive and Extensive Margins of World Trade", Review of World Economics,142(4),642-674.
[116]Fu, X. (2008), "Foreign direct investment, absorptive capacity and regional innovation capabilities in China", Oxford Development Studies,36(1),89-110.
[117]Galstyan, V. and P. R. Lane, (2008), "External Imbalances and the Extensive Margin of Trade", HIS Discussion Paper No.259.
[118]Gaulier, G., Lemoine, F. and Unal Kesenci, D. (2005), "China's integration in East Asia: Production sharing, FDI and high-tech trade", CEPⅡ Working Papers 2005-09.
[119]Gaulier, G., Lemoine, F. and Unal Kesenci, D. (2006), "China's emergence and the reorganization of trade flows in Asia", Working Papers 2006-05, CEPII Research Center.
[120]Geishecker, I. (2006); "Does outsourcing to Central and Eastern Europe really threaten manual workers'jobs in Germany?" The World Economy 29(5),559-583.
[121]Geishecker, I. and Gorg, H. (2007), "Winners and losers:A micro-level analysis of international outsourcing and wages", CEPR Discussion Papers 6484, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
[122]Geishecker, I., Gorg, H. and Munch, J. R. (2008), "Do labour market institutions matter? Micro-level wage effects of international outsourcing in three European countries", Kiel Working Papers 1404, Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
[123]Girma, S. and Gorg, H. (2004), "Outsourcing, foreign ownership, and productivity:Evidence from UK establishment-level data", Review of International Economics 12(5),817-832.
[124]Gorg, H. (2000), "Fragmentation and trade:US inward processing trade in the EU", Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 127(3),403-422.
[125]Gorg, H. and Hanley, A. (2005a), "International outsourcing and productivity:evidence from the Irish electronics industry". North American Journal of Economics and Finance 16(2): 255-269.
[126]Gorg, H. and Hanley, A. (2005b), "Labour demand effects of international outsourcing: evidence from plant-level data". International Review of Economics and Finance 14(3):365-376.
[127]Gorg, H., Hanley, A. and Strobl, E. (2008), "Productivity effects of international outsourcing: evidence from plant level data".Canadian Journal of Economics 41(2):670-688.
[128]Graziani, G. (2001), "International subcontracting in the textile and clothing industry", in Arndt, S.W.. Kierzkowski, H. (Eds),Fragmentation and New Production Patterns in the World Economy, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[129]Grossman, G. M. and Helpman, E. (2005), "Outsourcing in a global economy", Review of Economic Studies 72(1),135-159.
[130]Grossman, G. M. and Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2006), "The rise of offshoring:it's not wine for cloth anymore", The New Economic Geography:Effects and Policy Implications, Vol. Jackson Hole Conference, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City,59-102.
[131]Grossman, G.M.and Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2008), "Trading Tasks:A Simple Theory of Offshoring," American Economic Review,98 (5) 1978-1997.
[132]Hansson, P. (2000), "Relative demand for skills in Swedish manufacturing:technology or trade?" Review of International Economics 8(3):533-555.
[133]Hansson, P. (2005) "Skill upgrading and production transfer within Swedish multinationals". Scandinavian Journal of Economics 107(4):673-692.
[134]Hanson, G. H., Mataloni, R. J. and Slaughter, M. J. (2005), "Vertical production networks in multinational firms", The Review of Economics and Statistics 87(4),664-678.
[135]Hausmann, R., J.Hwang and D.Rodrik (2007), "What You Export Matters", Journal of Economic Growth,12,1-25.
[136]Head, K. and Ries, J. (2002) "Offshore production and skill upgrading by Japanese manufacturing firms". Journal of International Economics 58(1):81-105.
[137]Helg, R. and Tajoli, L. (2005), "Patterns of international fragmentation of production and the relative demand for labor". North American Journal of Economics and Finance16 (2): 233-254.
[138]Helpman, E. (1981), "International trade in the presence of product differentiation, economies of scale and monopolistic competition". Journal of International Economics,11, 305-340
[139]Helpman, E.and Krugman, P. (1985), "Market Structure and Foreign Trade:Increasing Returns, Imperfect Competition, and the International Economy", MIT Press.
[140]Hijzen, A. (2005), "A bird's eye view of international outsourcing:data, measurement and labour demand effects". Economie Internationale 104(4):45-63.
[141]Hijzen, A., Gorg, H. and Hine, R.C. (2005), "International outsourcing and the skill structure of labour demand in the United Kingdom".The Economic Journal 115(506):860-878.
[142]Hijzen, A. (2007), "International outsourcing, technological change, and wage inequality", Review of International Economics 15(1),188-205.
[143]Hoppe, Mombert, "Technology Transfer through Trade", Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei working paper 19 (2005).
[144]Horgos, D. (2007), "Labor market effects of international outsourcing:How measurement matters", SOEP papers 58, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel.
[145]Hummels, D., Rapoport, D. and Yi, K.-M. (1998), "Vertical specialization and the changing nature of world trade", Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review 4(2), 79-99.
[146]Hummels, D., Ishii, J. and Yi, K.-M. (2001), "The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade", Journal of International Economics 54(1),75-96.
[147]Hummels, D. and P. Klenow, (2005), "The Variety and Quality of a Nation's Exports", American Economic Review,95(3),704-23.
[148]Javorcik, Beata Smarzynska (2004), "Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers through Backward Linkages", American Economic Review,94,3,605-627.
[149]Jones, R.W. and Kierzkowski, H. (1990) "The role of services in production and international trade:a theoretical framework", in Jones, R.W. and Krueger, A.O. (Eds):The Political Economy of International Trade, Essays in Honor of Robert E. Baldwin, Basil Blackwell,31-48.
[150]Jones, R.W. and Kierzkowski, H. (2001a), "Globalization and consequences of international fragmentation". In R. Dornbusch, G. Galvo and M. Obsfeld, (eds.) Money, capital mobility and trade:Festschrift in honor of Robert A. Mundell, Cambridge:MIT Press.
[151]Jones, R.W. and Kierzkowski, H. (2001b) "A framework for fragmentation", in Arndt, S.W. and Kierzkowski, H. (Eds):Fragmentation, New Production Patterns in the World Economy, Oxford University Press,17-34.
[152]Jones, R.W. and Kierzkowski, H. (2005), "International fragmentation and the new economic geography", The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 16(1),1-10.
[153]Kaminski, B. and Ng, F. (2001), "Trade and production fragmentation:Central European economies in European Union networks of production and marketing", Policy Research Working Paper Series 2611, The World Bank.
[154]Kimura, F. and K. Kiyota (2006), "Exports, FDI, and Productivity of Firm:Dynamic Evidence from Japanese Firms," Review of World Economics,142,695-719.
[155]Kimura, F. and Ando, M. (2005), "Two-dimensional fragmentation in East Asia:Conceptual framework and empirics", International Review of Economics & Finance 14(3),317-348.
[156]Kimura, F.(2006), "International production and distribution networks in East Asia:Eighteen facts, mechanics, and policy implications", Asian Economic Policy Review 1(2),326-344.
[157]Kimura, F., Takahashi, Y. and Hayakawa, K. (2007), "Fragmentation and parts and components trade:Comparison between East Asia and Europe", The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 18(1),23-40.
[158]Kohler, W. (2001), "A specific-factor view on outsourcing". North American Journal of Economics and Finance 12(1):31-53.
[159]Kohler, W. (2003), "Factor Price Frontiers with International Fragmentation of Multistage Production". Johannes Kepler University Linz, Economics working papers No.2003-05.
[160]Kohler, W. (2004), "Aspects of international fragmentation", Review of International Economics 12(5),793-816.
[161]Kokko A.(1994),"Technology Market Characteristics and Spillovers", Journal of Development Economics,Vol.43,279-293;
[162]Kokko, A., Tansini, R. and M.C. Zejan (1996), "Local technological capability and productivity spillovers from FDI in the Uruguayan manufacturing sector", Jounal of Development Studies, Vol.32, No.4,602-11.
[163]Koopman, R., Wang Zhi and Wei ShangJin (2008), "How Much of Chinese Exports is Really Made in China? Assessing Domestic Value-added When Processing Trade is Pervasive", NBER Working Paper, No.14109.
[164]Krugman, P. (1990), "A Technological Gap Model of International Trade", In Paul Krugman, Rethinking International Trade, Cambridge, Mass:MITPress.
[165]Krugman, P. (1979), "Increasing returns, monopolistic competition and international trade" Journal of International Economics,9,469-479
[166]Kurz, C. J. (2006), "Outstanding outsourcers:a firm-and plant-level analysis of production sharing", Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2006-04, US Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
[167]Lall S. (2000), "The Technological Structure and Performance od DevelopingCountry Manufactured Exports,1985-1998", Oxford Development Studies,28,
[168]Lall,S., Albaladejo, M. and Zhang, J. (2004), "Mapping fragmentation:Electronics and automobiles in East Asia and Latin America", Oxford Development Studies 32(3),407-432.
[169]Lall, S., J. Weiss and J.K. Zhang (2006), "The Sophistication of Export:A New Trade Measure", World Development,34,2,222-237.
[170]Lancaster, K. (1980). "Intra-industry trade under perfect monopolistic competition",Journal of International Economics,10,151-175
[171]Lemoine, F. and Unal Kesenci, D. (2002), "China in the international segmentation of production processes", Working Papers 2002-02, CEPⅡResearch Center.
[172]Lemoine, F. and Unal Kesenci, D. (2004), "Assembly trade and technology transfer:The case of China", World Development 32(5),829-850.
[173]Liu, R. and Trefler, D. (2008), "Much ado about nothing:American jobs and the rise of service outsourcing to China and India", NBER Working Paper 14061.
[174]Long, N.V., Riezman, R. and Soubeyran, A. (2005), "Fragmentation and Services". The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol.16,137-152
[175]Lurong Chen (2008), "The Emergence of International Fragmentation and Global Outsourcing of Production:Theories and Empirical Evidence", UNU-CRIS Working Papers, W-2008/12.
[176]Markusen, J.R. and Venables, A.J. (2005) A Multi-Country Approach to Factor Proportions Trade and Trade Costs. HIS Discussion Paper No.51.
[177]McLaren, J. (2000), "Globalization and vertical structure", The American Economic Review 90(5),1239-1254.
[178]Molnar, M., Pain, N. and Taglioni, D. (2007), "The internationalisation of production, international outsourcing and employment in the OECD", OECD Economics Department Working Papers 561, OECD.
[179]Navaretti, G.B. and Venables, A.J. (2004), "Multinational firms in the world economy", Princeton University Press.
[180]Nelson, R.R. (1992), "National innovation systems:a retrospective on a study," Industrial and Corporate Change,1 (2),347-374.
[181]Ng, F. and Yeats, A. J. (1999), "Production sharing in East Asia:Who does what for whom, and why?" Policy Research Working Paper Series 2197, The World Bank.
[182]Ng, F. and Yeats, A. (2003), "Major trade trends in East Asia:what are their implications for regional cooperation and growth". World Bank Working Paper 3084
[183]OECD (2005), "Measuring Globalisation:OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators", OECD.
[184]Petrucci, A. and Quintieri, B. (2001), "Will Italy survive Globalization?"In S. W. Arndt and H. Kierzkowski (eds.) Fragmentation:New Production Patterns in the World Economy. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[185]Rodriguez-Clare, A. (2007), "Offshoring in a Ricardian world", NBER Working Paper No.13203.
[186]Rodrik, D. (2006), "What Is So Special about China's exports?"NBER Working Paper, No.11947.
[187]Ruane, F. and Gorg, H. (2001), "Globalization and fragmentation:evidence for the electronics industry in Ireland". In S. W. Arndt and H. Kierzkowski (eds.) Fragmentation: New Production Patterns in the World Economy. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[188]Sanyal, K. K. and Jones, R. W. (1982), "The theory of trade in middle products", The American Economic Review 72(1),16-31.
[189]Schott, P.K. (2004) "Across-Product versus Within-Product Specialization in International Trade," Quarterly Journal of Economics 119(2):647-78.
[190]Schott, R. K. (2006), "The Relative Sophistication of Chinese Exports", NBER Working Paper, No.12173.
[191]Silvia Formentini and Lelio lapadre (2008), "Measuring International Production Fragmentation:Where Do We Stand?" International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation, and Development,1 (3),330-352.
[192]Solow, Robert M. (1956):"A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth." Quarterly Journal of Economics,70:65-94.
[193]Strauss-Kahn, V. (2003), "The role of globalization in the within-industry shift away from unskilled workers in France", NBER Working Paper No.9716.
[194]Swenson, D. L. (2005), "Overseas assembly and country sourcing choices", Journal of International Economics 66(1),107-130.
[195]Tomiura, E. (2007), "Foreign Outsourcing, Exporting, and FD1:A Productivity Comparison at the Firm Level," Journal of International Economics,72,113-127.
[196]Venables, A. J. (1999), "Fragmentation and multinational production", European Economic Review 43(4-6),935-945.
[197]Wang, Zhi and S.J. Wei (2007), "The Rising Sophistication of China's Exports:Assessing the Roles of Processing Trade, Foreign Invested Firms, Human Capital, and Government Policies", Working Paper for NBER Conference on China's Growing Role in World Trade.
[198]Wang, Zhi and S.J. Wei (2008), "What accounts for the rising sophistication of China's exports", NBER Working paper, No.13771
[199]Xiaodi, Z. and Jingwei, S. (2007), "An analysis of China's global industrial competitive strength based on vertical specialization", Frontiers of Economics in China 2(1),57-73.
[200]Xu, Bin (2006), "Measuring the Technology Content of China's Exports", Working Paper, China Europe International Business School.
[201]Xu, Bin(2007), "Measuring China's Export Sophistication", Working Paper, China Europe International Business School.
[202]Xu, Bin and J.Y. Lu (2008), "Foreign Direct Investment, Processing Trade, and China's Export Sophistication", Working Paper, China Europe International Business School.
[203]Yeaple, S. (2006), "Offshoring, Foreign Direct Investment and the Structure of U.S. Trade", Journal of the European Economic Association 4,602-11.
[204]Yeats, A. J. (1998), "Just how big is global production sharing?" Policy Research Working Paper Series 1871, The World Bank.
[205]Yi, K.-M. (2003), "Can Vertical Specialization Explain the Growth of World Trade?" Journal of Political Economy,111,52-102.