沸石分子筛上低碳烷烃及一氧化碳活化与转化机理的固体核磁共振研究
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摘要
甲烷、乙烷等低碳烷烃是自然界中储量非常丰富的清洁能源物质,随着煤炭、石油等化石燃料的不断消耗,它们将成为最具潜力的替代能源和化工原料。但是由于这些低碳饱和烷烃的化学惰性导致其直接转化利用通常需要在高温、高压、高能耗的条件下才能进行,这就势必增加了其转化利用所需要的成本。为了降低低碳烷烃转化利用的热力学限制,人们通常采用液体超强酸溶液作为催化剂,但是,所用液体酸会带来腐蚀设备、污染环境等问题,这就需要开发一些环境友好型的固体酸催化剂来取代液体酸。目前为止,以沸石分子筛为代表的固体酸催化剂虽然在以烯烃或醇为原料的石油化工生产中得到了广泛的应用。但是,它们在甲烷、乙烷等低碳烷烃的催化转化利用方面仍有很大的开发空间,有待我们进一步去挖掘和研究。
本论文采用原位固体核磁共振技术结合色质联用分析方法跟踪了甲烷、乙烷等低碳烷烃及CO在分子筛催化剂上的活化与转化反应过程,并对其转化反应机理进行了阐明,以期为低碳烷烃和CO在多相催化体系中直接转化利用相关催化剂的设计提供一定的理论依据。本论文工作取得如下进展：
(1)采用原位固体核磁共振技术跟踪了甲烷和CO在ZnZSM-5分子筛催化剂上的羰基化反应,发现在573～623K的温和条件下即可经过两条平行的反应途径直接发生羰基化反应生成产物乙酸。进一步利用13C同位素选择性标记反应物的实验方法证明,甲烷首先活化生成锌甲基中间体(Zn-CH3),然后被CO原位氧化得到的C02捕捉生成CH3CO-,再进一步和来自于分子筛B酸位或甲烷裂解生成的氢质子作用生成乙酸。而另一种反应物CO则首先被氧化成C02或碳酸盐物种(C032-),随后被来自于分子筛B酸位或甲烷裂解生成的氢质子逐步还原为甲氧基中间体(-OCH3),再和剩余的CO作用生成乙酰基(CH3CO-)中间体,进一步与来自反应生成水的羟基作用生成乙酸。另外,我们可以通过改变反应的氧化还原氛围来调节两种中间体的生成,进而选择性地调控两条反应途径。
(2)用原位固体核磁共振技术跟踪了另一种低碳烷烃乙烷和CO在ZnZSM-5分子筛催化剂上的共转化反应过程,发现在523～623K的温和条件下乙烷和CO可以直接发生反应生成丙酸、乙酸以及苯和甲基化苯。13C同位素选择性标记反应物的实验结果表明,乙烷首先活化生成锌乙基(Zn-CH2CH3)中间物种,然后被CO原位氧化得到的C02捕捉生成CH3CH2COO-,再进一步和分子筛B酸位或乙烷裂解生成的氢质子反应生成丙酸。同时,乙烷活化生成的锌乙基中间体(Zn-CH2CH3)也可以裂解生成乙烯等烯烃,再进一步脱氢聚合环化生成苯或甲基化苯等芳烃化合物。另一种反应物CO则首先被氧化成C02和碳酸盐物种(C032-),随后再逐步被还原为甲氧基物种(-OCH3),进一步和剩余的CO作用生成CH3CO-中间体后再与羟基作用生成乙酸。
(3)用原位固体核磁共振技术结合GC-MS分析方法研究了甲烷和苯在ZnZSM-5分子筛催化剂上氧化条件下的烷基化反应。结果表明,在以02或N2O作为氧化剂的氧化性氛围中及523～623K的低温条件下甲烷和苯发生烷基化反应选择性地生成了甲苯。采用13C同位素选择性跟踪反应物的实验方法研究发现,甲烷首先被活化成甲氧基(-OCH3)和锌甲基(Zn-CH3)两种中间物种。其中,甲氧基的甲基可以直接和苯发生亲电取代烷基化反应生成甲苯,而锌甲基的甲基则不能直接和苯发生亲电取代反应,但是锌甲基具有类似于金属有机物种的化学活性,可以被氧化为甲氧基物种而间接地与苯发生亲电取代反应生成甲苯。萃取产物的GC-MS分析结果表明,甲烷和苯分别提供了产物甲苯的甲基碳和苯环碳。另外,单独的甲烷或苯相同条件下均不能发生反应生成甲苯。
(4)采用原位固体核磁共振技术结合GC-MS分析方法研究了CO和苯在ZnZSM-5分子筛催化剂上的共转化反应。首次发现,CO是作为一种烷基化试剂参与反应的,两者在523-623K的温和条件下即可发生苯的烷基化反应生成甲苯以及少量乙苯、二甲苯以及二苯基甲烷等取代芳烃化合物。采用13C同位素选择性标记反应物的实验方法跟踪两种反应物各自的转化过程,发现CO首先被氧化生成碳酸盐物种,随后逐步被分子筛B酸位的氢质子还原成甲酸盐物种,并进一步被还原为甲氧基物种。甲氧基物种的甲基作为一种亲电试剂,可以直接进攻苯环发生亲电取代烷基化反应生成甲苯。适量氢气的加入可以促进甲氧基中间体的生成,进而利于CO和苯的烷基化反应。对萃取产物的GC-MS研究表明,这些取代芳烃的侧链取代基(甲基、乙基、亚甲基)均来自于反应物CO,而芳环均来自于另一种反应物苯。而单独的CO或CO和H2的混合物在相同的实验条件下虽然能活化生成甲氧基中间体,但并不能发生芳构化反应生成甲苯等产物。而单独的苯在相同条件下并不发生任何反应。可见,只有CO和苯共存时才能发生苯的烷基化反应,分别提供甲苯等烷基化苯的侧链取代基碳和芳环碳。
Light alkanes such as methane and ethane are the principle components of natural gas. As clean chemical feedstock, they may be used more efficiently in the chemical industry as alternative of petroleum and coal to meet the increasing energy demands of modern society. However, catalytic activation and conversion of light alkanes requires rigorous conditions because of their chemical inertness. In order to reduce the thermodynamic limits, liquid super-acids are generally employed as efficient homogeneous catalysts, which however cause equipment corrosion and environmental pollution. Therefore, the development of environmental friendly catalysts such as zeolites is desirable for light alkane activation and conversion. Zeolites catalysts are widely used in the petroleum industry for olefin or alcohol conversion. However, the utilization for catalytic conversion of light alkanes with higher chemical inertness remains to be a great challenge.
Herein, we studied the co-conversion of light alkanes and CO with other co-reactants over a Zn modified H-ZSM-5zeolite (denoted as ZnZSM-5) by in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy combined with GC-MS analysis. The reaction mechanism was clarified and the results would be helpful for the rational design of heterogeneous catalysts used for the direct conversion of light alkanes and CO.
(1) Carbonylation of methane with CO over ZnZSM-5zeolite catalysts was studied by in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy. It was found for the first time that acetic acid could be generated directly under mild reaction conditions (573-623K) through two parallel reaction pathways. Namely, CO was activated into methoxy intermediates, which can further interact with residual CO to generate acetic acid (Koch-type mechanism), while methane was activated into zinc methyl intermediates that can be consequently transformed into methyl groups of acetic acid with CO2through a typical organometallic reaction. Importantly, the two pathways are selectively controllable by varying the redox conditions.
(2) Co-conversion of ethane and CO over ZnZSM-5zeolite catalysts was investigated by using in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Propionic acid, acetic acid and aromatics could be generated under mild reaction conditions (523～623K). The transformation was traced by alternatively C isotope labeled reactants. Ethane was first activated into zinc ethyl species at lower temperatures, then it could be trapped by CO2derived from oxidation of CO, forming propionic acid through a typical organometallic reaction. Meanwhile, zinc ethyl species was transformed into ethene, and further into aromatics such as benzene and methyl substituted aromatics via dehydrogenation and oligomerization reaction. CO could be activated into methoxy intermediates and further interacts with residual CO to generate acetic acid.
(3) Alkylation of benzene with methane was studied under oxidization condition over ZnZSM-5zeolites by using in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis. The experimental results indicated that the alkylation reaction occurs with selective formation of toluene at temperatures of523～623K using O2or N2O as the oxidant. Using13C isotope labeled reactants, the conversions of methane and benzene were independently monitored, and their respective role in the reaction was determined. It was found by NMR spectroscopy that methane was first activated into methoxy species and zinc methyl intermediates. As an electrophilic agent, the methyl group of methoxy species could directly attack phenyl ring to produce toluene via electrophilic substitution reaction, while the zinc methyl species was not directly involved in the alkylation reaction. However, the similar nature of zinc methyl species (Zn-CH3) to organozinc compounds allowed the facile oxidization of zinc methyl species (Zn-CH3) into methoxy species, and further intereacted with benzene to yield toluene indirectly. As confirmed by GC-MS experiments, methane exclusively provided the methyl group of toluene product while benzene afforded the phenyl ring. Experimental results also indicated that neither methane nor benzene alone could generate toluene.
(4) Alkylation of benzene with CO over ZnZSM-5zeolites was studied by using in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis. We give the first experimental evidence that alkylation of benzene with CO as the alkyl agent proceeds to give toluene accompanied by trace amounts of other substituted aromatics such as ethylbenzene, dimethylbenzene and diphenylmethane at temperatures of523-623K. Using13C isotope labeled experiments, the conversion of CO and benzene were independently monitored, and their respective role in the reaction was determined. It was found by NMR spectroscopy that carbon monoxide is firstly oxidized into carbonate species, then transformed into formate species through hydrogenation at elevated temperature, and further hydrogenated into methoxy species. As an electrophilic agent, the methyl group of methoxy species can directly attack benzene ring to produce toluene via electrophilic substitution reaction. And the toluene could further interact with another benzene molecular to yield diphenylmethane. The addition of trace H2molecular can promote hydrogenation of CO into methoxy species markedly and further favor the alkylation reaction. As confirmed by GC-MS experiments, CO exclusively provided the methyl group of toluene product or other side-chain groups of corresponding substituted aromatics while benzene afforded the phenyl ring. Experimental results also indicated that without the presence of benzene the reaction of CO with H2could not generate any aromatics under identical conditions.
本论文采用原位固体核磁共振技术结合色质联用分析方法跟踪了甲烷、乙烷等低碳烷烃及CO在分子筛催化剂上的活化与转化反应过程,并对其转化反应机理进行了阐明,以期为低碳烷烃和CO在多相催化体系中直接转化利用相关催化剂的设计提供一定的理论依据。本论文工作取得如下进展：
(1)采用原位固体核磁共振技术跟踪了甲烷和CO在ZnZSM-5分子筛催化剂上的羰基化反应,发现在573～623K的温和条件下即可经过两条平行的反应途径直接发生羰基化反应生成产物乙酸。进一步利用13C同位素选择性标记反应物的实验方法证明,甲烷首先活化生成锌甲基中间体(Zn-CH3),然后被CO原位氧化得到的C02捕捉生成CH3CO-,再进一步和来自于分子筛B酸位或甲烷裂解生成的氢质子作用生成乙酸。而另一种反应物CO则首先被氧化成C02或碳酸盐物种(C032-),随后被来自于分子筛B酸位或甲烷裂解生成的氢质子逐步还原为甲氧基中间体(-OCH3),再和剩余的CO作用生成乙酰基(CH3CO-)中间体,进一步与来自反应生成水的羟基作用生成乙酸。另外,我们可以通过改变反应的氧化还原氛围来调节两种中间体的生成,进而选择性地调控两条反应途径。
(2)用原位固体核磁共振技术跟踪了另一种低碳烷烃乙烷和CO在ZnZSM-5分子筛催化剂上的共转化反应过程,发现在523～623K的温和条件下乙烷和CO可以直接发生反应生成丙酸、乙酸以及苯和甲基化苯。13C同位素选择性标记反应物的实验结果表明,乙烷首先活化生成锌乙基(Zn-CH2CH3)中间物种,然后被CO原位氧化得到的C02捕捉生成CH3CH2COO-,再进一步和分子筛B酸位或乙烷裂解生成的氢质子反应生成丙酸。同时,乙烷活化生成的锌乙基中间体(Zn-CH2CH3)也可以裂解生成乙烯等烯烃,再进一步脱氢聚合环化生成苯或甲基化苯等芳烃化合物。另一种反应物CO则首先被氧化成C02和碳酸盐物种(C032-),随后再逐步被还原为甲氧基物种(-OCH3),进一步和剩余的CO作用生成CH3CO-中间体后再与羟基作用生成乙酸。
(3)用原位固体核磁共振技术结合GC-MS分析方法研究了甲烷和苯在ZnZSM-5分子筛催化剂上氧化条件下的烷基化反应。结果表明,在以02或N2O作为氧化剂的氧化性氛围中及523～623K的低温条件下甲烷和苯发生烷基化反应选择性地生成了甲苯。采用13C同位素选择性跟踪反应物的实验方法研究发现,甲烷首先被活化成甲氧基(-OCH3)和锌甲基(Zn-CH3)两种中间物种。其中,甲氧基的甲基可以直接和苯发生亲电取代烷基化反应生成甲苯,而锌甲基的甲基则不能直接和苯发生亲电取代反应,但是锌甲基具有类似于金属有机物种的化学活性,可以被氧化为甲氧基物种而间接地与苯发生亲电取代反应生成甲苯。萃取产物的GC-MS分析结果表明,甲烷和苯分别提供了产物甲苯的甲基碳和苯环碳。另外,单独的甲烷或苯相同条件下均不能发生反应生成甲苯。
(4)采用原位固体核磁共振技术结合GC-MS分析方法研究了CO和苯在ZnZSM-5分子筛催化剂上的共转化反应。首次发现,CO是作为一种烷基化试剂参与反应的,两者在523-623K的温和条件下即可发生苯的烷基化反应生成甲苯以及少量乙苯、二甲苯以及二苯基甲烷等取代芳烃化合物。采用13C同位素选择性标记反应物的实验方法跟踪两种反应物各自的转化过程,发现CO首先被氧化生成碳酸盐物种,随后逐步被分子筛B酸位的氢质子还原成甲酸盐物种,并进一步被还原为甲氧基物种。甲氧基物种的甲基作为一种亲电试剂,可以直接进攻苯环发生亲电取代烷基化反应生成甲苯。适量氢气的加入可以促进甲氧基中间体的生成,进而利于CO和苯的烷基化反应。对萃取产物的GC-MS研究表明,这些取代芳烃的侧链取代基(甲基、乙基、亚甲基)均来自于反应物CO,而芳环均来自于另一种反应物苯。而单独的CO或CO和H2的混合物在相同的实验条件下虽然能活化生成甲氧基中间体,但并不能发生芳构化反应生成甲苯等产物。而单独的苯在相同条件下并不发生任何反应。可见,只有CO和苯共存时才能发生苯的烷基化反应,分别提供甲苯等烷基化苯的侧链取代基碳和芳环碳。
Light alkanes such as methane and ethane are the principle components of natural gas. As clean chemical feedstock, they may be used more efficiently in the chemical industry as alternative of petroleum and coal to meet the increasing energy demands of modern society. However, catalytic activation and conversion of light alkanes requires rigorous conditions because of their chemical inertness. In order to reduce the thermodynamic limits, liquid super-acids are generally employed as efficient homogeneous catalysts, which however cause equipment corrosion and environmental pollution. Therefore, the development of environmental friendly catalysts such as zeolites is desirable for light alkane activation and conversion. Zeolites catalysts are widely used in the petroleum industry for olefin or alcohol conversion. However, the utilization for catalytic conversion of light alkanes with higher chemical inertness remains to be a great challenge.
Herein, we studied the co-conversion of light alkanes and CO with other co-reactants over a Zn modified H-ZSM-5zeolite (denoted as ZnZSM-5) by in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy combined with GC-MS analysis. The reaction mechanism was clarified and the results would be helpful for the rational design of heterogeneous catalysts used for the direct conversion of light alkanes and CO.
(1) Carbonylation of methane with CO over ZnZSM-5zeolite catalysts was studied by in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy. It was found for the first time that acetic acid could be generated directly under mild reaction conditions (573-623K) through two parallel reaction pathways. Namely, CO was activated into methoxy intermediates, which can further interact with residual CO to generate acetic acid (Koch-type mechanism), while methane was activated into zinc methyl intermediates that can be consequently transformed into methyl groups of acetic acid with CO2through a typical organometallic reaction. Importantly, the two pathways are selectively controllable by varying the redox conditions.
(2) Co-conversion of ethane and CO over ZnZSM-5zeolite catalysts was investigated by using in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Propionic acid, acetic acid and aromatics could be generated under mild reaction conditions (523～623K). The transformation was traced by alternatively C isotope labeled reactants. Ethane was first activated into zinc ethyl species at lower temperatures, then it could be trapped by CO2derived from oxidation of CO, forming propionic acid through a typical organometallic reaction. Meanwhile, zinc ethyl species was transformed into ethene, and further into aromatics such as benzene and methyl substituted aromatics via dehydrogenation and oligomerization reaction. CO could be activated into methoxy intermediates and further interacts with residual CO to generate acetic acid.
(3) Alkylation of benzene with methane was studied under oxidization condition over ZnZSM-5zeolites by using in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis. The experimental results indicated that the alkylation reaction occurs with selective formation of toluene at temperatures of523～623K using O2or N2O as the oxidant. Using13C isotope labeled reactants, the conversions of methane and benzene were independently monitored, and their respective role in the reaction was determined. It was found by NMR spectroscopy that methane was first activated into methoxy species and zinc methyl intermediates. As an electrophilic agent, the methyl group of methoxy species could directly attack phenyl ring to produce toluene via electrophilic substitution reaction, while the zinc methyl species was not directly involved in the alkylation reaction. However, the similar nature of zinc methyl species (Zn-CH3) to organozinc compounds allowed the facile oxidization of zinc methyl species (Zn-CH3) into methoxy species, and further intereacted with benzene to yield toluene indirectly. As confirmed by GC-MS experiments, methane exclusively provided the methyl group of toluene product while benzene afforded the phenyl ring. Experimental results also indicated that neither methane nor benzene alone could generate toluene.
(4) Alkylation of benzene with CO over ZnZSM-5zeolites was studied by using in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis. We give the first experimental evidence that alkylation of benzene with CO as the alkyl agent proceeds to give toluene accompanied by trace amounts of other substituted aromatics such as ethylbenzene, dimethylbenzene and diphenylmethane at temperatures of523-623K. Using13C isotope labeled experiments, the conversion of CO and benzene were independently monitored, and their respective role in the reaction was determined. It was found by NMR spectroscopy that carbon monoxide is firstly oxidized into carbonate species, then transformed into formate species through hydrogenation at elevated temperature, and further hydrogenated into methoxy species. As an electrophilic agent, the methyl group of methoxy species can directly attack benzene ring to produce toluene via electrophilic substitution reaction. And the toluene could further interact with another benzene molecular to yield diphenylmethane. The addition of trace H2molecular can promote hydrogenation of CO into methoxy species markedly and further favor the alkylation reaction. As confirmed by GC-MS experiments, CO exclusively provided the methyl group of toluene product or other side-chain groups of corresponding substituted aromatics while benzene afforded the phenyl ring. Experimental results also indicated that without the presence of benzene the reaction of CO with H2could not generate any aromatics under identical conditions.
引文
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