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海洋生态补偿理论与管理政策研究
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摘要
面对人口快速增长及各种陆地资源日益匮乏的局面,充分利用好海洋资源已成为我国经济发展的必然选择。海洋资源具有公共物品属性,由于中国尚未建立能够有效协调开发与保护海洋生态的调控政策体系,海洋开发活动的生态环境代价无法得到有效补偿,导致一系列海洋生态环境问题益发严重。党的“十八大”报告明确指出:“提高海洋资源开发能力,发展海洋经济,保护海洋生态环境,坚决维护国家海洋权益,建设海洋强国”。科学合理地开发利用海洋,完善海洋资源管理制度,是实现海洋资源环境可持续发展的必然要求。其中海洋生态补偿成为协调各利益相关者的利益关系、解决海洋生态问题、进行海洋生态保护与建设的有效途径。本文立足国家治理视角,在借鉴国内外相关领域研究成果与实际管理经验的基础上,系统研究了我国海洋生态补偿政策实施的理论依据,构建了海洋生态补偿管理政策体系,为合理开发海洋资源、保护海岸带和海洋生态环境提供了经济理论基础;为国家和地方政府“实施以资源节约、环境友好的方式开发使用海域,维护保持我国海洋生态系统基本功能,保护重要海洋生态区域”资源管理目标提供科学的管理依据。
     本文首先系统论述了外部性理论、海洋生态系统服务功能和生态价值理论、可持续发展理论,指出外部性的内部化是建立生态补偿管理政策的出发点;海洋生态系统服务功能和生态价值理论,是完善生态补偿管理政策的经济基础;清晰的产权界定可以大大提高海洋生态补偿市场化运作的效率;可持续发展是海洋生态补偿管理政策实施的终极目标。生态补偿理论的系统梳理为海洋生态补偿管理政策的研究提供了理论支点。
     其次,论文基于我国近年来海洋资源开发的生态损害现状、海洋生态补偿的管理制度及存在的问题,探究了我国近年来海洋生态损害严重的制度根源,指出,虽然《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》规定对于重大生态损害,可由海洋环境监督管理权的部门代表国家对责任人提出损害赔偿要求,但由于缺乏可操作的行政法规、部门规章及相应的技术标准,致使生态补偿这一政策杠杆并没有制度化、常态化。
     论文第三章系统考察了国际上其他国家生态补偿的成功经验,如“湿地银行”方案、皮埃尔矿泉水公司的补偿案例、生态产品认证计划等。美国、日本、英国、加拿大都是海洋生态补偿执行比较成功的国家,可为我国海洋生态补偿管理政策的完善提供借鉴。
     论文的第四、五章是关于海洋生态补偿的关键点分析和补偿政策实施的框架体系构建,是本文重点和核心。生态补偿对象和补偿标准是生态补偿政策实施的关键问题。第四章以博弈论为分析工具,阐述了责任人对国家进行生态补偿是生态环境管理的最优选择,参考环境资源价值评估方法,将生态损害归结为五大类,以此为依据,对补偿标准即生态环境损失量的计量依据和计量方法进行了规范化研究。第五章则构建了海洋生态补偿的政策框架,对海洋生态补偿的原则、主体、客体、对象、方式、手段等各基本要素进行了详细分析,并建立了生态补偿系统各要素的相对位置与相互关系。
     第六章在管理政策方面提出建议,坚持常规与创新相结合、计划与市场相结合、政府与公众相结合、理论与实践相结合,从财税、法制、产权、绿色、BOT融资、舆论、科技等方面共同完善我国的海洋生态补偿管理政策。
     第七章以渤海湾蓬莱油田溢油事故为例,设计了溢油生态补偿管理政策的实施体系。第八章对本文的主要研究内容进行了总结,并对以后的研究工作进行了展望。
     本文的创新点有二:第一,将博弈论方法引入利益相关者分析,得出的研究结论是:在海洋生态补偿中,加强政府的有效监管,使资源使用者或破坏者补偿给受害者,或者由环境保护的受益者补偿给环境保护的实施者,是海洋资源可持续利用的最优选择;第二,设计了我国海洋生态补偿政策实施框架图,率先构建了相对完整的海洋生态补偿的政策管理体系,为我国海洋生态补偿政策的出台和实施,提供可操作的路径和理论依据。同时,以渤海湾溢油损害的海洋生态补偿流程为例进行了实证研究,为海洋生态补偿政策的制定和实施奠定了基础。
It has been an inevitable choice to make good use of oceanic resources, so thatour economy will develop even under the situation of rapid population growth andshortage of land resources. As China does not have an effective policy system tocoordinate marine development and marine protection, so the marine ecological losscaused by marine development would not be compensated properly. Therefore a seriesof marine ecological problems are becoming serious. In the18thCongress ofCommunist Party of China, Chairman Hu Jintao pointed out clearly that we have tostrengthen the ability of developing marine resources, to promote the growth ofmarine economy, to protect the marine environment, to safeguard national marinerights and interests, and to build China into sea power. To use marine resourcesreasonably, and establish a complete management system are the requirements ofsustainable development of marine resources. Marine eco-compensation is aneffective way to coordinate the relationship between the stakeholders and solve themarine ecological problems. However, ecological compensation itself is acomplicated project, Marine ecological compensation is almost a brand new field,neither ready-made mode can be copied, nor mature experience can be used asreference. This thesis emphasizes on the construction of a systematic marineeco-compensation mechanism, based on the experience from domestic and foreignrelevant fields. It also systematically discusses the theoretical basis for theimplementation of marine ecological compensation policy in China. The thesisprovides the economic theory basis for developing marine resources reasonably andprotecting the coastal and marine environment properly. Also it is a guide to reach theresources management goal of utilizing the marine resources in an environmentalfriendly way, maintaining the basic function of marine ecosystem in China, anddefending the valuable marine ecological protection area.
     First of all, chapter1of the thesis explains the externality theory, marineecosystem functional value theory and sustainable development theory, indicating thatto internalize the externalities is the starting point of implementation of ecosystemcompensation. Marine ecosystem functional value theory is the economic base toperfect ecological compensation management policy system. The clear propertydefinition can be used to improve the eco-compensation market efficiency to a muchhigher level. And sustainable development is the ultimate goal of marineeco-compensation management. The summary of eco-compensation theory mayprovide a standpoint to the formulation of marine eco-compensation policy.
     Chapter2summarizes the state quo of marine ecosystem loss during the marineresource development, the existed marine eco-compensation management mechanismand the problems in the management of marine eco-compensation. Although,according to the marine environment protection law, if there is significant ecosystemdamage happened, the marine environment supervision and management departmentcan claim the spoilers for compensation on behalf of China, the mechanism has notbeen functioned well as lack of corresponding law system and technology standards.
     In chapter3, the past and successful experiences on ecological compensation inother countries, such as “wetland bank” project, the compensation case of theVittel mineral water company, and the ecological product certification plan, areexamined systematically. Some developed countries, such as USA, Japan, UK andCanada did great jobs in marine eco-compensation and set up good examples for theimprovement of marine eco-compensation policy in China.
     Chapter4and5are the key points of this thesis, mainly on the analysis of marineeco-compensation and the establishment of the compensation policy. It is indicated inchapter4that it would be an optimal choice if the responsible party may pay theeco-compensation to the government by using the game theory. Based on theenvironmental resources value evaluation method, the ecological damages may bedivided into five types. Then, the thesis investigates the measurement basis andmethod of the compensation standard. In chapter5, the frame of marine ecologicalcompensation is established and the principle, subject, object, method and other basic elements of the marine eco-compensation are analyzed. Also the relationships amongall these elements are established.
     In chapter6the concepts of tradition and innovation, planned economy andmarket economy, government and public, theory and practice are discussedcomparatively. This chapter aims to improve marine eco-compensation managementpolicy in China in view of tax, law, property right, BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer)financing, public opinion and technology.
     In chapter7, the implement system of the eco-compensation management policyfor oil spill accidents based on the oil spill accident in2011in Bohai Bay is designed.Finally, in chapter8, the summary of this thesis and the outlooks of future researchare made.
     In this thesis there are2new key points. Firstly, the “game theory” is introduced,and then the relationships among stakeholders are analyzed based on this theory. Inthe marine eco-compensation process, enhancing the government’s effectivesupervision so as to let the resource consumer compensate the victims and letting thebeneficiary of the environment protection compensate the victims, are optimal choicesfor marine resource sustainable utilization. Secondly, the implement frame of themarine eco-compensation management policy including the ecological damageobservation and eco-compensation management is designed, which may provide apracticable basis for the improvement of eco-compensation policy in China.Moreover,the marine eco-compensation process in view of the oil-spill event in2011in Bohai Bay is designed, which may lay the foundation of the implement of marineeco-compensation police and improve marine eco-compensation work to come intosystematic level.
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