深圳市城市森林美景度研究
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摘要
本论文在分析深圳市城市森林现状的基础上，充分调查城市森林不同植被类型的物种组成、物种多样性、群落结构特征以及植物观赏特性等，运用美景度评价法（SBE）对城市森林人工林和天然次生林的林内景观和林外近景观进行景观评价，筛选出美景度较高的森林群落，研究分析影响各森林景观的主要因子，建立各类森林景观美景模型，探讨主要构景要素与城市森林景观质量的关系，为城市森林的规划布局、树种选择、人工调控等提供技术支持。主要结果如下：
（1）在50个30m×40m样地中，共有维管植物417种，隶属131科292属，其中蕨类植物14科19属28种，种子植物117科273属389种。深圳市城市森林人工林有维管植物282种，隶属98科211属，天然次生林有维管植物319种，隶属116科231属。其中包含植物种类数前5名的科是大戟科、茜草科、樟科、蝶形花科、桑科，包含植物种类数前4名的属是榕属（Ficus）、蒲桃属（Syzygium）、冬青属（Ilex）和杜英属（Elaeocarpus）。乔木树种出现频度较高的分别是银柴、豺皮樟、鸭脚木、山乌桕、黧蒴锥、黄牛木、野漆树等，其中银柴的出现频率高达80%。
（2）按照林分起源不同，深圳市城市森林可分为人工林和天然次生林；按照乔木层树种相对重要值聚类，深圳市城市森林群落可分为黧蒴锥群落、浙江润楠群落、黄牛木群落、大叶相思群落、马占相思群落、柠檬桉群落等31个群落。
（3）深圳市城市森林灌木层的物种多样性大于乔木层，天然次生林较人工林的生物多样性高。不同群落类型乔木层和灌木层的多样性指数有所不同，阴香+银柴+野漆树群落、木荷+樟树+山苍子群落、黄牛木群落、山杜英+樟树群落、黧蒴锥+锥群落、厚壳桂+铁榄+假苹婆群落等乔木层Shannon-wiener指数较高，红花荷群落、马占相思群落和柠檬桉群落乔木层Shannon-wiener指数较低；黧蒴锥+锥群落、厚壳桂+铁榄+假苹婆群落和银柴+杉木群落的灌木层Shannon-wiener指数较高，红花荷群落灌木层Shannon-wiener指数最低；红花荷群落乔木层Simpson指数最大，而浙江润楠群落灌木层simpson指数最大。
（4）深圳市城市森林观赏植物种类较多，有彩叶植物、观花植物、观果植物、观形植物等，其中彩叶植物有37科52属77种，观花植物60科131属171种，观果植物44科72属111种，观形植物73科158属236种，观干植物有：柠檬桉、黄牛木等。
（5）深圳市城市森林可以划分为观花植物为主的群落、彩叶植物为主的群落、观形植物为主的群落。观花植物群落的美景度平均值最高（SBE值＝0.39），其次是彩叶植物群落（SBE值＝-0.03）和观形植物群落（SBE值＝-0.25）。观花植物群落中毛棉杜鹃+浙江润楠+亮叶冬青群落的美景度值最高（SBE值＝1.071），其次是黧蒴锥群落、黧蒴锥+锥群落和大头茶+银柴+铁刀木群落、红花荷群落、台湾相思群落。彩叶植物群落中红鳞蒲桃+浙江润楠+九节群落的美景度值最高（SBE值＝0.37），其次是阴香+银柴+野漆树群落、浙江润楠群落。观形植物群落总体的美景度值较低，其中黄牛木群落的美景度最高（SBE值＝0.12），而柠檬桉群落、米槠+南洋楹群落、大叶相思群落的美景度最低。
（6）深圳市人工林较天然次生林的林内景观质量高，人工林林内景观美景度平均值为0.092，天然次生林的平均值为-0.187，其中马占相思群落的美景度值最高（SBE值＝0.790），水团花+九节+台湾相思群落的美景度最低（SBE值＝-0.509）。影响人工林和天然次生林林内景观质量的主要因子都不相同，人工林林内景观主要受林下层高度、层间植物丰富度、林木排列方式、枯树倒木、林下层统一度等9个因子影响，其景观模型是SBE＝0.131+0.177X_5-0.195X_8+0.208X_9-0.162X_(10)-0.12_9X12-0.00008X_(17)+0.113X_(21)+0.007X)(23)-0.571X_(25)。次生林林内景观主要受枯落物、郁闭度、通透距离等因子影响，其景观模型是SBE＝-2.016+0.15_7x1+0.21_5x4+1.75_3x_(16)-0.063x_(18)+0.021x_(24)。
（7）深圳市城市森林林外近景观，以春季景观质量最高，其次是夏季景观和秋冬景观。毛棉杜鹃+浙江润楠+亮叶冬青群落的美景度值最高（SBE值＝1.071），柠檬桉群落的林外近景观美景度最低（SBE值＝-0.641）。林外近景观的景观质量主要受色泽明度、色彩丰富度、斑块格局和林龄等因子影响，其美景度模型为： SBE＝-0.530-0.144X_5+0.208X_7+0.278X_8+0.088X_(16)。一般来说，林外近景观的色彩越丰富、色泽越明亮、斑块呈聚集以及林龄越大时，其美景度值越高。
（8）深圳市城市森林建设的一些建议：对于自然保护区、风水林内的天然次生林，要以生态保护为主，对其进行封山育林，避免人为干扰；而对于城市公园或森林公园等游人游憩较为频繁的地段，就需要适当地进行人工调控，提高乔木枝下高、减少枯树倒木、疏伐一些长势弱或有病虫害的树木，从而提高林分开阔度和森林美景度；在一些重点景观视觉交汇处，成片种植一些毛棉杜鹃、铁刀木、浙江润楠等观花或彩叶树种，从而提高森林美景度。
Based on the actuality of Shenzhen's urban forest, the species composition, speciesdiversity, community structure and ornamental characters of plants were investigated, and thescenic beauty evaluation (SBE) was applied to estimate the in-forest landscape and out-forestlandscape of the plantation and secondary forest, screening out the communities with higherSBE values. The major factors afecting the forest landscape were also analyzed and the variouskinds of forest landscape models were established. Through exploring the relationship betweenthe main components of the landscape elements and the quality of urban forest landscape,provide the technical support for the urban forest planning layout, selection of tree species andartificial regulation provide. The main results were as follows:
(1) There were417vascular plants in50plots (30m×40m) belonging to131families and292genera, which including28ferns belonging to14families and19genera and389seedplants belonging to117families and273genera. Plantations forest included282vascularplants belonging to98families and211genera., and the secondary forest included319vascularplants belonging to168families and231genera. The top5families in vascular plants wereEuphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Lauraceae, Papilionaceae, Moraceae, and the genera, and the top4species in above families were Ficus, Syzygium, Ilex, Elaeocarpus. The higher frequency ofoccurrences about arbor were Aporosa dioica, Litsea rotundifolia, Schefflera octophylla,Sapium discolar, Castanopsis fissa, Cratoxylum cochinchinense, Toxicodendron succedaneumand so on, and the Aporosa dioica was up to80%.
(2) In accordance with the different stand origin, urban forest in Shenzhen city could bedivided into plantations and natural secondary forests；According to the relative importancevalue of tree layer, Urban forest in Shenzhen city could be divided into Castanopsis fissacommunities, Machilus chekiangensis communities, Cratoxylum cochinchinense communities,Acacia auriculaeformis communities, Acacia mangium communities, Eucalyptus citriodoracommunities and so on,31community types.
(3) The diversity index order was that the shrub layer outnumbered tree layer, and the natural secondary forests outnumbered the plantation in Shen zhen's urban forest. Thediversities of the tree layer and the shrub layer were different. The tree layer's Shannon-wienerindexes of Cinnamomum burmami+Aporosa chinensis+Rhus succedanea communities,Schima superba+Cinnamomum camphora+Litsea cubeba communities, Cratoxylumcochinchinense communities, Castanopsis fissa+Castanopsis chinensis communities,Cryptocarya chinensis+Sinosideroxylon wightianum+Sterculia lanceolata communities, wererelatively higher, and the tree layer's Shannon-wiener indexes of Rhodoleia championiicommunities, Acacia mangium communities, Eucalyptus citriodora communities wererelatively lower. The shrub layer's Shannon-wiener indexes of Castanopsis fissa+Castanopsischinensis communities, Cryptocarya chinensis+Sinosideroxylon wightianum+Sterculialanceolata communities, Aporosa chinensis+Cunninghamia lanceolata communities werecomparatively higher, and Rhodoleia championii communities' was lowest. The tree layer'sSimpson index of Rhodoleia championii communities was highest, and the shrub layer'sSimpson index of Machilus chekiangensis communitier was highest.
(4) There were many ornamental plants in Shenzhen' urban forest, including color-leafplants, ornamental flower plants, ornamental fruit plants, ornamental shape plants. Thecolor-leaf plants were77species in total which belonged to37families and52genera. Theornamental flower plants were171species in total, which belonged to60families and131genera. The ornamental fruit plants were111species in total, which belonged to44familiesand72genera. The ornamental shape plants were236species in total, which belonged to73families and158genera.The ornamental trunk plants were Eucalyptus citriodora andCratoxylon ligustrinum and so on.
(5) Urban forest in Shenzhen city could be divided into3types of communities:ornamental flower plants' communities, color-leaf plants' communities and ornamental shapeplants' communities. The SBE value of ornamental flower plants' communities was highest(SBE=0.39), color-leaf plants' communities' was-0.03, ornamental shape plants' communities'was-0.25. The SBE value of Rhododendron moulmainense+Machilus chekiangensis+Ilexnitidissima communities in ornamental flower plants' communities was highest(SBE＝1.071),followed by the Castanopsis fissa communities, Castanopsis fissa+Castanopsis chinensis communities, Polyspora axillaries+Aporosa dioica+Cassia siamea communities, Rhodoleiachampionii communities, Acacia confuse communities. The SBE value of Syzygiumhancei+Machilus chekiangensis+Psychotria rubra communities in color-leaf plants'communities was highest(SBE＝0.37), followed by the Cinnamomum burmannii+Aporosadioica+Toxicodendron succedaneum communities, Machilus chekiangensis communities. TheSBE value of ornamental shape plants' communities was lower, Cratoxylum cochinchinensecommunities in ornamental shape plants' communities was highest(SBE＝0.12), and the SBEvalues of Eucalyptus citriodora communities, Castanopsis carlesii+Albizia falcatariacommunities and Acacia auriculaeformis communities were lower.
(6) The scenic quality of the plantations in-forest landscapes in Shenzhen was higherthan the natural secondary forests, and SBE value of the plantation in-forest landscapes was0.092, while the natural secondary's in-forest landscape landscapes was-0.187. The SBE valueof Acacia mangium communities was maximum, yet, Adina pilulifera+Psychotriayunnanensis+Acacia confusa communities was minimum. The model of the plantation'sin-forest landscape factors and SBE values was, SBE＝0.131+0.177X5-0.195X8+0.208X9-0.162X10-0.129X12-0.00008X17+0.113X21+0.007X23-0.571X25.The model showed that, the major landscape features which affected thescenic quality of the plantations in-forest landscapes were height of ground plants, abundanceof interstratum plants, arrangement of trunks, the amount of downed-woods, uniformity ofundergrowth, age of stand, branch height, coverage of undergrowth, and density and so on. Themodel of the natural secondary forest's in-forest landscape features and perceived scenicbeauty was SBE＝-2.016+0.157x1+0.215x4+1.753x16-0.063x18+0.021x24.The main featureswhich affected the quality of the natural secondary forest's in-forest were litter, crown density,viewable distance, bark's color, abundance of arbor and so on.
(7) The scenic quality of spring landscapes was maximum, and summer landscaps andautumn-winter landscapes were minimum about urban forest's out-forest landscapes. The SBEvalue of Rhododendron moulmainense+Machilus chekiangensis+Ilex nitidissima communitieswas maximum (SBE=1.071), and the SBE value of Eucalyptus citriodora communities wasminimum (SBE=-0.641). The model of out-forest landscape factors and SBE values was SBE ＝-0.530-0.144X_5+0.208X_7+0.278X_8+0.088X_(16).The model showed that the major featureswhich affected the scenic quality of out-forest landscapes were colour and lustre, abundance ofcolor, and distribution pattern of plaque. Generally, larger the plaque, the richer colour variety,the brighter colour variety, older the stand ages, the higher the scenic beauty.
(8) On the issue of urban forest, it was suggested that we should put more emphasize oneco-conservation and forest protection in the natural reserve areas and fung shui woodland, andcarry out manual control, improve tree branches height, reduce the number of dead, fallen,weakly growing, pests and diseases infected trees in outdoor recreation areas, like city park andthe forest park, in order to ultimately promote the stand openness and foest scenic beauty. Weshould plant some ornamental flower trees and colour-leaf trees in visal landscape interchange,such as Rhododendron moulmainense, Cassia siamea, Machilus chekiangensis and Syzygiumhancei.
（1）在50个30m×40m样地中，共有维管植物417种，隶属131科292属，其中蕨类植物14科19属28种，种子植物117科273属389种。深圳市城市森林人工林有维管植物282种，隶属98科211属，天然次生林有维管植物319种，隶属116科231属。其中包含植物种类数前5名的科是大戟科、茜草科、樟科、蝶形花科、桑科，包含植物种类数前4名的属是榕属（Ficus）、蒲桃属（Syzygium）、冬青属（Ilex）和杜英属（Elaeocarpus）。乔木树种出现频度较高的分别是银柴、豺皮樟、鸭脚木、山乌桕、黧蒴锥、黄牛木、野漆树等，其中银柴的出现频率高达80%。
（2）按照林分起源不同，深圳市城市森林可分为人工林和天然次生林；按照乔木层树种相对重要值聚类，深圳市城市森林群落可分为黧蒴锥群落、浙江润楠群落、黄牛木群落、大叶相思群落、马占相思群落、柠檬桉群落等31个群落。
（3）深圳市城市森林灌木层的物种多样性大于乔木层，天然次生林较人工林的生物多样性高。不同群落类型乔木层和灌木层的多样性指数有所不同，阴香+银柴+野漆树群落、木荷+樟树+山苍子群落、黄牛木群落、山杜英+樟树群落、黧蒴锥+锥群落、厚壳桂+铁榄+假苹婆群落等乔木层Shannon-wiener指数较高，红花荷群落、马占相思群落和柠檬桉群落乔木层Shannon-wiener指数较低；黧蒴锥+锥群落、厚壳桂+铁榄+假苹婆群落和银柴+杉木群落的灌木层Shannon-wiener指数较高，红花荷群落灌木层Shannon-wiener指数最低；红花荷群落乔木层Simpson指数最大，而浙江润楠群落灌木层simpson指数最大。
（4）深圳市城市森林观赏植物种类较多，有彩叶植物、观花植物、观果植物、观形植物等，其中彩叶植物有37科52属77种，观花植物60科131属171种，观果植物44科72属111种，观形植物73科158属236种，观干植物有：柠檬桉、黄牛木等。
（5）深圳市城市森林可以划分为观花植物为主的群落、彩叶植物为主的群落、观形植物为主的群落。观花植物群落的美景度平均值最高（SBE值＝0.39），其次是彩叶植物群落（SBE值＝-0.03）和观形植物群落（SBE值＝-0.25）。观花植物群落中毛棉杜鹃+浙江润楠+亮叶冬青群落的美景度值最高（SBE值＝1.071），其次是黧蒴锥群落、黧蒴锥+锥群落和大头茶+银柴+铁刀木群落、红花荷群落、台湾相思群落。彩叶植物群落中红鳞蒲桃+浙江润楠+九节群落的美景度值最高（SBE值＝0.37），其次是阴香+银柴+野漆树群落、浙江润楠群落。观形植物群落总体的美景度值较低，其中黄牛木群落的美景度最高（SBE值＝0.12），而柠檬桉群落、米槠+南洋楹群落、大叶相思群落的美景度最低。
（6）深圳市人工林较天然次生林的林内景观质量高，人工林林内景观美景度平均值为0.092，天然次生林的平均值为-0.187，其中马占相思群落的美景度值最高（SBE值＝0.790），水团花+九节+台湾相思群落的美景度最低（SBE值＝-0.509）。影响人工林和天然次生林林内景观质量的主要因子都不相同，人工林林内景观主要受林下层高度、层间植物丰富度、林木排列方式、枯树倒木、林下层统一度等9个因子影响，其景观模型是SBE＝0.131+0.177X_5-0.195X_8+0.208X_9-0.162X_(10)-0.12_9X12-0.00008X_(17)+0.113X_(21)+0.007X)(23)-0.571X_(25)。次生林林内景观主要受枯落物、郁闭度、通透距离等因子影响，其景观模型是SBE＝-2.016+0.15_7x1+0.21_5x4+1.75_3x_(16)-0.063x_(18)+0.021x_(24)。
（7）深圳市城市森林林外近景观，以春季景观质量最高，其次是夏季景观和秋冬景观。毛棉杜鹃+浙江润楠+亮叶冬青群落的美景度值最高（SBE值＝1.071），柠檬桉群落的林外近景观美景度最低（SBE值＝-0.641）。林外近景观的景观质量主要受色泽明度、色彩丰富度、斑块格局和林龄等因子影响，其美景度模型为： SBE＝-0.530-0.144X_5+0.208X_7+0.278X_8+0.088X_(16)。一般来说，林外近景观的色彩越丰富、色泽越明亮、斑块呈聚集以及林龄越大时，其美景度值越高。
（8）深圳市城市森林建设的一些建议：对于自然保护区、风水林内的天然次生林，要以生态保护为主，对其进行封山育林，避免人为干扰；而对于城市公园或森林公园等游人游憩较为频繁的地段，就需要适当地进行人工调控，提高乔木枝下高、减少枯树倒木、疏伐一些长势弱或有病虫害的树木，从而提高林分开阔度和森林美景度；在一些重点景观视觉交汇处，成片种植一些毛棉杜鹃、铁刀木、浙江润楠等观花或彩叶树种，从而提高森林美景度。
Based on the actuality of Shenzhen's urban forest, the species composition, speciesdiversity, community structure and ornamental characters of plants were investigated, and thescenic beauty evaluation (SBE) was applied to estimate the in-forest landscape and out-forestlandscape of the plantation and secondary forest, screening out the communities with higherSBE values. The major factors afecting the forest landscape were also analyzed and the variouskinds of forest landscape models were established. Through exploring the relationship betweenthe main components of the landscape elements and the quality of urban forest landscape,provide the technical support for the urban forest planning layout, selection of tree species andartificial regulation provide. The main results were as follows:
(1) There were417vascular plants in50plots (30m×40m) belonging to131families and292genera, which including28ferns belonging to14families and19genera and389seedplants belonging to117families and273genera. Plantations forest included282vascularplants belonging to98families and211genera., and the secondary forest included319vascularplants belonging to168families and231genera. The top5families in vascular plants wereEuphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Lauraceae, Papilionaceae, Moraceae, and the genera, and the top4species in above families were Ficus, Syzygium, Ilex, Elaeocarpus. The higher frequency ofoccurrences about arbor were Aporosa dioica, Litsea rotundifolia, Schefflera octophylla,Sapium discolar, Castanopsis fissa, Cratoxylum cochinchinense, Toxicodendron succedaneumand so on, and the Aporosa dioica was up to80%.
(2) In accordance with the different stand origin, urban forest in Shenzhen city could bedivided into plantations and natural secondary forests；According to the relative importancevalue of tree layer, Urban forest in Shenzhen city could be divided into Castanopsis fissacommunities, Machilus chekiangensis communities, Cratoxylum cochinchinense communities,Acacia auriculaeformis communities, Acacia mangium communities, Eucalyptus citriodoracommunities and so on,31community types.
(3) The diversity index order was that the shrub layer outnumbered tree layer, and the natural secondary forests outnumbered the plantation in Shen zhen's urban forest. Thediversities of the tree layer and the shrub layer were different. The tree layer's Shannon-wienerindexes of Cinnamomum burmami+Aporosa chinensis+Rhus succedanea communities,Schima superba+Cinnamomum camphora+Litsea cubeba communities, Cratoxylumcochinchinense communities, Castanopsis fissa+Castanopsis chinensis communities,Cryptocarya chinensis+Sinosideroxylon wightianum+Sterculia lanceolata communities, wererelatively higher, and the tree layer's Shannon-wiener indexes of Rhodoleia championiicommunities, Acacia mangium communities, Eucalyptus citriodora communities wererelatively lower. The shrub layer's Shannon-wiener indexes of Castanopsis fissa+Castanopsischinensis communities, Cryptocarya chinensis+Sinosideroxylon wightianum+Sterculialanceolata communities, Aporosa chinensis+Cunninghamia lanceolata communities werecomparatively higher, and Rhodoleia championii communities' was lowest. The tree layer'sSimpson index of Rhodoleia championii communities was highest, and the shrub layer'sSimpson index of Machilus chekiangensis communitier was highest.
(4) There were many ornamental plants in Shenzhen' urban forest, including color-leafplants, ornamental flower plants, ornamental fruit plants, ornamental shape plants. Thecolor-leaf plants were77species in total which belonged to37families and52genera. Theornamental flower plants were171species in total, which belonged to60families and131genera. The ornamental fruit plants were111species in total, which belonged to44familiesand72genera. The ornamental shape plants were236species in total, which belonged to73families and158genera.The ornamental trunk plants were Eucalyptus citriodora andCratoxylon ligustrinum and so on.
(5) Urban forest in Shenzhen city could be divided into3types of communities:ornamental flower plants' communities, color-leaf plants' communities and ornamental shapeplants' communities. The SBE value of ornamental flower plants' communities was highest(SBE=0.39), color-leaf plants' communities' was-0.03, ornamental shape plants' communities'was-0.25. The SBE value of Rhododendron moulmainense+Machilus chekiangensis+Ilexnitidissima communities in ornamental flower plants' communities was highest(SBE＝1.071),followed by the Castanopsis fissa communities, Castanopsis fissa+Castanopsis chinensis communities, Polyspora axillaries+Aporosa dioica+Cassia siamea communities, Rhodoleiachampionii communities, Acacia confuse communities. The SBE value of Syzygiumhancei+Machilus chekiangensis+Psychotria rubra communities in color-leaf plants'communities was highest(SBE＝0.37), followed by the Cinnamomum burmannii+Aporosadioica+Toxicodendron succedaneum communities, Machilus chekiangensis communities. TheSBE value of ornamental shape plants' communities was lower, Cratoxylum cochinchinensecommunities in ornamental shape plants' communities was highest(SBE＝0.12), and the SBEvalues of Eucalyptus citriodora communities, Castanopsis carlesii+Albizia falcatariacommunities and Acacia auriculaeformis communities were lower.
(6) The scenic quality of the plantations in-forest landscapes in Shenzhen was higherthan the natural secondary forests, and SBE value of the plantation in-forest landscapes was0.092, while the natural secondary's in-forest landscape landscapes was-0.187. The SBE valueof Acacia mangium communities was maximum, yet, Adina pilulifera+Psychotriayunnanensis+Acacia confusa communities was minimum. The model of the plantation'sin-forest landscape factors and SBE values was, SBE＝0.131+0.177X5-0.195X8+0.208X9-0.162X10-0.129X12-0.00008X17+0.113X21+0.007X23-0.571X25.The model showed that, the major landscape features which affected thescenic quality of the plantations in-forest landscapes were height of ground plants, abundanceof interstratum plants, arrangement of trunks, the amount of downed-woods, uniformity ofundergrowth, age of stand, branch height, coverage of undergrowth, and density and so on. Themodel of the natural secondary forest's in-forest landscape features and perceived scenicbeauty was SBE＝-2.016+0.157x1+0.215x4+1.753x16-0.063x18+0.021x24.The main featureswhich affected the quality of the natural secondary forest's in-forest were litter, crown density,viewable distance, bark's color, abundance of arbor and so on.
(7) The scenic quality of spring landscapes was maximum, and summer landscaps andautumn-winter landscapes were minimum about urban forest's out-forest landscapes. The SBEvalue of Rhododendron moulmainense+Machilus chekiangensis+Ilex nitidissima communitieswas maximum (SBE=1.071), and the SBE value of Eucalyptus citriodora communities wasminimum (SBE=-0.641). The model of out-forest landscape factors and SBE values was SBE ＝-0.530-0.144X_5+0.208X_7+0.278X_8+0.088X_(16).The model showed that the major featureswhich affected the scenic quality of out-forest landscapes were colour and lustre, abundance ofcolor, and distribution pattern of plaque. Generally, larger the plaque, the richer colour variety,the brighter colour variety, older the stand ages, the higher the scenic beauty.
(8) On the issue of urban forest, it was suggested that we should put more emphasize oneco-conservation and forest protection in the natural reserve areas and fung shui woodland, andcarry out manual control, improve tree branches height, reduce the number of dead, fallen,weakly growing, pests and diseases infected trees in outdoor recreation areas, like city park andthe forest park, in order to ultimately promote the stand openness and foest scenic beauty. Weshould plant some ornamental flower trees and colour-leaf trees in visal landscape interchange,such as Rhododendron moulmainense, Cassia siamea, Machilus chekiangensis and Syzygiumhancei.
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