《园冶》新读
摘要
《园冶》既是对中国传统园林营造经验的总结，又对晚明园林营造起到了借鉴作用，为维系中国传统园林营造体系的发展，做出了一定贡献。
《园冶》一书所论及得多是明代中后期的江南私家园林，作为江南地区本土化的园林著作，它的成书与江南造园业的发展息息相关。江南造园业形成和发展的论述有助于系统化地解读《园冶》的造园技法和造园风格的形成缘由。与此同时，回归到《园冶》本身，全书共分3卷，主要以兴造论和园说两部分为主，兴造论主要论述了造园理论，园说则是分为相地、立基、屋宇、装折、门窗、墙垣、铺地、掇山、选石、借景10篇，系统化地建构出造园理论体系。在园林营造细节上将造园理论与造园手法结合在一起进行叙述，达到了理论与实践相结合的叙述。《园冶》采用了三种叙述方式，其一，夹叙夹议的叙述方式将景观与意境相融合，通过优美的文字描述来体现园林的意境营造；其二是在叙述营造技巧的同时，将意象的营造作为辅助，主要是针对于“梅花亭”、“十字亭”、“冰裂式风窗”、“等分平衡法”等关键性的技法描述，意欲将其新式的营造技法形象化的公之于众。其三则是单纯的技术性叙述。《园冶》的叙述结构，分为两条线索展开：其一，皆是以“智巧”概念来营造园林的景境作为叙述主线。其二，具体论述各个营造环节和园林要素的处理手法，以“技艺”成法的叙述作为复线，以“园林意象”的营造作为叙述的出发点。同时，要深入解读《园冶》一书，必然是须先了解作者计成的社会阅历、人生经历及其个人的性格特征和文化认知层次，才能从根源上找寻出《园冶》的写作特点。通过对作者计成的详细了解，才能品读出计成撰写《园冶》的目的及心态。
《园冶》的营造观念以“巧于因借，精于体宜”作为造园原则，以“虽由人作，宛自天开”作为造园目标，以“得闲即诣，随兴携游”作为造园的实用目的。《园冶》的设计手法，重点在于论述园林营造的具体实施手法特点。主要论及了“因”、“借”两个关键手法，“因”是根据园林内外之景的地域差异而分为“内因”和“外因”的利用，其间还包括了《园冶》中强调的将园基所在地的地域文化、风土人情以及自然气候特点应用于设计当中。因的标准在于“宜”，在宜的处理上便体现出能主之人的设计特点所在。“宜”的概念则是在于设计者和园主对于“因”的合理调配，设计的高妙与否便在此体现。对于“宜”的概念，细分出“时宜”、“制宜”、“技宜”三个层面。“借”可分借景、借境两方面，其中借境便是《园冶》中技法之新的体现。借景包括“远借，邻借，仰借，俯借，应时而借”等5种借景方式，除此之外《园冶》中还提出了对于人文要素的引借，开辟了借景方式的新纪元。《园冶》提出“虽由人作，宛自天开”的设计概念，对于园林营造境界的界定，规范出园林营造所追求的景境效果。“得闲即诣，随兴携游”的造园的实用目的着重在于游园的心态培养，园林是需要懂得鉴赏的人才能体会到园林真正的景境所在。《园冶》将游园心态的培养纳入到园林营造的范畴之中，将园林的佳境美景以引导的方式传达给任何一个普通的游人，亦是《园冶》的创新所在。
《园冶》的营造技法讲求“从心不从法”，敢于创新，注重对于工匠的合理调配，提出营造园林需要设计者与施工者相互配合的理念，推崇“节用”的营造理念，并指出依托巧设之人和精工之人相互配合以营造园林，强调了“人”的重要性。择地理念以“四处皆可造园”的设计原则为指导。立基原则在于摒弃传统的迷信观念，以取景作为立基的出发点，并将景观主题化，增加人文意境，以独具匠心的“主题立意”来指导基址的确立，秉承着“随宜”的造园观念。建筑的营造模式除了建筑的形态样式及空间划分满足使用功能需求之外，还须将建筑的特殊空间氛围考虑在建筑设计之中。建筑构件的营造在于构件造型样式的变通上。园林建筑的装折技法总结出“构合时宜、式征清赏”的装折新原则。墙垣的建造新技法，墙垣选用版筑、石砌、编篱棘等三种筑造方式，以适应不同风格的园林营造，并结合园林应用方面的经验确定造型样式，保持雅致的审美格调，注重实用性的设计考量。铺地的设计注重正确对待每一个功能空间，采用相适宜的铺地方式，在统一中求变化。在材质应用上讲求“应用得体”和“物尽其用”的原则。掇山的技法体现在施工上积极采用先进的施工技术，并提出掇山犹如绘制立体山水画的造山新概念，将人文情境引入山体之中，并结合“未山先麓”的艺术手法，从自然山形中提炼出较为经典、雅致的形态样式以作参照，达到“小中见大”的观赏效果。以人游赏的真实感受作为衡量标准，注重于真山的“神韵”及山水的“气质”。材质的应用在于总结和分析出多种石材的产地、自然特性、采集方式、修饰技法、造景和造景的具体技法，以对具体的石材应用上有着重要的指导意义。《园冶》针对借景设计方法提出的一个思考过程，其着手点放在找寻借景方法的途径当中，而不是只描述出最终的借景方法，意欲培养得是设计者的思维模式。
《园冶》‘宜居’营造思想重点是从自然与建筑的物用关系适宜、人与自然的人居环境适宜、人与人的人际环境适宜等三个角度对《园冶》“宜居”造园理论做全面概述。园林的营造细分为自然、人、建筑三大元素，并将三者之间相互产生的联系加以论述。从宏观上看，人是所有园林营造的根本所在，园林既需要能主之人对其设计及营造，又是为了服务于园居之人的需要。从微观上看，园林营造无疑是自然与建筑巧妙结合的居住环境，园林营造的思想和技法所追求的根源就是调和人、自然、建筑三者之间的关系，追求着相互之间关系的适宜度。
YuanYe is the traditional Chinese garden to create a summary of experience, and of the lateMing Dynasty landscape plays a reference role to maintain the traditional Chinese garden, buildsystem development, to make a certain contribution.
YuanYe one book and more in the mid and late Ming Dynasty private gardens in SouthernYangtze River area south of the Yangtze River, as the localization of landscape works, it became abook and Jiangnan garden industry development. The Jiangnan garden industry formation anddevelopment of the discourse contributes to the systematic interpretation ofYuanYegardeningtechniques and gardening style formation reason. At the same time, a return to YuanYe itself, thebook is divided into3volumes, mainly to promote creationism and Park said two parts mainly,Xing theory mainly discusses the landscape gardening theory, park it is divided into phases,foundation, building, assembly and disassembly, doors and windows, walls, floor, creatingmountains, choice of stone, borrow scene10, systematic construction of landscape gardeningtheory system. In the landscape gardening theory and details on gardening together for narrative,to combine theory and practice of narrative.YuanYe uses three kinds of narrative style, thenarrative way, students will be landscape and artistic conception of integration, through theexquisite writing description to reflect the landscape artistic conception; second is the narrativeconstruction technique at the same time, will the construction of image as an auxiliary, is mainlytargeted at the “plum Pavilion”,“cross Pavilion”,“ice wind window”,“equal balance method”and other key techniques are described, to its new building techniques to visualize the reveal to thepublic. A third is purely technical description.YuanYe narrative structure, divided into two clues:one, is to “ingenuity” concept to create a garden view and environment as the narrative thread. Secondly, discusses the various construction links and the landscape processing technique,with“skill”method described as double track,“garden imagery” as the starting point to create anarrative. At the same time, to understand thoroughly Yuanye one book, is necessarily must firstunderstand the author into a social experience, life experience and personal character and culturalcognition level, can find out from the root Yuanye writing features. The plan into a detailedunderstanding, the goods can be read into writing Yuanye purpose and attitude.
Yuanye to create a clever idea to because of, is to as a gardening principles, althoughfrom making, Wan since opening day" as the goal to" free gardening, i.e. nil, with the Xingfloating as the purpose of practical gardening.YuanYe design approach, the focus is on the specificimplementation technique characteristics of landscape. Main treat" for"," borrow" two keytechniques," because" is based on the view of the garden and outside the district difference anddivided into "internal" and" external" utilization, which also includes the" Ye" is emphasized in thepark will be the base seat of the regional culture, local customs and practices as well as the naturalclimate characteristics applied design. Because of the standard is " appropriate", in the appropriatetreatment will reflect the main design characteristics of the people." Appropriate" concept is thedesigner and owner for" because" reasonable deployment, design ingenious or not will in thisembodiment. The" appropriate" concept," date"," breakdown system"," Ji Yi " in three aspects."Borrow" can be divided by the king, by exit two, which by the exit is YuanYe in the newembodiment of techniques. Borrowed scenery including" far to borrow, borrow borrow adjacent,Yang, and sometimes borrow, borrow " and other5kinds of borrowed scenery, besides" Ye" is putforward for human factors bring borrow, opened by King of new era.YuanYe put forward "although from making, since the days of the WAN" design concepts, to the garden to create a statedefinition, the standard of garden create and pursue view and environment effect." Said that Yi,with the Xing floating" gardening practical aim mainly lies in the pleasance mentality culture,garden is in need of appreciation of people can realize the real conditions where the garden."Garden party" will ye the training attitude into the garden to create a category, the garden statebeauty to guide the way to convey to any ordinary tourists, is also" Yuanye" innovation of.
" Ye" construction techniques about the "from the heart from the law", dare to innovate, payattention to the reasonable allocation of artisans, proposed to create a garden designer andconstruction need cooperation concept, praised the " husband" building idea, pointing out relyingon creating man and Seiko people cooperate with each other to create a garden, emphasized theimportance of “people”. The choice of philosophy to “everywhere can gardening” designprinciples. Based the principle that abandon the traditional superstition, by framing as the basepoint, and the landscape of the humanities mood, increased to have great originality, the" theme"to guide the base establishment, uphold the “Suiyi” landscape concept. Building models inaddition to architectural form style and space division meet functional requirements, must also beconsidered in the construction of special space atmosphere building design. Building componentsof the building component shapes on the change in. Landscape architecture with presentation skillsummed up the constitutive timely, type syndrome clear reward" with presentation of newprinciple. The construction of new techniques of walls, wall selection version of the building,stone, weave fence three built spines, to adapt to different styles of garden construction, andcombined with the application experience identified shapes, maintain the elegant aesthetic style,pay attention to practical design considerations. Paving design pay attention to properly treat eachas a function of space, using suitable flooring, to seek changes in the uniform. In the application ofmaterial emphasizes" application." and" turn material resources to good account " principle. Thetechnique of creating mountains reflected in construction actively using advanced constructiontechnology, and put forward the creating mountains like drawing three-dimensional landscapepainting. The new concept, the humanistic situation into the mountains, and the combination of"no mountain before Lu art practices, derived from natural Yamagata is classic, elegant shapestyle for reference" they", achieve the ornamental effect. In one scene the true feelings as criterion,pay attention to the real mountain" charm" and the landscape of temperament. Material applicationis summarized and analyzed a variety of stone of the origin, nature, acquisition mode,modification techniques, landscape and landscape of specific techniques, based on specific stoneapplication has important guiding significance.YuanYe directed by King design method proposeda thought process, its starting point in looking for King approach, not only describe the final kingof method to culture, is the designer's thinking mode.
YuanYe ' livable ' thoughts of construction key is from nature and construction of therelationship between man and nature, using suitable habitat suitability, and interpersonalenvironment for such three perspectives on Yuanye livable landscape gardening theory to do acomprehensive overview. The landscape is divided into natural, human, building the threeelements, and the three will be generated between contact to discuss. From macroscopical on look,all the landscape construction of the fundamental, gardens not only need to master of one of itsdesign and construction, it is to serve the people need garden. From microcosmic on look,landscape is the natural and architectural clever combination of living environment, landscapeconstruction ideas and techniques by the pursuit of the root is to reconcile people, nature, buildingthe relationship between the three, in pursuit of the relationship between mutual suitability.
《园冶》一书所论及得多是明代中后期的江南私家园林，作为江南地区本土化的园林著作，它的成书与江南造园业的发展息息相关。江南造园业形成和发展的论述有助于系统化地解读《园冶》的造园技法和造园风格的形成缘由。与此同时，回归到《园冶》本身，全书共分3卷，主要以兴造论和园说两部分为主，兴造论主要论述了造园理论，园说则是分为相地、立基、屋宇、装折、门窗、墙垣、铺地、掇山、选石、借景10篇，系统化地建构出造园理论体系。在园林营造细节上将造园理论与造园手法结合在一起进行叙述，达到了理论与实践相结合的叙述。《园冶》采用了三种叙述方式，其一，夹叙夹议的叙述方式将景观与意境相融合，通过优美的文字描述来体现园林的意境营造；其二是在叙述营造技巧的同时，将意象的营造作为辅助，主要是针对于“梅花亭”、“十字亭”、“冰裂式风窗”、“等分平衡法”等关键性的技法描述，意欲将其新式的营造技法形象化的公之于众。其三则是单纯的技术性叙述。《园冶》的叙述结构，分为两条线索展开：其一，皆是以“智巧”概念来营造园林的景境作为叙述主线。其二，具体论述各个营造环节和园林要素的处理手法，以“技艺”成法的叙述作为复线，以“园林意象”的营造作为叙述的出发点。同时，要深入解读《园冶》一书，必然是须先了解作者计成的社会阅历、人生经历及其个人的性格特征和文化认知层次，才能从根源上找寻出《园冶》的写作特点。通过对作者计成的详细了解，才能品读出计成撰写《园冶》的目的及心态。
《园冶》的营造观念以“巧于因借，精于体宜”作为造园原则，以“虽由人作，宛自天开”作为造园目标，以“得闲即诣，随兴携游”作为造园的实用目的。《园冶》的设计手法，重点在于论述园林营造的具体实施手法特点。主要论及了“因”、“借”两个关键手法，“因”是根据园林内外之景的地域差异而分为“内因”和“外因”的利用，其间还包括了《园冶》中强调的将园基所在地的地域文化、风土人情以及自然气候特点应用于设计当中。因的标准在于“宜”，在宜的处理上便体现出能主之人的设计特点所在。“宜”的概念则是在于设计者和园主对于“因”的合理调配，设计的高妙与否便在此体现。对于“宜”的概念，细分出“时宜”、“制宜”、“技宜”三个层面。“借”可分借景、借境两方面，其中借境便是《园冶》中技法之新的体现。借景包括“远借，邻借，仰借，俯借，应时而借”等5种借景方式，除此之外《园冶》中还提出了对于人文要素的引借，开辟了借景方式的新纪元。《园冶》提出“虽由人作，宛自天开”的设计概念，对于园林营造境界的界定，规范出园林营造所追求的景境效果。“得闲即诣，随兴携游”的造园的实用目的着重在于游园的心态培养，园林是需要懂得鉴赏的人才能体会到园林真正的景境所在。《园冶》将游园心态的培养纳入到园林营造的范畴之中，将园林的佳境美景以引导的方式传达给任何一个普通的游人，亦是《园冶》的创新所在。
《园冶》的营造技法讲求“从心不从法”，敢于创新，注重对于工匠的合理调配，提出营造园林需要设计者与施工者相互配合的理念，推崇“节用”的营造理念，并指出依托巧设之人和精工之人相互配合以营造园林，强调了“人”的重要性。择地理念以“四处皆可造园”的设计原则为指导。立基原则在于摒弃传统的迷信观念，以取景作为立基的出发点，并将景观主题化，增加人文意境，以独具匠心的“主题立意”来指导基址的确立，秉承着“随宜”的造园观念。建筑的营造模式除了建筑的形态样式及空间划分满足使用功能需求之外，还须将建筑的特殊空间氛围考虑在建筑设计之中。建筑构件的营造在于构件造型样式的变通上。园林建筑的装折技法总结出“构合时宜、式征清赏”的装折新原则。墙垣的建造新技法，墙垣选用版筑、石砌、编篱棘等三种筑造方式，以适应不同风格的园林营造，并结合园林应用方面的经验确定造型样式，保持雅致的审美格调，注重实用性的设计考量。铺地的设计注重正确对待每一个功能空间，采用相适宜的铺地方式，在统一中求变化。在材质应用上讲求“应用得体”和“物尽其用”的原则。掇山的技法体现在施工上积极采用先进的施工技术，并提出掇山犹如绘制立体山水画的造山新概念，将人文情境引入山体之中，并结合“未山先麓”的艺术手法，从自然山形中提炼出较为经典、雅致的形态样式以作参照，达到“小中见大”的观赏效果。以人游赏的真实感受作为衡量标准，注重于真山的“神韵”及山水的“气质”。材质的应用在于总结和分析出多种石材的产地、自然特性、采集方式、修饰技法、造景和造景的具体技法，以对具体的石材应用上有着重要的指导意义。《园冶》针对借景设计方法提出的一个思考过程，其着手点放在找寻借景方法的途径当中，而不是只描述出最终的借景方法，意欲培养得是设计者的思维模式。
《园冶》‘宜居’营造思想重点是从自然与建筑的物用关系适宜、人与自然的人居环境适宜、人与人的人际环境适宜等三个角度对《园冶》“宜居”造园理论做全面概述。园林的营造细分为自然、人、建筑三大元素，并将三者之间相互产生的联系加以论述。从宏观上看，人是所有园林营造的根本所在，园林既需要能主之人对其设计及营造，又是为了服务于园居之人的需要。从微观上看，园林营造无疑是自然与建筑巧妙结合的居住环境，园林营造的思想和技法所追求的根源就是调和人、自然、建筑三者之间的关系，追求着相互之间关系的适宜度。
YuanYe is the traditional Chinese garden to create a summary of experience, and of the lateMing Dynasty landscape plays a reference role to maintain the traditional Chinese garden, buildsystem development, to make a certain contribution.
YuanYe one book and more in the mid and late Ming Dynasty private gardens in SouthernYangtze River area south of the Yangtze River, as the localization of landscape works, it became abook and Jiangnan garden industry development. The Jiangnan garden industry formation anddevelopment of the discourse contributes to the systematic interpretation ofYuanYegardeningtechniques and gardening style formation reason. At the same time, a return to YuanYe itself, thebook is divided into3volumes, mainly to promote creationism and Park said two parts mainly,Xing theory mainly discusses the landscape gardening theory, park it is divided into phases,foundation, building, assembly and disassembly, doors and windows, walls, floor, creatingmountains, choice of stone, borrow scene10, systematic construction of landscape gardeningtheory system. In the landscape gardening theory and details on gardening together for narrative,to combine theory and practice of narrative.YuanYe uses three kinds of narrative style, thenarrative way, students will be landscape and artistic conception of integration, through theexquisite writing description to reflect the landscape artistic conception; second is the narrativeconstruction technique at the same time, will the construction of image as an auxiliary, is mainlytargeted at the “plum Pavilion”,“cross Pavilion”,“ice wind window”,“equal balance method”and other key techniques are described, to its new building techniques to visualize the reveal to thepublic. A third is purely technical description.YuanYe narrative structure, divided into two clues:one, is to “ingenuity” concept to create a garden view and environment as the narrative thread. Secondly, discusses the various construction links and the landscape processing technique,with“skill”method described as double track,“garden imagery” as the starting point to create anarrative. At the same time, to understand thoroughly Yuanye one book, is necessarily must firstunderstand the author into a social experience, life experience and personal character and culturalcognition level, can find out from the root Yuanye writing features. The plan into a detailedunderstanding, the goods can be read into writing Yuanye purpose and attitude.
Yuanye to create a clever idea to because of, is to as a gardening principles, althoughfrom making, Wan since opening day" as the goal to" free gardening, i.e. nil, with the Xingfloating as the purpose of practical gardening.YuanYe design approach, the focus is on the specificimplementation technique characteristics of landscape. Main treat" for"," borrow" two keytechniques," because" is based on the view of the garden and outside the district difference anddivided into "internal" and" external" utilization, which also includes the" Ye" is emphasized in thepark will be the base seat of the regional culture, local customs and practices as well as the naturalclimate characteristics applied design. Because of the standard is " appropriate", in the appropriatetreatment will reflect the main design characteristics of the people." Appropriate" concept is thedesigner and owner for" because" reasonable deployment, design ingenious or not will in thisembodiment. The" appropriate" concept," date"," breakdown system"," Ji Yi " in three aspects."Borrow" can be divided by the king, by exit two, which by the exit is YuanYe in the newembodiment of techniques. Borrowed scenery including" far to borrow, borrow borrow adjacent,Yang, and sometimes borrow, borrow " and other5kinds of borrowed scenery, besides" Ye" is putforward for human factors bring borrow, opened by King of new era.YuanYe put forward "although from making, since the days of the WAN" design concepts, to the garden to create a statedefinition, the standard of garden create and pursue view and environment effect." Said that Yi,with the Xing floating" gardening practical aim mainly lies in the pleasance mentality culture,garden is in need of appreciation of people can realize the real conditions where the garden."Garden party" will ye the training attitude into the garden to create a category, the garden statebeauty to guide the way to convey to any ordinary tourists, is also" Yuanye" innovation of.
" Ye" construction techniques about the "from the heart from the law", dare to innovate, payattention to the reasonable allocation of artisans, proposed to create a garden designer andconstruction need cooperation concept, praised the " husband" building idea, pointing out relyingon creating man and Seiko people cooperate with each other to create a garden, emphasized theimportance of “people”. The choice of philosophy to “everywhere can gardening” designprinciples. Based the principle that abandon the traditional superstition, by framing as the basepoint, and the landscape of the humanities mood, increased to have great originality, the" theme"to guide the base establishment, uphold the “Suiyi” landscape concept. Building models inaddition to architectural form style and space division meet functional requirements, must also beconsidered in the construction of special space atmosphere building design. Building componentsof the building component shapes on the change in. Landscape architecture with presentation skillsummed up the constitutive timely, type syndrome clear reward" with presentation of newprinciple. The construction of new techniques of walls, wall selection version of the building,stone, weave fence three built spines, to adapt to different styles of garden construction, andcombined with the application experience identified shapes, maintain the elegant aesthetic style,pay attention to practical design considerations. Paving design pay attention to properly treat eachas a function of space, using suitable flooring, to seek changes in the uniform. In the application ofmaterial emphasizes" application." and" turn material resources to good account " principle. Thetechnique of creating mountains reflected in construction actively using advanced constructiontechnology, and put forward the creating mountains like drawing three-dimensional landscapepainting. The new concept, the humanistic situation into the mountains, and the combination of"no mountain before Lu art practices, derived from natural Yamagata is classic, elegant shapestyle for reference" they", achieve the ornamental effect. In one scene the true feelings as criterion,pay attention to the real mountain" charm" and the landscape of temperament. Material applicationis summarized and analyzed a variety of stone of the origin, nature, acquisition mode,modification techniques, landscape and landscape of specific techniques, based on specific stoneapplication has important guiding significance.YuanYe directed by King design method proposeda thought process, its starting point in looking for King approach, not only describe the final kingof method to culture, is the designer's thinking mode.
YuanYe ' livable ' thoughts of construction key is from nature and construction of therelationship between man and nature, using suitable habitat suitability, and interpersonalenvironment for such three perspectives on Yuanye livable landscape gardening theory to do acomprehensive overview. The landscape is divided into natural, human, building the threeelements, and the three will be generated between contact to discuss. From macroscopical on look,all the landscape construction of the fundamental, gardens not only need to master of one of itsdesign and construction, it is to serve the people need garden. From microcosmic on look,landscape is the natural and architectural clever combination of living environment, landscapeconstruction ideas and techniques by the pursuit of the root is to reconcile people, nature, buildingthe relationship between the three, in pursuit of the relationship between mutual suitability.
引文
①张家骥，园冶全释[M]．山西人民出版社，1993．P205
①引自王道隆：《菰城文献》．同治《湖州府志》[Z]卷29《舆地略·风俗》
①何良俊，《何翰林集》，卷12．转引自段建强.《园冶》与《一家言·居室器玩部》造园意象比较研究[D]：［硕士学位论文］．郑州：郑州大学建筑学院，2006．
②沈德符．万历野获编[M]．北京：文化艺术出版社，1998．卷26《玩具》“好事家”条
③陈士鑛．明江南治水记[M]．《四库全书》电子版．
①明蔡升撰，王鏊重修．震泽编[M]．卷3《人物》，《四库全书》电子版．
②张鼐《题尔遐园居序》，转引自王毅．园林与中国文化[M]．上海：上海人民出版社，1995．
①李洞阳《石淙赋》．转引自王毅．园林与中国文化[M]．上海：上海人民出版社，1995．
②王世贞《弇山园记》，转引自：潘谷西．中国古代建筑史·元、明建筑[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2009．
①周维权．中国古典园林史[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2005．P169“文人官僚的士人园林所具有的清沁雅致的格调，得以更进一步地提高、升华，更附着上一层文人的色彩，这便出现了‘文人园林’。”
②唐·姚合《扬州春词三首·其一》中写道：“园林多是宅，车马少于船。莫唤游人住，游人困不眠。”
③见光绪《苏州府志》卷45至48《第宅园林》。据其所载明代园林以及明确述及建有园亭的宅地统计，共有108处。
④见嘉庆《松江府志》卷77、78《名迹志·第宅·附记园林》。据其所载松江府域内明代园林及建有园亭的私家住宅也当远在62处之上。
⑤陆粲、顾起元．客座赘语[M]．中华书局，1997．卷5“古园”条
①阮大铖著《咏怀堂诗》乙集——《计无否理石兼阅其诗》阮大铖．咏怀堂诗[Z]．黄山书社，2006．乙集--《计无否理石兼阅其诗》
①余树勋计成和《园冶》[J]．园艺学报,1963,2(1)：2
①冯仕达.自我、景致与行动：《园冶》借景篇[J]．孙田译．中国园林，2009．1-3
①冯学成，禅说庄子（四）《知北游》[M]南方日报出版社，2008
②朱启钤：《重刊园冶序》，转引自陈植，园冶注释[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社.1988，P21
①引自（晋）陶渊明.《归去来兮辞》
①（法）H·丹纳.艺术哲学[M].北京：人民文学出版社.2004.第三章风俗.P168.
①张家骥，园冶全释[M]．山西人民出版社，1993．P184
①张家骥，园冶全释[M]．山西人民出版社，1993．P88
①吴良镛，人居环境科学导论游[M]中国建筑工业出版社，2001
1.刘敦桢：《苏州古典园林》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社1959年版。
2.童寯：《造园史纲》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社1983年版。
3.童寯：《江南园林志》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社1984年版。
4.余树勋：《园林美与园林艺术》，北京：科学出版社1987年版。
5.陈植：《陈植造园文集》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社1988年版。
6.陈植：《园冶注释》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社1988年版。
7.周维权：《中国古典园林史》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社1990年版。
8.张家冀：《中国造园史》，太原：山西人民出版社1991年版。
9.张家冀：《园冶全释》，太原：山西人民出版社1993年版。
10.杨鸿勋：《江南园林论》，上海人民出版社1994年版。
11.任晓红：《禅与中国园林》，北京：商务印书馆1994年版。
12.陈从周：《中国园林》，广州：广东旅游出版社1996年版。
13.梁思成：《中国建筑史》，天津：百花文艺出版社1998年版。
14.金学智：《中国园林美学》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社2000年版。
15.吴良镛：《人居环境科学导论》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社2001年版。
16.曹林娣：《中国园林艺术论》，太原：山西教育出版社2001年版。
17.赵农：《园冶图说》，济南：山东画报出版社2003年版。
18.张薇：《〈园冶〉文化论》，北京：人民出版社2006版
19.孟森：《明清史讲义》，北京：中华书局1981年版。
20.谢国桢：《明清之际党社运动考》，北京：中华书局1982年版。
21.冯天瑜：《明清文化史散论》，武汉：华中工学院出版社1984年版。
22.南炳文、汤纲：《明史》，上海：上海人民出版社1985年版。
23.嵇文甫：《晚明思想史论》，北京：东方出版社1996年版。
24.钱杭、承载：《十七世纪江南社会生活》，杭州：浙江人民出版社1996年版。
1.陈植：记明代造园学家计成氏，《东方杂志》，1944年第40卷第16号。
2.陈植：筑山考，《东方杂志》，1944年第40卷第17号。
3.余树勋：计成和《园冶》，《园艺学报》1963年第1期第2卷。
4.吴肇钊：计成与影园兴造，《南方建筑》，1983年第3期。
5.王绍增：《园冶》析读，《中国园林》，1998年第2期。
6.梁敦睦：《园冶诠释》商榷，《中国园林》，1998年第1、3、5期；1999年第1、3期。
7.郑爽：《园冶》设计思想研究，武汉理工大学2008硕士论文。
8.李韫：计成《园冶》的美学阐释，山东师范大学2009硕士论文。
9.孙天罡：得闲即诣随兴携游——“闲文化”视角下的《园冶·相地篇》探究，中国美术学院2009硕士论文。
10.冯仕达.自我、景致与行动：《园冶》借景篇[J]．孙田译．中国园林，2009．
①引自王道隆：《菰城文献》．同治《湖州府志》[Z]卷29《舆地略·风俗》
①何良俊，《何翰林集》，卷12．转引自段建强.《园冶》与《一家言·居室器玩部》造园意象比较研究[D]：［硕士学位论文］．郑州：郑州大学建筑学院，2006．
②沈德符．万历野获编[M]．北京：文化艺术出版社，1998．卷26《玩具》“好事家”条
③陈士鑛．明江南治水记[M]．《四库全书》电子版．
①明蔡升撰，王鏊重修．震泽编[M]．卷3《人物》，《四库全书》电子版．
②张鼐《题尔遐园居序》，转引自王毅．园林与中国文化[M]．上海：上海人民出版社，1995．
①李洞阳《石淙赋》．转引自王毅．园林与中国文化[M]．上海：上海人民出版社，1995．
②王世贞《弇山园记》，转引自：潘谷西．中国古代建筑史·元、明建筑[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2009．
①周维权．中国古典园林史[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2005．P169“文人官僚的士人园林所具有的清沁雅致的格调，得以更进一步地提高、升华，更附着上一层文人的色彩，这便出现了‘文人园林’。”
②唐·姚合《扬州春词三首·其一》中写道：“园林多是宅，车马少于船。莫唤游人住，游人困不眠。”
③见光绪《苏州府志》卷45至48《第宅园林》。据其所载明代园林以及明确述及建有园亭的宅地统计，共有108处。
④见嘉庆《松江府志》卷77、78《名迹志·第宅·附记园林》。据其所载松江府域内明代园林及建有园亭的私家住宅也当远在62处之上。
⑤陆粲、顾起元．客座赘语[M]．中华书局，1997．卷5“古园”条
①阮大铖著《咏怀堂诗》乙集——《计无否理石兼阅其诗》阮大铖．咏怀堂诗[Z]．黄山书社，2006．乙集--《计无否理石兼阅其诗》
①余树勋计成和《园冶》[J]．园艺学报,1963,2(1)：2
①冯仕达.自我、景致与行动：《园冶》借景篇[J]．孙田译．中国园林，2009．1-3
①冯学成，禅说庄子（四）《知北游》[M]南方日报出版社，2008
②朱启钤：《重刊园冶序》，转引自陈植，园冶注释[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社.1988，P21
①引自（晋）陶渊明.《归去来兮辞》
①（法）H·丹纳.艺术哲学[M].北京：人民文学出版社.2004.第三章风俗.P168.
①张家骥，园冶全释[M]．山西人民出版社，1993．P184
①张家骥，园冶全释[M]．山西人民出版社，1993．P88
①吴良镛，人居环境科学导论游[M]中国建筑工业出版社，2001
1.刘敦桢：《苏州古典园林》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社1959年版。
2.童寯：《造园史纲》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社1983年版。
3.童寯：《江南园林志》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社1984年版。
4.余树勋：《园林美与园林艺术》，北京：科学出版社1987年版。
5.陈植：《陈植造园文集》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社1988年版。
6.陈植：《园冶注释》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社1988年版。
7.周维权：《中国古典园林史》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社1990年版。
8.张家冀：《中国造园史》，太原：山西人民出版社1991年版。
9.张家冀：《园冶全释》，太原：山西人民出版社1993年版。
10.杨鸿勋：《江南园林论》，上海人民出版社1994年版。
11.任晓红：《禅与中国园林》，北京：商务印书馆1994年版。
12.陈从周：《中国园林》，广州：广东旅游出版社1996年版。
13.梁思成：《中国建筑史》，天津：百花文艺出版社1998年版。
14.金学智：《中国园林美学》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社2000年版。
15.吴良镛：《人居环境科学导论》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社2001年版。
16.曹林娣：《中国园林艺术论》，太原：山西教育出版社2001年版。
17.赵农：《园冶图说》，济南：山东画报出版社2003年版。
18.张薇：《〈园冶〉文化论》，北京：人民出版社2006版
19.孟森：《明清史讲义》，北京：中华书局1981年版。
20.谢国桢：《明清之际党社运动考》，北京：中华书局1982年版。
21.冯天瑜：《明清文化史散论》，武汉：华中工学院出版社1984年版。
22.南炳文、汤纲：《明史》，上海：上海人民出版社1985年版。
23.嵇文甫：《晚明思想史论》，北京：东方出版社1996年版。
24.钱杭、承载：《十七世纪江南社会生活》，杭州：浙江人民出版社1996年版。
1.陈植：记明代造园学家计成氏，《东方杂志》，1944年第40卷第16号。
2.陈植：筑山考，《东方杂志》，1944年第40卷第17号。
3.余树勋：计成和《园冶》，《园艺学报》1963年第1期第2卷。
4.吴肇钊：计成与影园兴造，《南方建筑》，1983年第3期。
5.王绍增：《园冶》析读，《中国园林》，1998年第2期。
6.梁敦睦：《园冶诠释》商榷，《中国园林》，1998年第1、3、5期；1999年第1、3期。
7.郑爽：《园冶》设计思想研究，武汉理工大学2008硕士论文。
8.李韫：计成《园冶》的美学阐释，山东师范大学2009硕士论文。
9.孙天罡：得闲即诣随兴携游——“闲文化”视角下的《园冶·相地篇》探究，中国美术学院2009硕士论文。
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