城市生活垃圾在O_2/N_2及O_2/CO_2气氛下的燃烧特性及焚烧炉水冷壁腐蚀研究
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摘要
随着我国经济的快速发展，城市化进程不断加速，垃圾处理问题成为困扰我国城市发展的一大难题。城市生活垃圾焚烧发电处理以其占地面积小、处理量大、处理周期短、能够有效实现资源化利用成为目前我国城市生活垃圾处理的现实选择。我国垃圾焚烧处理技术起步较晚，国外垃圾的组分与热值与我国垃圾差别较大，直接套用国外技术难以完全契合我国垃圾焚烧的实际。O_2/CO_2燃烧技术能够有效为碳捕捉技术创造条件，为碳减排和社会低碳发展作出贡献。研究城市生活垃圾的O_2/CO_2燃烧技术，将能丰富和发展我国的垃圾焚烧处理技术。
本文对城市生活垃圾热解、燃烧进行了理论和实验研究，探讨了CO_2替代N_2对热解和燃烧特性及生成气态产物的影响。同时针对机械式垃圾焚烧炉排炉水冷壁受热面腐蚀严重的问题，对重点腐蚀区域进行采样测试，结合热力计算、理论分析、数值模拟等手段，研究了水冷壁受热面积灰、腐蚀的机理和影响因素。
（1）采用热重分析平台研究了不同N_2/CO_2气氛下，城市生活垃圾的热解行为特性，并对其动力学参数进行了求解。热重分析和动力学的研究结果表明：650℃以下时，DTG曲线随气氛的变化不明显。但是650℃以上时，峰的位置和机理则受气氛的影响而不同：80%N_2/20%CO_2气氛下，DTG曲线出现明显的两个峰，而其他气氛则出现一个明显的峰值。CO_2替代N_2能够促进焦炭在高温区的反应，同时影响残余质量。适当提高CO_2浓度有助于降低残余质量（100%N_2气氛下残余质量为39.2%，而60%N_2/40%CO_2气氛下降至33.2%），但是当CO_2浓度上升至60%以后，残余质量趋于稳定。多步独立的连续n级反应模型能够很好的模拟城市生活垃圾的热解过程。
（2）采用热重分析平台对城市生活垃圾进行了O_2/N_2气氛和O_2/CO_2气氛下，不同氧气浓度的燃烧实验，并对典型气氛的燃烧实验数据进行了动力学参数求解。结果表明：样品失重均主要集中在200℃至540℃温度段。氧气浓度的提高有助于促进燃烧。在相同氧气浓度下，O_2/CO_2气氛下的峰值较O_2/N_2气氛下的峰值小，600℃以后，O_2/CO_2气氛失重峰出现的温度远高于O_2/N_2气氛，表明CO_2对燃烧的抑制作用高于N_2。对在不同氧气浓度下的垃圾燃烧过程，3步独立的n级反应模型对实验曲线的拟合度很高。
（3）在热重分析平台上对城市生活垃圾的典型组分进行实验研究，重点探寻了O_2/N_2气氛和O_2/CO_2气氛下的燃烧特性，同时对其动力学参数进行求解。研究显示：无论是单一物料还是物料混合物，将混合气氛中所含的80%N_2替换成80%CO_2均会给燃烧带来不利影响，燃尽率会下降；同时N_2替代CO_2对固定碳阶段的燃烧影响远大于对挥发份燃烧段。将O_2/CO_2气氛中的氧气浓度提高到30%，能得到类似于空气中燃烧的表现。因此，发展城市生活垃圾O_2/CO_2燃烧技术需要富氧燃烧技术的支持。不同类别，同一类别中不同的细分组分的燃烧特性均存在一定的差异，如在纺织物中，化纤类的点燃温度比棉类高100℃左右。为此垃圾焚烧炉的设计及运行要充分考虑燃料适应性。
（4）在管式炉烟气分析平台上，对纸张混合物、果皮混合物、植物残体混合物、纺织物等典型垃圾组分燃烧气态产物的排放规律进行了研究，重点分析了生成气体中的CO，H_2，SO_2和NO_x变化规律。结果如下：纸张混合物、果皮混合物、植物残体混合物、纺织物在不同气氛下生成气态产物的变化规律具有相似性。O_2/N_2气氛和O_2/CO_2气氛下，NO_x排放均出现随温度先减后增的趋势，其转折温度约为800℃。出现该现象可能是由于随着温度上升，反应的主导由还原反应变为氧化反应所致。CO_2替代N_2能够增加还原性气体的生成，促进还原反应的进行，从而降低高温阶段的NO_x排放。燃料氮含量与燃烧的NO_x排放之间无明显的关联，而高非挥发含量可能导致较高的NO_x排放。
（5）对城市生活垃圾焚烧炉的水冷壁受热面重点腐蚀区域进行了积灰、腐蚀物的采集，采用SEM、XRF、XDR等手段对其表观形态、成分等进行分析。研究发现：SEM图发现全部积灰中都或多或少含有熔融（球形）和半熔融（半球形、类球形）的物质。三种积灰中K，Na，Cl，Fe含量均高于飞灰，飞灰含有更多的Ca，S，Si和Al，其原因主要是元素来源和沉积机理的差异性所导致。垃圾三种积灰的碱酸比都大于2.5，垃圾积灰呈明显的碱性，与燃煤炉相比，垃圾焚烧炉积灰易发性更高。XRF和XRD分析表明垃圾积灰含有较多容易引起腐蚀的氯化物和碱金属化合物。
（6）结合热力计算、数值模拟、理论分析等方法，对城市生活垃圾焚烧炉水冷壁受热面的腐蚀减薄机理进行了探讨。CFD模拟结果显示，在第一烟道顶部与顶棚前部结合区域（Ⅰ#区域）、第二烟道前墙上部区域（Ⅱ#区域）形成两个较强的旋流区域，容易导致烟气停留时间过长，导致积灰积聚和生长。且Ⅰ#区域与炉内高水分区域重合，进一步加速积灰积聚和腐蚀速率。尿素溶液热分解形成的HNCO可能随烟气流动进入烟气回旋区域，在高水汽浓度作用下，容易形成腐蚀性很强的酸雾，直接对水冷壁受热面造成腐蚀。在不同的工况下，腐蚀速率是磨损速率的60～200倍。为避免高温腐蚀，同时有效防止二噁英的生成，必须控制炉温，本文所研究的炉型在实际运行中，第一烟道出口的烟温须控制在850℃～972℃范围内；保证一次风风压，保证一次风比例不小于85%。
With the development of economy and the expansion of urban, the wastetreatment becomes a big problem of city development in China. The wasteincineration has become a realistic choice of municipal solid waste (MSW) treatmentowing to its characteristics of small occupation, big capacity, short period and energyrecovery. The waste incineration technology starts relatively late in China, and thecomponents and calorific value of foreign MSW differ from domestic MSW, therefore,the direct adoption of foreign incineration technology don't fit the domestic conditionwell. O_2/CO_2combustion technology is one of the several promising new technologiesassociated with carbon capture and contributes to carbon reduction and sociallow–carbon development. The study on the MSW O_2/CO_2combustion technology canenrich and develop the waste incineration technology.
The present study aimed at investigating the pyrolysis and combustioncharacteristics theoretically and experimentally, and discussing the effects ofReplacement of N_2by CO_2on pyrolysis and combustion characteristics and gasemissions. The corrosion of water-wall tubes in a MSW mechanical grate incineratoris also studied. The severe corrosion zone is sampled and tested to analyze the depositcorrosion mechanism of water-wall tubes and influencing factors, combined withthermal calculation, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.
(1) The thermal decomposition behavior and kinetic characteristics of the MSWwere studied at different N_2/CO_2atmospheres in a thermogravimetric analyzer. TheTGA and kinetic study revealed the following conclusions: The DTG curves below650℃changed with atmosphere indistinctively, but the location and mechanism ofthe peak in the high temperature range were affected by atmosphere. Above650℃,the DTG curve showed two peaks in80%N_2/20%CO_2atmosphere obviously, whereasonly an obvious peak in other atmospheres. Replacement of N_2by CO_2promoted thechar gasification in high temperature range and influenced the residual mass. Theresidual mass decreased from39.2%(in100%N_2) to36.9%(in80%N_2/20%CO_2) and33.2%(in60%N_2/40%CO_2). But when the CO_2concentration was over60%, theresidual mass almost remained the same (32.2%). Several independent fractions of nthorder reaction model fitted the weight loss well.
(2) The oxygen-enriched combustion characteristics and kinetic behavior of theMSW are studied at different O_2/N_2and O_2/CO_2atmospheres. The following conclusions can be drawn as a result of TGA and kinetic study: All the samples losemost their weight between200℃-540℃. Higher oxygen concentration promotescombustion. The conversion rate curves and DTG curves shift to lower temperaturewithout significant change in its shape as the oxygen concentration increases. At thesame oxygen concentration, the peak values in O_2/CO_2atmosphere are lower thanthose in O_2/N_2atmosphere, indicating that CO_2has a higher inhibitory effect than N_2on MSW combustion. Above600℃, the weight loss peak appears much later inO_2/CO_2atmosphere than it dose in O_2/N_2atmosphere. The three-step reaction of nthorder reaction model could fit the weight loss very well.
(3) The thermal decomposition behavior and kinetic characteristics of the typicalcomponents of the MSW were studied at different O_2/N_2and O_2/CO_2atmospheres in athermogravimetric analyzer. The TGA and kinetic study revealed the followingconclusions: Regardless of individual material or mixture, replacement of80%N_2by80%CO_2influenced combustion negatively and decreased the burnout rate. Thereplacement of N_2by CO_2had more obvious effect on combustion of fixed carbonthan volatiles. An oxygen content of30%in the O_2/CO_2atmosphere achieved asimilar combustion performance as air. Therefore, the development of MSW oxy–fuelcombustion technology required support from oxygen-enriched combustiontechnology. The combustion characteristics of different materials of a kind hadgenerality and individuality. For example, among textiles, the ignition temperature ofchemical fiber was higher than cotton textile by100℃. Therefore, when designingand operating MSW oxy–fuel combustion equipments, the applicability of specifickinds of material that would be used must be taken into consideration.
(4) The gases emissions from the combustion of paper mixture, plant residuemixture, fruit waste and textiles were studied using a lab-scale electrically heated tubefurnace. The variations of CO, H2, SO_2and NO_xwere analyzed. The followingconclusions can be drawn: For the variations of gases emissions concentration withatmosphere, the similarity was observed for paper mixture, pericarp mixture andfoliage mixture. In O_2/CO_2and O_2/N_2atmospheres, CO, H2, SO_2and NO_xconcentration first increased and then decreased with the increase of heating time.Below800℃, the emissions of CO, H2, and NO_xall decreased with temperature underboth atmospheres, but above800℃, the increment of temperature increased NO_xemissions from800℃to1000℃. NO_xemission first decreased and then increased, because the dominant role changed from reduction reaction to oxidation reaction withthe increment of temperature. Replacement of N_2by CO_2increased reducing gases(CO and H2), promoted reduction reaction, and reduced NO_xemissions at hightemperatures. There was no clear correlation between the nitrogen content and theNO_xemission. Instead, fuels with higher volatile content lead to higher NO_xemission.
(5) Various deposits and corrosion product were taken from the main corrosionareas on the water-wall tubes in a MSW grate incinerator and their morphologicalcharacteristics and component analysis were conducted using SEM-EDS, XRF andXDR. The following conclusions can be drawn: SEM showed that all of the depositscontain more or less molten (spherical) or semi-molten (hemispherical, globe-like)materials. The molten materials are due to the chemical reaction heat during thesulphation, the existence of low melting point compounds and molecular cramming.The content of K, Na, Cl or Fe in the deposits is bigger than in fly ash, but fly ashcontain more Ca, S, Si and Al, due to their different source and deposition mechanism.The alkali-acid ratio of three deposits are greater than2.5, indicating that MSWdeposit is obviously alkaline and has a high deposition trend. XRF and XRD provedeposits contain chlorides and alkali metal compounds, and are therefore consideredrisky materials prone to causing corrosion.
(6) The corrosion mechanism of water-wall tubes is discussed using thermalcalculation, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. As shown in the CFDresults, two rotational flow zones appeared in the junction of top of first pass and theforward part of ceiling (Ⅰ#zone) and in the top of front second pass (Ⅱ#zone). Therotational flow zones extended the residence time of flue gas and resulted in theaccumulation and growth of deposit. Ⅰ#zone coincided with the wet areas in thefurnace, and it accelerated deposit growth and corrosion rate. The urea solution wasseparated into NH3and HNCO rapidly. HNCO is lowly reactive in the actualoperation temperature range. The unreacted HNCO came into the rotational flow zone,formed corrosive acid fog in wet condition and resulted in direct corrosion ofwater-wall tubes. Under different conditions, the corrosion rate was60～200timesfaster than the depreciation rate. In actual operation, we should separated chlorineeffectively from the sources, chose appropriate spray location of SNCR reducingagent, apply highly alloyed materials, chose appropriate soot blower and addappropriate additives (such as kaolinite), in order to decrease the corrosion rate of water-wall tubes. In order to mitigate high–temperature corrosion and prevent theformation of dioxins, the furnace temperature should be controlled and thetemperature of the exit of the first pass must be held within850℃～972℃. Theproportion of primary air should be not less than85%to assure primary air pressure.
本文对城市生活垃圾热解、燃烧进行了理论和实验研究，探讨了CO_2替代N_2对热解和燃烧特性及生成气态产物的影响。同时针对机械式垃圾焚烧炉排炉水冷壁受热面腐蚀严重的问题，对重点腐蚀区域进行采样测试，结合热力计算、理论分析、数值模拟等手段，研究了水冷壁受热面积灰、腐蚀的机理和影响因素。
（1）采用热重分析平台研究了不同N_2/CO_2气氛下，城市生活垃圾的热解行为特性，并对其动力学参数进行了求解。热重分析和动力学的研究结果表明：650℃以下时，DTG曲线随气氛的变化不明显。但是650℃以上时，峰的位置和机理则受气氛的影响而不同：80%N_2/20%CO_2气氛下，DTG曲线出现明显的两个峰，而其他气氛则出现一个明显的峰值。CO_2替代N_2能够促进焦炭在高温区的反应，同时影响残余质量。适当提高CO_2浓度有助于降低残余质量（100%N_2气氛下残余质量为39.2%，而60%N_2/40%CO_2气氛下降至33.2%），但是当CO_2浓度上升至60%以后，残余质量趋于稳定。多步独立的连续n级反应模型能够很好的模拟城市生活垃圾的热解过程。
（2）采用热重分析平台对城市生活垃圾进行了O_2/N_2气氛和O_2/CO_2气氛下，不同氧气浓度的燃烧实验，并对典型气氛的燃烧实验数据进行了动力学参数求解。结果表明：样品失重均主要集中在200℃至540℃温度段。氧气浓度的提高有助于促进燃烧。在相同氧气浓度下，O_2/CO_2气氛下的峰值较O_2/N_2气氛下的峰值小，600℃以后，O_2/CO_2气氛失重峰出现的温度远高于O_2/N_2气氛，表明CO_2对燃烧的抑制作用高于N_2。对在不同氧气浓度下的垃圾燃烧过程，3步独立的n级反应模型对实验曲线的拟合度很高。
（3）在热重分析平台上对城市生活垃圾的典型组分进行实验研究，重点探寻了O_2/N_2气氛和O_2/CO_2气氛下的燃烧特性，同时对其动力学参数进行求解。研究显示：无论是单一物料还是物料混合物，将混合气氛中所含的80%N_2替换成80%CO_2均会给燃烧带来不利影响，燃尽率会下降；同时N_2替代CO_2对固定碳阶段的燃烧影响远大于对挥发份燃烧段。将O_2/CO_2气氛中的氧气浓度提高到30%，能得到类似于空气中燃烧的表现。因此，发展城市生活垃圾O_2/CO_2燃烧技术需要富氧燃烧技术的支持。不同类别，同一类别中不同的细分组分的燃烧特性均存在一定的差异，如在纺织物中，化纤类的点燃温度比棉类高100℃左右。为此垃圾焚烧炉的设计及运行要充分考虑燃料适应性。
（4）在管式炉烟气分析平台上，对纸张混合物、果皮混合物、植物残体混合物、纺织物等典型垃圾组分燃烧气态产物的排放规律进行了研究，重点分析了生成气体中的CO，H_2，SO_2和NO_x变化规律。结果如下：纸张混合物、果皮混合物、植物残体混合物、纺织物在不同气氛下生成气态产物的变化规律具有相似性。O_2/N_2气氛和O_2/CO_2气氛下，NO_x排放均出现随温度先减后增的趋势，其转折温度约为800℃。出现该现象可能是由于随着温度上升，反应的主导由还原反应变为氧化反应所致。CO_2替代N_2能够增加还原性气体的生成，促进还原反应的进行，从而降低高温阶段的NO_x排放。燃料氮含量与燃烧的NO_x排放之间无明显的关联，而高非挥发含量可能导致较高的NO_x排放。
（5）对城市生活垃圾焚烧炉的水冷壁受热面重点腐蚀区域进行了积灰、腐蚀物的采集，采用SEM、XRF、XDR等手段对其表观形态、成分等进行分析。研究发现：SEM图发现全部积灰中都或多或少含有熔融（球形）和半熔融（半球形、类球形）的物质。三种积灰中K，Na，Cl，Fe含量均高于飞灰，飞灰含有更多的Ca，S，Si和Al，其原因主要是元素来源和沉积机理的差异性所导致。垃圾三种积灰的碱酸比都大于2.5，垃圾积灰呈明显的碱性，与燃煤炉相比，垃圾焚烧炉积灰易发性更高。XRF和XRD分析表明垃圾积灰含有较多容易引起腐蚀的氯化物和碱金属化合物。
（6）结合热力计算、数值模拟、理论分析等方法，对城市生活垃圾焚烧炉水冷壁受热面的腐蚀减薄机理进行了探讨。CFD模拟结果显示，在第一烟道顶部与顶棚前部结合区域（Ⅰ#区域）、第二烟道前墙上部区域（Ⅱ#区域）形成两个较强的旋流区域，容易导致烟气停留时间过长，导致积灰积聚和生长。且Ⅰ#区域与炉内高水分区域重合，进一步加速积灰积聚和腐蚀速率。尿素溶液热分解形成的HNCO可能随烟气流动进入烟气回旋区域，在高水汽浓度作用下，容易形成腐蚀性很强的酸雾，直接对水冷壁受热面造成腐蚀。在不同的工况下，腐蚀速率是磨损速率的60～200倍。为避免高温腐蚀，同时有效防止二噁英的生成，必须控制炉温，本文所研究的炉型在实际运行中，第一烟道出口的烟温须控制在850℃～972℃范围内；保证一次风风压，保证一次风比例不小于85%。
With the development of economy and the expansion of urban, the wastetreatment becomes a big problem of city development in China. The wasteincineration has become a realistic choice of municipal solid waste (MSW) treatmentowing to its characteristics of small occupation, big capacity, short period and energyrecovery. The waste incineration technology starts relatively late in China, and thecomponents and calorific value of foreign MSW differ from domestic MSW, therefore,the direct adoption of foreign incineration technology don't fit the domestic conditionwell. O_2/CO_2combustion technology is one of the several promising new technologiesassociated with carbon capture and contributes to carbon reduction and sociallow–carbon development. The study on the MSW O_2/CO_2combustion technology canenrich and develop the waste incineration technology.
The present study aimed at investigating the pyrolysis and combustioncharacteristics theoretically and experimentally, and discussing the effects ofReplacement of N_2by CO_2on pyrolysis and combustion characteristics and gasemissions. The corrosion of water-wall tubes in a MSW mechanical grate incineratoris also studied. The severe corrosion zone is sampled and tested to analyze the depositcorrosion mechanism of water-wall tubes and influencing factors, combined withthermal calculation, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.
(1) The thermal decomposition behavior and kinetic characteristics of the MSWwere studied at different N_2/CO_2atmospheres in a thermogravimetric analyzer. TheTGA and kinetic study revealed the following conclusions: The DTG curves below650℃changed with atmosphere indistinctively, but the location and mechanism ofthe peak in the high temperature range were affected by atmosphere. Above650℃,the DTG curve showed two peaks in80%N_2/20%CO_2atmosphere obviously, whereasonly an obvious peak in other atmospheres. Replacement of N_2by CO_2promoted thechar gasification in high temperature range and influenced the residual mass. Theresidual mass decreased from39.2%(in100%N_2) to36.9%(in80%N_2/20%CO_2) and33.2%(in60%N_2/40%CO_2). But when the CO_2concentration was over60%, theresidual mass almost remained the same (32.2%). Several independent fractions of nthorder reaction model fitted the weight loss well.
(2) The oxygen-enriched combustion characteristics and kinetic behavior of theMSW are studied at different O_2/N_2and O_2/CO_2atmospheres. The following conclusions can be drawn as a result of TGA and kinetic study: All the samples losemost their weight between200℃-540℃. Higher oxygen concentration promotescombustion. The conversion rate curves and DTG curves shift to lower temperaturewithout significant change in its shape as the oxygen concentration increases. At thesame oxygen concentration, the peak values in O_2/CO_2atmosphere are lower thanthose in O_2/N_2atmosphere, indicating that CO_2has a higher inhibitory effect than N_2on MSW combustion. Above600℃, the weight loss peak appears much later inO_2/CO_2atmosphere than it dose in O_2/N_2atmosphere. The three-step reaction of nthorder reaction model could fit the weight loss very well.
(3) The thermal decomposition behavior and kinetic characteristics of the typicalcomponents of the MSW were studied at different O_2/N_2and O_2/CO_2atmospheres in athermogravimetric analyzer. The TGA and kinetic study revealed the followingconclusions: Regardless of individual material or mixture, replacement of80%N_2by80%CO_2influenced combustion negatively and decreased the burnout rate. Thereplacement of N_2by CO_2had more obvious effect on combustion of fixed carbonthan volatiles. An oxygen content of30%in the O_2/CO_2atmosphere achieved asimilar combustion performance as air. Therefore, the development of MSW oxy–fuelcombustion technology required support from oxygen-enriched combustiontechnology. The combustion characteristics of different materials of a kind hadgenerality and individuality. For example, among textiles, the ignition temperature ofchemical fiber was higher than cotton textile by100℃. Therefore, when designingand operating MSW oxy–fuel combustion equipments, the applicability of specifickinds of material that would be used must be taken into consideration.
(4) The gases emissions from the combustion of paper mixture, plant residuemixture, fruit waste and textiles were studied using a lab-scale electrically heated tubefurnace. The variations of CO, H2, SO_2and NO_xwere analyzed. The followingconclusions can be drawn: For the variations of gases emissions concentration withatmosphere, the similarity was observed for paper mixture, pericarp mixture andfoliage mixture. In O_2/CO_2and O_2/N_2atmospheres, CO, H2, SO_2and NO_xconcentration first increased and then decreased with the increase of heating time.Below800℃, the emissions of CO, H2, and NO_xall decreased with temperature underboth atmospheres, but above800℃, the increment of temperature increased NO_xemissions from800℃to1000℃. NO_xemission first decreased and then increased, because the dominant role changed from reduction reaction to oxidation reaction withthe increment of temperature. Replacement of N_2by CO_2increased reducing gases(CO and H2), promoted reduction reaction, and reduced NO_xemissions at hightemperatures. There was no clear correlation between the nitrogen content and theNO_xemission. Instead, fuels with higher volatile content lead to higher NO_xemission.
(5) Various deposits and corrosion product were taken from the main corrosionareas on the water-wall tubes in a MSW grate incinerator and their morphologicalcharacteristics and component analysis were conducted using SEM-EDS, XRF andXDR. The following conclusions can be drawn: SEM showed that all of the depositscontain more or less molten (spherical) or semi-molten (hemispherical, globe-like)materials. The molten materials are due to the chemical reaction heat during thesulphation, the existence of low melting point compounds and molecular cramming.The content of K, Na, Cl or Fe in the deposits is bigger than in fly ash, but fly ashcontain more Ca, S, Si and Al, due to their different source and deposition mechanism.The alkali-acid ratio of three deposits are greater than2.5, indicating that MSWdeposit is obviously alkaline and has a high deposition trend. XRF and XRD provedeposits contain chlorides and alkali metal compounds, and are therefore consideredrisky materials prone to causing corrosion.
(6) The corrosion mechanism of water-wall tubes is discussed using thermalcalculation, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. As shown in the CFDresults, two rotational flow zones appeared in the junction of top of first pass and theforward part of ceiling (Ⅰ#zone) and in the top of front second pass (Ⅱ#zone). Therotational flow zones extended the residence time of flue gas and resulted in theaccumulation and growth of deposit. Ⅰ#zone coincided with the wet areas in thefurnace, and it accelerated deposit growth and corrosion rate. The urea solution wasseparated into NH3and HNCO rapidly. HNCO is lowly reactive in the actualoperation temperature range. The unreacted HNCO came into the rotational flow zone,formed corrosive acid fog in wet condition and resulted in direct corrosion ofwater-wall tubes. Under different conditions, the corrosion rate was60～200timesfaster than the depreciation rate. In actual operation, we should separated chlorineeffectively from the sources, chose appropriate spray location of SNCR reducingagent, apply highly alloyed materials, chose appropriate soot blower and addappropriate additives (such as kaolinite), in order to decrease the corrosion rate of water-wall tubes. In order to mitigate high–temperature corrosion and prevent theformation of dioxins, the furnace temperature should be controlled and thetemperature of the exit of the first pass must be held within850℃～972℃. Theproportion of primary air should be not less than85%to assure primary air pressure.
引文
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