川盐古道上的传统聚落与建筑研究
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摘要
四川盐业数千年的产销历史促成了“川盐古道”的形成,它持续时间长、空间范围广、文化影响力大、功能目的明确,对川、鄂、湘、黔交汇地区的民居聚落的产生与发展起了重要的作用,不仅促进了盐运道路上自贡、云安、大昌、西沱、龙潭、龚滩、凤凰、里耶等一系列名城古镇的形成;还造就了一批驿站、庙宇、风雨桥、盐商会馆等典型建筑,贯穿了一条极具特色的文化线路。“川盐古道”既是盐文化的重要载体,更是建筑文化与建造技术的传承媒介。
本文在大量田野调查、古建筑测绘、史料收集的基础上,首次对“川盐古道”的形成原因、传播线路、聚落分布、建筑技术传承等展开系统研究,并结合世界遗产委员会提出的“文化线路”保护理念对川盐古道的保护与开发进行论述、提出建议。
大量考古资料表明,川盐历史可追溯到古人类活动之初。但对现代影响最深远的,是清末太平天国运动和民国抗战时期政府发起的两次声势浩大的“川盐济楚”运动,鼎盛时仅四川一省盐税收入达到整个国税的25%,川盐成为国家经济支柱。这时期,大批外地盐商开始涌入,许多盐业古镇迅速兴起,大量盐业会馆开始兴建,在川盐古道上,出现了一批极富特色的民居聚落和传统建筑形式。
活跃在巴蜀地区的外地盐商,实力最雄厚、影响力最大的是南方的徽商和北方的山陕(山西、陕西)商人,他们带来巨额财富的同时,也带来了所在地的建造技术和建筑形式,其中民居建筑以封火墙、天井屋、斜撑挑檐最典型,而公共建筑则以遍布盐道各地的南北风格杂交的盐商会馆最有特色。本文首次以盐商活动轨迹为线索,论述了这些传统建筑形式的传承过程。
同时,盐道上还有大量的盐业遗存,如:古盐井、古盐道、盐业庙宇、盐业传说、盐业节会以及与“盐”相关的民风民俗,这些物质与非物质的文化遗产,构成了一条内容丰富、形式多样的“川盐古道”文化线路。
随着现代交通的改道,古道因其艰险,逐渐被人们遗忘。面对自然性消融、掠夺性蚕食、破坏性开发等状态,本研究旨在拯救“川盐古道”上渐已消亡的珍贵材料,分析和比较“川盐古道”上各区域的民居演变、建筑技术、构筑方式、聚落成因、营造理念,以及不同地域间文化的相互作用与影响,进而以独特的历史视角揭示古道上城镇发展的内在规律;建立“川盐古道”上相关重要聚落与典型建筑的数字档案,并对聚落和建筑提出可行的遗产保护措施。
The produce and sale history of the‘Sichuan Salt’, which had been continued for several thousands years, was shaped the Sichuan Ancient Salt Road. It enjoys the history, abroad space scope, magnitude culture influence and specific function purpose. It is important to the forming and developing of the folk residents in the boundary area of the provinces of Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou. Not only make it the series of famous and ancient town’s forming, e.g. Gongtan, Xituo, Enshi, Fenghuang, Liye etc, but also cause a set of representative buildings on the transport salt road, e.g. pothouses, temples, corridor bridges, salt merchant guild halls. It runs through a characteristic culture route. Sichuan Ancient Salt Road is the important carrier of the salt culture, also the heritance medium of architecture culture and architecture technology.
Base on a lot of field work, mapping on the ancient building, collection of the history information, for the first time, this thesis is trying to do some systemic researches on the reason of the Sichuan salt ancient road forming, transmit road, distributing of the residents, inheritance of the architecture. The author propose some way for the exploitation and protection of the Sichuan salt ancient road according to the protect idea of ICOMOS.
A lot of archaeological information shows that the history of Sichuan Salt can come back to the beginning of human activity. The TaiPin rebellion in the last period of Qing dynasty and athletics of support Sichuan Salt to Chu, which is sponsored by the government in the resist Japanese aggression battle, is the two import things to the Sichuan Salt history. They intensively affect the modern times. At the height of power and splendor, the salt revenue of Sichuan province is the quarter of the all revenue of our country. Sichuan Salt became the economy backbone of our country. In that period, a lot of salt businessman came into Sichuan from all of the country, a lot of salt ancient towns were rose up, a lot of salt assembly halls and residents with plenty characteristic and tradition architecture style were built.
Among the salt merchant from the other place to Sichuan, the most strong influences are from the provinces of Anhui, Sanxi and Shanxi. They bring with substantive fortune and the architecture technology and style of their hometown to Sichuan area. The Seal Wall, Courtyard house, Slanted Beam is the representative style of the folk residents building in these area, and the salt guild hall with the south and north architecture style, which is distributed at all the place, has the most characteristic. This thesis discusses the heritage course of the classic architecture style base the route of the salt businessmen activity, for the first time.
At the same time, there are lots of salt industral heritage left on salt road, such as ancient salt well, ancient salt road, salt temple, salt tale, salt industry fete and folk-custom about salt. All of these culture legacies in spite of material or immaterial make up of the Sichuan salt ancient road culture route which is abundant and multiform.
As the changes of modern traffic, ancient road is forgotten because of its hardships and dangers. To deal with the problems of natural changing, predatory nibbling, devastating exploitation and so on, this paper points out saving these rarity materials dying out on Sichuan salt ancient road, analyses and compares evolvement of folk housing, architecture technology, the way of building, the reason of resident, concept of constructing and the reciprocity and infection of culture in different areas of each area on Sichuan salt ancient road, so as to open out the immanent rules of the development of town on ancient road with particular historical view, establish a numerical record about important resident and typical architecture on Sichuan salt ancient road, propose feasible measures for protecting these residents and architectures.
本文在大量田野调查、古建筑测绘、史料收集的基础上,首次对“川盐古道”的形成原因、传播线路、聚落分布、建筑技术传承等展开系统研究,并结合世界遗产委员会提出的“文化线路”保护理念对川盐古道的保护与开发进行论述、提出建议。
大量考古资料表明,川盐历史可追溯到古人类活动之初。但对现代影响最深远的,是清末太平天国运动和民国抗战时期政府发起的两次声势浩大的“川盐济楚”运动,鼎盛时仅四川一省盐税收入达到整个国税的25%,川盐成为国家经济支柱。这时期,大批外地盐商开始涌入,许多盐业古镇迅速兴起,大量盐业会馆开始兴建,在川盐古道上,出现了一批极富特色的民居聚落和传统建筑形式。
活跃在巴蜀地区的外地盐商,实力最雄厚、影响力最大的是南方的徽商和北方的山陕(山西、陕西)商人,他们带来巨额财富的同时,也带来了所在地的建造技术和建筑形式,其中民居建筑以封火墙、天井屋、斜撑挑檐最典型,而公共建筑则以遍布盐道各地的南北风格杂交的盐商会馆最有特色。本文首次以盐商活动轨迹为线索,论述了这些传统建筑形式的传承过程。
同时,盐道上还有大量的盐业遗存,如:古盐井、古盐道、盐业庙宇、盐业传说、盐业节会以及与“盐”相关的民风民俗,这些物质与非物质的文化遗产,构成了一条内容丰富、形式多样的“川盐古道”文化线路。
随着现代交通的改道,古道因其艰险,逐渐被人们遗忘。面对自然性消融、掠夺性蚕食、破坏性开发等状态,本研究旨在拯救“川盐古道”上渐已消亡的珍贵材料,分析和比较“川盐古道”上各区域的民居演变、建筑技术、构筑方式、聚落成因、营造理念,以及不同地域间文化的相互作用与影响,进而以独特的历史视角揭示古道上城镇发展的内在规律;建立“川盐古道”上相关重要聚落与典型建筑的数字档案,并对聚落和建筑提出可行的遗产保护措施。
The produce and sale history of the‘Sichuan Salt’, which had been continued for several thousands years, was shaped the Sichuan Ancient Salt Road. It enjoys the history, abroad space scope, magnitude culture influence and specific function purpose. It is important to the forming and developing of the folk residents in the boundary area of the provinces of Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou. Not only make it the series of famous and ancient town’s forming, e.g. Gongtan, Xituo, Enshi, Fenghuang, Liye etc, but also cause a set of representative buildings on the transport salt road, e.g. pothouses, temples, corridor bridges, salt merchant guild halls. It runs through a characteristic culture route. Sichuan Ancient Salt Road is the important carrier of the salt culture, also the heritance medium of architecture culture and architecture technology.
Base on a lot of field work, mapping on the ancient building, collection of the history information, for the first time, this thesis is trying to do some systemic researches on the reason of the Sichuan salt ancient road forming, transmit road, distributing of the residents, inheritance of the architecture. The author propose some way for the exploitation and protection of the Sichuan salt ancient road according to the protect idea of ICOMOS.
A lot of archaeological information shows that the history of Sichuan Salt can come back to the beginning of human activity. The TaiPin rebellion in the last period of Qing dynasty and athletics of support Sichuan Salt to Chu, which is sponsored by the government in the resist Japanese aggression battle, is the two import things to the Sichuan Salt history. They intensively affect the modern times. At the height of power and splendor, the salt revenue of Sichuan province is the quarter of the all revenue of our country. Sichuan Salt became the economy backbone of our country. In that period, a lot of salt businessman came into Sichuan from all of the country, a lot of salt ancient towns were rose up, a lot of salt assembly halls and residents with plenty characteristic and tradition architecture style were built.
Among the salt merchant from the other place to Sichuan, the most strong influences are from the provinces of Anhui, Sanxi and Shanxi. They bring with substantive fortune and the architecture technology and style of their hometown to Sichuan area. The Seal Wall, Courtyard house, Slanted Beam is the representative style of the folk residents building in these area, and the salt guild hall with the south and north architecture style, which is distributed at all the place, has the most characteristic. This thesis discusses the heritage course of the classic architecture style base the route of the salt businessmen activity, for the first time.
At the same time, there are lots of salt industral heritage left on salt road, such as ancient salt well, ancient salt road, salt temple, salt tale, salt industry fete and folk-custom about salt. All of these culture legacies in spite of material or immaterial make up of the Sichuan salt ancient road culture route which is abundant and multiform.
As the changes of modern traffic, ancient road is forgotten because of its hardships and dangers. To deal with the problems of natural changing, predatory nibbling, devastating exploitation and so on, this paper points out saving these rarity materials dying out on Sichuan salt ancient road, analyses and compares evolvement of folk housing, architecture technology, the way of building, the reason of resident, concept of constructing and the reciprocity and infection of culture in different areas of each area on Sichuan salt ancient road, so as to open out the immanent rules of the development of town on ancient road with particular historical view, establish a numerical record about important resident and typical architecture on Sichuan salt ancient road, propose feasible measures for protecting these residents and architectures.
引文
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