燃气轮机冷却预旋输气系统数值研究
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摘要
冷却预旋输气系统是燃气轮机内冷却装置的重要组成部分,在冷却气体从压气机输送到涡轮叶片的过程中,由静止机匣输送到高速旋转的涡轮盘的压力损失最大。预旋输气系统的作用就是尽可能减小冷却气体在这个过程中的压力损失,并且可以降低冷却气体的温度,改善冷却效果。
预旋输气系统主要由三部分组成：稳压整流腔、预旋喷嘴和涡轮盘中的冷却气体通道。稳压整流腔的作用是将来自压气机的冷却空气混合均匀并减轻不确定的压力波动；预旋喷嘴与涡轮中静子的作用相似,气体在其中减压加速并改变方向,为进入高速旋转的涡轮盘做准备；涡轮盘中的冷却通道角度必须迎合气体的来流方向,如果不匹配就会导致压力损失的急剧增大。一个高效率的预旋输气系统需要这三个部件间的完美匹配。
本文以国内某型燃气轮机冷却预旋输气系统为原始模型,通过数值模拟来了解预旋输气系统的流场特性,探索改良的方法。本文主要完成了以下三方面的工作：
1、详细分析了预旋输气系统的物理模型并对其进行了适当的简化。建立了计算模型并数值模拟,获得了预旋系统较完整的流场分布情况而且进行了详尽的说明。
2、将数值模拟的结果同实际数据做比较,找出计算模型简化不合理的地方,尝试进行改进,使计算结果更接近真实值,并以此作为优化模型的计算基础,让数值仿真更有实用价值。
3、通过流场分析找出对阻力影响较大的部分并对其优化,计算优化模型,对其结果与未优化模型作比较,得出一些实用的结论。
Cooling air pre-swirl input system is the most important part of gas turbine cooling system. Cooling air has lost the most pressure in the course of transporting cooling air from stationary components to high-speed rotating turbine disk channel.Its function is to reduce the pressure lost as more as possible and drop the temperature of cooling air,improving cooling effect.
Pre-swirl input system mainly comprises three parts:pressure regulate cavity, pre-swirl nozzles and receive channel in turbine disk.The function of pressure regulate cavity is to mix the cooling air and lighten uncertain pressure wave from compressor.Pre-swirl nozzle is like stationary blades in turbin component.In this part,cooling air release its pressure,accelerate and change direction.The angle of receive channel in turbine disk must mach the direction of nozzle flow.There will be rapid increase of pressure loss if they're not matched.An efficient pre-swirl transport system needs the perfect match of these three components.
In this paper, a cooling air pre-swirl input system of a certain type gas turbine domestic as original model, using numerical simulation to describe the characteristics of inside flow to explore the change of structure in order to make it better. This paper is mostly complete the following three aspects:
1、Analysis the physical model of pre-swirl input system particularly and found calculation model, then conduct an appropriate simplification. The establishment of calculation model has been numerical simulate, get the entire flow field of pre-swirl input system, describe and analyze it.
2、Compare the results of numerical simulation with the actual data, identify the limitation of this numerical model. Then make improvements, to make sure that numerical simulate results closer to the actual data, and use it the foundation of the improving models, make the numerical simulation more valuable.
3、Identify the most affected part of the pressure loss through the flow field analysis, improve it. Then numerical simulate improved models, make a comparison with original model, reach a conclusion.
预旋输气系统主要由三部分组成：稳压整流腔、预旋喷嘴和涡轮盘中的冷却气体通道。稳压整流腔的作用是将来自压气机的冷却空气混合均匀并减轻不确定的压力波动；预旋喷嘴与涡轮中静子的作用相似,气体在其中减压加速并改变方向,为进入高速旋转的涡轮盘做准备；涡轮盘中的冷却通道角度必须迎合气体的来流方向,如果不匹配就会导致压力损失的急剧增大。一个高效率的预旋输气系统需要这三个部件间的完美匹配。
本文以国内某型燃气轮机冷却预旋输气系统为原始模型,通过数值模拟来了解预旋输气系统的流场特性,探索改良的方法。本文主要完成了以下三方面的工作：
1、详细分析了预旋输气系统的物理模型并对其进行了适当的简化。建立了计算模型并数值模拟,获得了预旋系统较完整的流场分布情况而且进行了详尽的说明。
2、将数值模拟的结果同实际数据做比较,找出计算模型简化不合理的地方,尝试进行改进,使计算结果更接近真实值,并以此作为优化模型的计算基础,让数值仿真更有实用价值。
3、通过流场分析找出对阻力影响较大的部分并对其优化,计算优化模型,对其结果与未优化模型作比较,得出一些实用的结论。
Cooling air pre-swirl input system is the most important part of gas turbine cooling system. Cooling air has lost the most pressure in the course of transporting cooling air from stationary components to high-speed rotating turbine disk channel.Its function is to reduce the pressure lost as more as possible and drop the temperature of cooling air,improving cooling effect.
Pre-swirl input system mainly comprises three parts:pressure regulate cavity, pre-swirl nozzles and receive channel in turbine disk.The function of pressure regulate cavity is to mix the cooling air and lighten uncertain pressure wave from compressor.Pre-swirl nozzle is like stationary blades in turbin component.In this part,cooling air release its pressure,accelerate and change direction.The angle of receive channel in turbine disk must mach the direction of nozzle flow.There will be rapid increase of pressure loss if they're not matched.An efficient pre-swirl transport system needs the perfect match of these three components.
In this paper, a cooling air pre-swirl input system of a certain type gas turbine domestic as original model, using numerical simulation to describe the characteristics of inside flow to explore the change of structure in order to make it better. This paper is mostly complete the following three aspects:
1、Analysis the physical model of pre-swirl input system particularly and found calculation model, then conduct an appropriate simplification. The establishment of calculation model has been numerical simulate, get the entire flow field of pre-swirl input system, describe and analyze it.
2、Compare the results of numerical simulation with the actual data, identify the limitation of this numerical model. Then make improvements, to make sure that numerical simulate results closer to the actual data, and use it the foundation of the improving models, make the numerical simulation more valuable.
3、Identify the most affected part of the pressure loss through the flow field analysis, improve it. Then numerical simulate improved models, make a comparison with original model, reach a conclusion.
引文
[1]赵士杭.燃气轮机结构.清华大学出版社,1983：196-202页,281-284页
[2]吉桂明,刘长和.燃气轮机的技术和应用：现状和展望.热能动力工程.2000,15(88)：339-343页
[3]丁水汀,陶智,徐国强,邱绪光.旋转盘腔冷却问题的工程评价.航空动力学报,Vol.14,No.1 Jan.1999
[4]徐国强,陶智,丁水汀,蔡毅.转—静系旋转盘流动与换热研究准则系统的确定.CSAA-2000,PC-0400学术会议：36-40页
[5]吉洪湖,张靖周,梁波.封闭转—静盘腔中紊流的数值模拟.航空动力学报,Vol.16,No.l Jan 2001:39-43页
[6]周彬,刘松龄.转盘—静盘腔内层流流动的相似分析及其N-S方程数值解.航空动力学报,Vol.9,1994:30-34页
[7]Ciu.M.M. Comparative Study of Unsteady Flow in a Transonic Centrifugal Compressor with Vaneless and Vaned Diffusers. ASME Paper No.2001.2001-GT-0297
[8]周雷声,冯青,武亚勇.旋转涡轮盘腔中等转速下内部流场分布的实验研究.推进技术,2006,24(4)：1-5页
[9]K.llillewaert, R.A.VandenBraembussche. Numerical Simulation of Impeller-Volute Interaction in Centrifugal Compressors. ASME Jurnal of Turbomachinery,1999,121(7):603-608P
[10]白洛林,冯青,刘松龄.湍流参数对复杂形状涡轮盘腔流场的数值研究.推进技术,Vol.24,No.4 Aug.,2003:1页59页,181页
[11]Courant R, Friedrichs K O, Lewy H. On the Partial difference equations of Mathematical Physics. IBM Journal, March,1967:215-234P
[12]李万平.计算流体力学.华中科技大学出版社,2004：3页
[13]苏铭德,黄素逸.计算流体力学基础.清华大学出版社,1997：53-80页
[14]杨小利.旋转涡轮盘腔系统内部流场分布的实验和计算研究.西北工业大学硕士学位论文,2005：12-16页
[15]吴江航,韩庆书.计算流体力学的理论、方法及应用.科学出版社,1988：16页
[16]王福军.计算流体动力学分析—CFD软件原理与应用.北京：清华大学出版社,2004：59-90页
[17]蔡树棠.刘宇陆.湍流理论.上海：上海交通大学出版社,1993：249页
[18]宁方飞,徐立平.Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型在内流流场数值模拟中的应用.工程热物理学报.2001,22(3)：304-306页
[19]郭鸿志.传输过程数值模拟.北京：冶金工业大学出版社,1998：62页
[20]Ayder E, Van den Braembussche R A. Numerical analysis of the three-dimensional swirling flow in centrifugal compressor volute. ASME Journal of Turbomachinery,1994,116:462-468P
[21]Fahua Gu,Abraham Engeda. A Numerical Investigation on the Volute/Diffuser Interaction Due to the Axial Distorionat the Impeller Exit. ASME Journal of Fluid Engineering.2001,128(1):123P
[22]Lax P D, Wendroff B. Systems of Conservation Laws. Communication on Pure and Applied Mathematics,1960,13:217-237P
[23]徐国强,陶智,丁水汀等.高位垂直进气旋转盘流动与换热的实验研究航空动力学报.Vol.1564-1,2000.4：50-80页
[24]F.Shi.H.Tsukamoto. Numerical Study of Pressure Fluctuations Caused by Impeller-Diffuser Interaction Diffuser Pump stage. ASME Journal of Fluid Engineering.2001,128(1):123P
[25]王美丽,周彬,刘松龄.涡轮盘腔内流动和传热的数值模拟.航空动力学报.Vol.10,4：383-38,1995：2-4页
[26]周天孝,白文.CFD多块网格生成新进展.力学进展.1999,29(3)：344-367页
[27]刘超群.多重网格及其在计算流体力学中的应用.北京：清华大学出版社.1995：1-64页.
[28]刘顺隆,郑群.计算流体力学.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社,1998：22-26页
[29]吉洪湖,张靖周,梁波.封闭转—静盘腔中紊流的数值模拟.航空动力学报,Vo1.12,2001：32-35页
[30]韩占忠,王敬,兰小平.流体工程仿真计算实例与应用.北京：北京理工大学出版社,2004：150-180页
[31]张靖周,吉洪湖,王锁芳.具有径向进出流的转一静盘腔流动与换热的数值研究.工程热物理学报,Vol-22,Su ppl37-14,2001:25-38页
[32]张兆顺,崔桂香,许春晓.湍流理论与模拟.清华大学出版社,2005：57页
[33]周雷声.带微型涡轮旋转盘腔内部流场分布的实验和计算研究.西北工业大学硕士学位论文,2006：52-67页
[34]J.O.Hinze. Turbulence. McGraw-Hill,1975:82-84P
[35]Fluent Inc. FLUENT User's Guide. Fluent Inc,2003
[36]徐国强,詹国治,丁水汀等.高位垂直进气转—静系旋转盘流动与换热计算.推进技术,Vol.21,4：40,2006：18-23页
[37]孙纪宁,陶智,丁水汀.高位进气、径向出流的旋转腔内流动与换热的数值研究.航空动力学报,Vol.17,pp586-59,2002.12:15-22页
[38]李洪.机械工程标准手册：密封与润滑卷.中国标准出版社,2003：231-258页
[39]Vol.21,No.5,pp42-44,2000.10:8-13 页
[40]王新月.气体动力学基础.西北工业大学出版社,2006：82页
[41]Tarek Meakhail. A Study of Impeller-Diffuser-Volute Interaction in a Centrifugal Fan, ASME Paper No.2001.2001-GT-0297
[42]P.Rollet-Miet, D.Laurence, J.Ferziger. LES and RANS of turbulent flow in tube bundles. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow.1999, 20(3); 241-254P
[43]J.O.Hinze. Turbulence. McGraw-Hill Book Company.1975:47-49P
[44]Kolmogorov A N. Turbulent flow equations of incompressible fluid. Bulletin of Academic of Science of Soviet Union, Physics Series, 1942,6:56-58P
[45]蔡树棠,刘宇陆.湍流理论.上海交通大学出版社,1993：145-152页
[46]朱子强等.应用计算流体力学.北京航空航天大学出版社,1998：127页
[47]S.V. Patanker, D.B.Spalding. A calculation process for heat, mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows. Heat Mass Transfer,1972,15:1787-1806P
[2]吉桂明,刘长和.燃气轮机的技术和应用：现状和展望.热能动力工程.2000,15(88)：339-343页
[3]丁水汀,陶智,徐国强,邱绪光.旋转盘腔冷却问题的工程评价.航空动力学报,Vol.14,No.1 Jan.1999
[4]徐国强,陶智,丁水汀,蔡毅.转—静系旋转盘流动与换热研究准则系统的确定.CSAA-2000,PC-0400学术会议：36-40页
[5]吉洪湖,张靖周,梁波.封闭转—静盘腔中紊流的数值模拟.航空动力学报,Vol.16,No.l Jan 2001:39-43页
[6]周彬,刘松龄.转盘—静盘腔内层流流动的相似分析及其N-S方程数值解.航空动力学报,Vol.9,1994:30-34页
[7]Ciu.M.M. Comparative Study of Unsteady Flow in a Transonic Centrifugal Compressor with Vaneless and Vaned Diffusers. ASME Paper No.2001.2001-GT-0297
[8]周雷声,冯青,武亚勇.旋转涡轮盘腔中等转速下内部流场分布的实验研究.推进技术,2006,24(4)：1-5页
[9]K.llillewaert, R.A.VandenBraembussche. Numerical Simulation of Impeller-Volute Interaction in Centrifugal Compressors. ASME Jurnal of Turbomachinery,1999,121(7):603-608P
[10]白洛林,冯青,刘松龄.湍流参数对复杂形状涡轮盘腔流场的数值研究.推进技术,Vol.24,No.4 Aug.,2003:1页59页,181页
[11]Courant R, Friedrichs K O, Lewy H. On the Partial difference equations of Mathematical Physics. IBM Journal, March,1967:215-234P
[12]李万平.计算流体力学.华中科技大学出版社,2004：3页
[13]苏铭德,黄素逸.计算流体力学基础.清华大学出版社,1997：53-80页
[14]杨小利.旋转涡轮盘腔系统内部流场分布的实验和计算研究.西北工业大学硕士学位论文,2005：12-16页
[15]吴江航,韩庆书.计算流体力学的理论、方法及应用.科学出版社,1988：16页
[16]王福军.计算流体动力学分析—CFD软件原理与应用.北京：清华大学出版社,2004：59-90页
[17]蔡树棠.刘宇陆.湍流理论.上海：上海交通大学出版社,1993：249页
[18]宁方飞,徐立平.Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型在内流流场数值模拟中的应用.工程热物理学报.2001,22(3)：304-306页
[19]郭鸿志.传输过程数值模拟.北京：冶金工业大学出版社,1998：62页
[20]Ayder E, Van den Braembussche R A. Numerical analysis of the three-dimensional swirling flow in centrifugal compressor volute. ASME Journal of Turbomachinery,1994,116:462-468P
[21]Fahua Gu,Abraham Engeda. A Numerical Investigation on the Volute/Diffuser Interaction Due to the Axial Distorionat the Impeller Exit. ASME Journal of Fluid Engineering.2001,128(1):123P
[22]Lax P D, Wendroff B. Systems of Conservation Laws. Communication on Pure and Applied Mathematics,1960,13:217-237P
[23]徐国强,陶智,丁水汀等.高位垂直进气旋转盘流动与换热的实验研究航空动力学报.Vol.1564-1,2000.4：50-80页
[24]F.Shi.H.Tsukamoto. Numerical Study of Pressure Fluctuations Caused by Impeller-Diffuser Interaction Diffuser Pump stage. ASME Journal of Fluid Engineering.2001,128(1):123P
[25]王美丽,周彬,刘松龄.涡轮盘腔内流动和传热的数值模拟.航空动力学报.Vol.10,4：383-38,1995：2-4页
[26]周天孝,白文.CFD多块网格生成新进展.力学进展.1999,29(3)：344-367页
[27]刘超群.多重网格及其在计算流体力学中的应用.北京：清华大学出版社.1995：1-64页.
[28]刘顺隆,郑群.计算流体力学.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社,1998：22-26页
[29]吉洪湖,张靖周,梁波.封闭转—静盘腔中紊流的数值模拟.航空动力学报,Vo1.12,2001：32-35页
[30]韩占忠,王敬,兰小平.流体工程仿真计算实例与应用.北京：北京理工大学出版社,2004：150-180页
[31]张靖周,吉洪湖,王锁芳.具有径向进出流的转一静盘腔流动与换热的数值研究.工程热物理学报,Vol-22,Su ppl37-14,2001:25-38页
[32]张兆顺,崔桂香,许春晓.湍流理论与模拟.清华大学出版社,2005：57页
[33]周雷声.带微型涡轮旋转盘腔内部流场分布的实验和计算研究.西北工业大学硕士学位论文,2006：52-67页
[34]J.O.Hinze. Turbulence. McGraw-Hill,1975:82-84P
[35]Fluent Inc. FLUENT User's Guide. Fluent Inc,2003
[36]徐国强,詹国治,丁水汀等.高位垂直进气转—静系旋转盘流动与换热计算.推进技术,Vol.21,4：40,2006：18-23页
[37]孙纪宁,陶智,丁水汀.高位进气、径向出流的旋转腔内流动与换热的数值研究.航空动力学报,Vol.17,pp586-59,2002.12:15-22页
[38]李洪.机械工程标准手册：密封与润滑卷.中国标准出版社,2003：231-258页
[39]Vol.21,No.5,pp42-44,2000.10:8-13 页
[40]王新月.气体动力学基础.西北工业大学出版社,2006：82页
[41]Tarek Meakhail. A Study of Impeller-Diffuser-Volute Interaction in a Centrifugal Fan, ASME Paper No.2001.2001-GT-0297
[42]P.Rollet-Miet, D.Laurence, J.Ferziger. LES and RANS of turbulent flow in tube bundles. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow.1999, 20(3); 241-254P
[43]J.O.Hinze. Turbulence. McGraw-Hill Book Company.1975:47-49P
[44]Kolmogorov A N. Turbulent flow equations of incompressible fluid. Bulletin of Academic of Science of Soviet Union, Physics Series, 1942,6:56-58P
[45]蔡树棠,刘宇陆.湍流理论.上海交通大学出版社,1993：145-152页
[46]朱子强等.应用计算流体力学.北京航空航天大学出版社,1998：127页
[47]S.V. Patanker, D.B.Spalding. A calculation process for heat, mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows. Heat Mass Transfer,1972,15:1787-1806P
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