新疆阿尔泰玛因鄂博断裂带两侧后碰撞花岗岩类的年代学、岩石学和地球化学研究
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摘要
阿尔泰造山带是中亚造山带的重要组成部分,在地质上以发育花岗岩、花岗伟晶岩及其有关的稀有、白云母及其他金属矿产而著称。阿尔泰地区的花岗岩类分布广泛、岩石类型复杂,前人对其作过较多的工作,但对后碰撞花岗岩研究较少,本文选择玛因鄂博断裂带两侧的后碰撞花岗进行了同位素年代学、岩石学、地球化学研究,是对阿尔泰花岗岩类研究的一个重要补充,对认识整个造山带的构造演化及其与成矿的关系有着重要意义。
本文在对玛因鄂博断裂带两侧地质填图的基础上,选择了5个代表性岩体进行了详细的野外地质和岩石学研究,并进行了全岩Rb-Sr等时线和锆石U-PbSHRIMP年代学研究,以确定后碰撞花岗岩的形成时代,并对后碰撞过程提供约束条件。研究结果表明,处于玛因鄂博断裂以南的乌图布拉克岩体主要由花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩组成,并有少量石英闪长岩和花岗岩分布于岩体边部。其全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为334±6Ma ;阿热勒托别岩体位于玛因鄂博断裂南侧,由二长花岗岩组成,其全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为300±8.7Ma;哈旦逊岩体处于玛因鄂博断裂以南,由二长岩、石英二长岩以及辉长岩、闪长岩、二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩组成。二长岩中锆石U-PbSHRIMP年龄为289.5±3.6Ma,Rb-Sr全岩及单矿物等时线年龄为281±14Ma;玛因鄂博岩体位于玛因鄂博断裂带北侧,由英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩组成,以含有较多黑云母(15%左右),具片麻状构造,发育有堇青石、矽线石、电气石等矿物为特征,其锆石U-PbSHRIMP年龄为283±4Ma;查干水库岩体位于玛因鄂博断裂北侧,主要由英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩组成,见有少量闪长岩和辉长岩。以含有较多黑云母(15%左右),发育似斑状结构为特征。其锆石U-PbSHRIMP年龄为277.2±3.2Ma。结合区域资料分析,玛因鄂博断裂带两侧的岩浆侵入活动主要发生于后碰撞环境,分别代表了后碰撞阶段的不同时期。乌图布拉克岩体为后碰撞阶段岩浆活动早期的产物;阿热勒托别岩体形成于后碰撞中期;玛因鄂博岩体、哈旦逊岩体和查干水库岩体形成于后碰撞晚期。
地球化学研究结果表明,玛因鄂博带两侧后碰撞花岗岩大多为高钾钙碱性,富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,具轻稀土富集的稀土分配模式。但该断裂两侧后碰撞花岗岩具有明显不同的地球化学特征。该断裂以南的乌图布拉克岩体、哈旦逊岩体和阿热勒托别岩体均具有钙碱性向碱性过渡的岩石化学特征,岩石成因类型以I-A型为主,具有低的Sr同位素初始比值、正的εNd(T)值以及较年轻的Nd模式年龄。乌图布拉克岩体和哈旦逊岩体的εNd(T)值为+4.46～+6.58, Nd模式年龄为0.55～0.74Ga,反映年轻幔源物质对岩体的重要贡献;阿热勒托别岩体的εNd(T)值为+2. 6～+3.2,Nd模式年龄为0.9Ga左右,推测其源岩可能来自年轻的基性下地壳(“新生地壳”),并可能有古老地壳物质的混染;玛因鄂博断裂带以北的玛因鄂博岩体和查干水库岩体为高钾钙碱性岩,岩石成因类型分别为S型和I-S型。玛因鄂博岩体具有低的SiO_2、CaO、Ba、Sr、Nb、P_2O_5、Al_2O_3/TiO_2比值及高MgO、FeO(T)、Cr、Ni、TiO_2、REE(∑REE=126.8～218.11×10-6)等特征,富集轻稀土((La/Yb)_N=5～11),具有中等的Eu负异常(δEu=0.52～0.74),具有高的A/CNK值(>1.1)和低的Al2O3/TiO2,为高温型强过铝花岗岩。其Sr同位素初始比值为0.70626～0.70900,负的ε_(Nd)(T)值(-0.3～-3.5)和较老的Nd模式年龄(1.2～2.2 Ga),其源岩主要为古老地壳物质,但有地幔物质的参与。
在本次研究的基础上,结合区域资料分析,确定了阿尔泰后碰撞花岗岩的成因类型为I型、A型、S型及I-A型和I-S型,从而大大丰富了阿尔泰后碰撞花岗岩的成因类型。特别是玛因鄂博高温型强过铝花岗岩的发现,为阿尔泰造山带乃至中亚造山带后碰撞时期提供了一种新的岩石成因类型和成岩方式。
对玛因鄂博断裂带两侧后碰撞花岗岩代表性岩体全面系统的研究表明,该断裂两侧后碰撞花岗岩在形成时代、规模产状、岩石类型、成因类型及地球化学特征和岩体的变形改造等方面均存在明显的差异,反映了其源岩、成岩方式的不同,为确定该断裂的性质及活动演化历史提供了重要的资料。研究区后碰撞花岗岩是在后碰撞伸展背景下形成的,导致源岩熔融形成岩浆所需的大量的热主要来源于玄武质岩浆的底侵作用,并有玄武质岩浆直接参与了岩体的形成,因而存在一定程度的地壳垂上增生。岩浆底侵作用是阿尔泰后碰撞花岗形成的重要机制。
The Altay orogenic belt, an important part of the Central Asia Orogenic Blet (CAOB), is famous for it voluminous granites, pegmatite and muscovite and rare mental deposits. The granites in Altay area include complicated rock types and have been well studied. However, only limited data have been reported on the post-orogenic granites in Altay. In this thesis, the geochronologic, petrologic and geochemical data of the post-orogenic granites along the Mayinebo fault zone (MFZ) in the eastern Altay are presented. They will provide a key constraints on the tectonic evolution and minerlization in Altay.
Based on the geological mapping, field observation, petrologic and geochemical stuidies, Rb-Sr isochron and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating were carried out for five plutons along the MFZ in order to place constraints on the post orogenic tectonic evolution. The Wutubulake pluton at the south of MFZ is mainly composed of granodiorite and monzonitic granite with minor diorite distributed along the margin of the pluton. Whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron dating on it yields an age of 334±6Ma, whereas the whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron dating on the Areletuobie pluton (mainly composed of monzonitic granite) at the south of MFZ is obtained an age of 300±8.7Ma. The Hadeson pluton, outcropping to the south of Mayinebo falut zone consists of monzonite, quartz monzonite, gabbro, diorite monzonitic granite and K-feldspar granite. A zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating from the monzonite gives the best estimate a crystallized age of 289.5±3.6Ma, which is consistant with a Rb-Sr isochron age of 281±14Ma, determined by whole rocks and minerals. Two representative plutons at the north of MFZ are chosen for the dating. The first one is Mayinebo pluton, including diorite, granodiorite and monzonitic granite, all of which appear gneiss-like structure, and contain some typical Al-riched minerals such as cordierite, tourmaline and sillimanite. Some rocks contain biotite up to 15% in volume. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating gives an average age of 283±4 Ma. The other one, Chaergan pluton, consists of diorite, granodiorite and monzonitic granite with minor gabbro. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age yields the best crystallized age of 277.2±3.2Ma. In summary, the dating results suggest that the granites along MFZ mainly formed in post-collisional episodes if we consider the regional tectonic evolution.
Major and trace element compositions show that the granites along MFZ are of high K calc-alkaline affinities. They are characterized by enrichment in LILE and LREE. Nevertheless, these granites exhibit distinct geochemical characteristics. For examples, the Wutubulake, Hadeson and Aretuobie plutons at the south of MFZ display the similar evolution trend, i.e., from calc-alkaline to alkaline, and their rock types are I-A types. They have relatively low initial Sr isotopic ratios and positiveε_(Nd)(t) values and juvenile Nd model ages. All geochemical characteristics imply that they are likely generated by partial melting of a juvenile mafic lower crust and variable basaltic materials derived from the mantle. The granites at the north of MFZ, the Mayinebo and Chaergan plutons, are also of high K cal-alkaline affinities. On the diagram of I-S classification, they belong to S type and I-S type, respectively. The Mayinebo pluton has relatively low SiO_2, CaO, Ba, Sr, Nb, P_2O_5, with Al_2O_3/TiO_2 ratio, and relatively high A/CNK values, MgO, total FeO(T), Cr, Ni, TiO2, REE(∑REE=126.8～218.11×10-6) concentrations, they are enriched in LREE with (La/Yb)_N=5-11,δEu=0.52-0.74. These features are consistent with those of the high-temperature strong-aluminous granites. It has negativeε_(Nd)(t) values (-0.3 to -3.5)and relatively older Nd model ages(1.2～2.2 Ga). Thus,it can be inferred that it was mainly derived from partial melting of the old crust with variable amounts of magmas derived from mantle.
In combination with the previous studies on regional geology, it can be concluded that the rock type of the post-orogenic granites along the MFZ include I, A, S and I-S types. Those studies expand the rock types of the post-collisional granites in the Altay area. Moreover, the definition of the Mayinebo high-temperature strong-aluminous granites, provides a new type of the post-collisional granites in the Altay area and even in CAOB.
本文在对玛因鄂博断裂带两侧地质填图的基础上,选择了5个代表性岩体进行了详细的野外地质和岩石学研究,并进行了全岩Rb-Sr等时线和锆石U-PbSHRIMP年代学研究,以确定后碰撞花岗岩的形成时代,并对后碰撞过程提供约束条件。研究结果表明,处于玛因鄂博断裂以南的乌图布拉克岩体主要由花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩组成,并有少量石英闪长岩和花岗岩分布于岩体边部。其全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为334±6Ma ;阿热勒托别岩体位于玛因鄂博断裂南侧,由二长花岗岩组成,其全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为300±8.7Ma;哈旦逊岩体处于玛因鄂博断裂以南,由二长岩、石英二长岩以及辉长岩、闪长岩、二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩组成。二长岩中锆石U-PbSHRIMP年龄为289.5±3.6Ma,Rb-Sr全岩及单矿物等时线年龄为281±14Ma;玛因鄂博岩体位于玛因鄂博断裂带北侧,由英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩组成,以含有较多黑云母(15%左右),具片麻状构造,发育有堇青石、矽线石、电气石等矿物为特征,其锆石U-PbSHRIMP年龄为283±4Ma;查干水库岩体位于玛因鄂博断裂北侧,主要由英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩组成,见有少量闪长岩和辉长岩。以含有较多黑云母(15%左右),发育似斑状结构为特征。其锆石U-PbSHRIMP年龄为277.2±3.2Ma。结合区域资料分析,玛因鄂博断裂带两侧的岩浆侵入活动主要发生于后碰撞环境,分别代表了后碰撞阶段的不同时期。乌图布拉克岩体为后碰撞阶段岩浆活动早期的产物;阿热勒托别岩体形成于后碰撞中期;玛因鄂博岩体、哈旦逊岩体和查干水库岩体形成于后碰撞晚期。
地球化学研究结果表明,玛因鄂博带两侧后碰撞花岗岩大多为高钾钙碱性,富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,具轻稀土富集的稀土分配模式。但该断裂两侧后碰撞花岗岩具有明显不同的地球化学特征。该断裂以南的乌图布拉克岩体、哈旦逊岩体和阿热勒托别岩体均具有钙碱性向碱性过渡的岩石化学特征,岩石成因类型以I-A型为主,具有低的Sr同位素初始比值、正的εNd(T)值以及较年轻的Nd模式年龄。乌图布拉克岩体和哈旦逊岩体的εNd(T)值为+4.46～+6.58, Nd模式年龄为0.55～0.74Ga,反映年轻幔源物质对岩体的重要贡献;阿热勒托别岩体的εNd(T)值为+2. 6～+3.2,Nd模式年龄为0.9Ga左右,推测其源岩可能来自年轻的基性下地壳(“新生地壳”),并可能有古老地壳物质的混染;玛因鄂博断裂带以北的玛因鄂博岩体和查干水库岩体为高钾钙碱性岩,岩石成因类型分别为S型和I-S型。玛因鄂博岩体具有低的SiO_2、CaO、Ba、Sr、Nb、P_2O_5、Al_2O_3/TiO_2比值及高MgO、FeO(T)、Cr、Ni、TiO_2、REE(∑REE=126.8～218.11×10-6)等特征,富集轻稀土((La/Yb)_N=5～11),具有中等的Eu负异常(δEu=0.52～0.74),具有高的A/CNK值(>1.1)和低的Al2O3/TiO2,为高温型强过铝花岗岩。其Sr同位素初始比值为0.70626～0.70900,负的ε_(Nd)(T)值(-0.3～-3.5)和较老的Nd模式年龄(1.2～2.2 Ga),其源岩主要为古老地壳物质,但有地幔物质的参与。
在本次研究的基础上,结合区域资料分析,确定了阿尔泰后碰撞花岗岩的成因类型为I型、A型、S型及I-A型和I-S型,从而大大丰富了阿尔泰后碰撞花岗岩的成因类型。特别是玛因鄂博高温型强过铝花岗岩的发现,为阿尔泰造山带乃至中亚造山带后碰撞时期提供了一种新的岩石成因类型和成岩方式。
对玛因鄂博断裂带两侧后碰撞花岗岩代表性岩体全面系统的研究表明,该断裂两侧后碰撞花岗岩在形成时代、规模产状、岩石类型、成因类型及地球化学特征和岩体的变形改造等方面均存在明显的差异,反映了其源岩、成岩方式的不同,为确定该断裂的性质及活动演化历史提供了重要的资料。研究区后碰撞花岗岩是在后碰撞伸展背景下形成的,导致源岩熔融形成岩浆所需的大量的热主要来源于玄武质岩浆的底侵作用,并有玄武质岩浆直接参与了岩体的形成,因而存在一定程度的地壳垂上增生。岩浆底侵作用是阿尔泰后碰撞花岗形成的重要机制。
The Altay orogenic belt, an important part of the Central Asia Orogenic Blet (CAOB), is famous for it voluminous granites, pegmatite and muscovite and rare mental deposits. The granites in Altay area include complicated rock types and have been well studied. However, only limited data have been reported on the post-orogenic granites in Altay. In this thesis, the geochronologic, petrologic and geochemical data of the post-orogenic granites along the Mayinebo fault zone (MFZ) in the eastern Altay are presented. They will provide a key constraints on the tectonic evolution and minerlization in Altay.
Based on the geological mapping, field observation, petrologic and geochemical stuidies, Rb-Sr isochron and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating were carried out for five plutons along the MFZ in order to place constraints on the post orogenic tectonic evolution. The Wutubulake pluton at the south of MFZ is mainly composed of granodiorite and monzonitic granite with minor diorite distributed along the margin of the pluton. Whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron dating on it yields an age of 334±6Ma, whereas the whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron dating on the Areletuobie pluton (mainly composed of monzonitic granite) at the south of MFZ is obtained an age of 300±8.7Ma. The Hadeson pluton, outcropping to the south of Mayinebo falut zone consists of monzonite, quartz monzonite, gabbro, diorite monzonitic granite and K-feldspar granite. A zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating from the monzonite gives the best estimate a crystallized age of 289.5±3.6Ma, which is consistant with a Rb-Sr isochron age of 281±14Ma, determined by whole rocks and minerals. Two representative plutons at the north of MFZ are chosen for the dating. The first one is Mayinebo pluton, including diorite, granodiorite and monzonitic granite, all of which appear gneiss-like structure, and contain some typical Al-riched minerals such as cordierite, tourmaline and sillimanite. Some rocks contain biotite up to 15% in volume. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating gives an average age of 283±4 Ma. The other one, Chaergan pluton, consists of diorite, granodiorite and monzonitic granite with minor gabbro. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age yields the best crystallized age of 277.2±3.2Ma. In summary, the dating results suggest that the granites along MFZ mainly formed in post-collisional episodes if we consider the regional tectonic evolution.
Major and trace element compositions show that the granites along MFZ are of high K calc-alkaline affinities. They are characterized by enrichment in LILE and LREE. Nevertheless, these granites exhibit distinct geochemical characteristics. For examples, the Wutubulake, Hadeson and Aretuobie plutons at the south of MFZ display the similar evolution trend, i.e., from calc-alkaline to alkaline, and their rock types are I-A types. They have relatively low initial Sr isotopic ratios and positiveε_(Nd)(t) values and juvenile Nd model ages. All geochemical characteristics imply that they are likely generated by partial melting of a juvenile mafic lower crust and variable basaltic materials derived from the mantle. The granites at the north of MFZ, the Mayinebo and Chaergan plutons, are also of high K cal-alkaline affinities. On the diagram of I-S classification, they belong to S type and I-S type, respectively. The Mayinebo pluton has relatively low SiO_2, CaO, Ba, Sr, Nb, P_2O_5, with Al_2O_3/TiO_2 ratio, and relatively high A/CNK values, MgO, total FeO(T), Cr, Ni, TiO2, REE(∑REE=126.8～218.11×10-6) concentrations, they are enriched in LREE with (La/Yb)_N=5-11,δEu=0.52-0.74. These features are consistent with those of the high-temperature strong-aluminous granites. It has negativeε_(Nd)(t) values (-0.3 to -3.5)and relatively older Nd model ages(1.2～2.2 Ga). Thus,it can be inferred that it was mainly derived from partial melting of the old crust with variable amounts of magmas derived from mantle.
In combination with the previous studies on regional geology, it can be concluded that the rock type of the post-orogenic granites along the MFZ include I, A, S and I-S types. Those studies expand the rock types of the post-collisional granites in the Altay area. Moreover, the definition of the Mayinebo high-temperature strong-aluminous granites, provides a new type of the post-collisional granites in the Altay area and even in CAOB.
引文
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