不同灌溉方式对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质形成及水分利用效率的调控效应
摘要
试验于2009-2011年在山东省泰安市山东农业大学实验农场进行。供试材料为强筋小麦品种藁城8901（GC8901）和济麦20（JM20）。底墒水条件下设置灌3水（冬前水、拔节水和灌浆水）、2水（冬前水与拔节水）、1水（拔节水）和不灌水（CK）；灌溉方式分别采取传统灌溉和隔畦灌溉、交替灌溉两种节水灌溉方式，主要研究了三种灌溉方式对籽粒产量、品质、水分利用效率及面团流变学特性的影响，结果如下：
1不同灌溉方式对冬小麦籽粒产量及产量组成的影响
三种灌溉方式下GC8901和JM20灌水处理的籽粒产量高于不灌水处理。常规灌溉方式的产量随灌溉频次的增加先增加后降低。灌2水（2T）的产量最高。隔畦灌溉和交替灌溉均以3水产量最高，年际间出现差异，2010年的产量高于2009年。三种灌溉方式的最高产量比较：GC8901与常规灌溉比较，交替灌溉相差-2.26%和-3.60%，隔畦灌溉相差-3.96%和-12.61%；JM20交替灌溉相差0.36%和-4.61%，隔畦灌溉相差-10.84%和-3.17%。两品种交替灌溉方式优于隔畦灌溉。
分析产量形成的穗数、穗粒数和千粒重，不灌水处理千粒重偏高，穗数与穗粒数少是导致产量低的原因。水分处理的灌水均增加了小麦的穗数与穗粒数。增加灌浆水降低了千粒重。
2不同灌溉方式对冬小麦各生理指标的影响
开花后旗叶光合速率呈现先上升后下降趋势。11-17天各处理的光合速率值高于其它时期。花30天左右光合速率降至最低。前期的光合速率高于后期的光合速率。各处理中，两品种CK光合速率明显低于其它处理，灌水增加了光合速率，尤其增加了后期的光合速率。
济麦20处理之间的旗叶光合速率彼此差异明显。随灌水频次增加后期的光合速率差异明显突出。与灌水频次呈正相关。其中3A与3T、2T在后期的光合速率出现的峰值差别不明显，后期光合速率下降也相一致。
藁称8901开花后旗叶光合速率17天到达峰值，以后旗叶的光合速率急剧下降。不灌水处理CK旗叶光合速率显著低于其他处理旗叶光合速率，各灌水处理的旗叶光合速率之间差异不显著。叶绿素变化趋势与光合速率相似。
水势随着灌水频次的增加而增高，17-23天由于灌溉，水势升高。成熟期两品种水势值均为最低。济麦20各灌水处理之间水势差异不显著；藁城8901水势随灌水频次增加趋势明显于济麦20，水势低于济麦20，说明藁城8901的叶水势诊断水分亏缺敏感，可以作为合适的度量水势高低的指示小麦品种。
3不同灌溉方式对冬小麦土壤各土层含水量的影响
三种灌溉方式下土壤含水量在拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期依次降低，成熟期达到最低点。隔畦灌溉和交替灌溉的灌溉畦和非灌溉畦在0-100cm土层出现水分侧渗，侧渗范围隔畦灌溉为-0.22-3.79%,交替灌溉为-0.21-3.29%。灌浆期0-200cm土层土壤含水量在0-140cm各土层，土壤水分含量比拔节期明显降低，灌溉处理高于不灌溉CK，处理T、I和A之间差值很小。各处理在拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期的0-100cm土层的含水量变化比100-200cm土层含水量变化明显，其中3I和3A之间差异小，在拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期保存了相近的土壤含水量。
4不同灌溉方式对冬小麦土壤各土层硝态氮的影响
水分作为硝态氮的载体，影响着硝态氮在土壤各土层的分布。2009-2010年降水均匀，常规灌溉藁城8901和济麦20各土层硝态氮在拔节期和灌浆期呈现逐渐降低，在80-120cm之间降至最低，然后升高，拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期，0-100cm下降明显，100-200cm变化不明显，灌溉促进了0-100cm土层硝态氮的下降幅度。灌浆期100-200cm土层出现硝态氮向上运移。2010-2011年0-200cm土层硝态氮变化趋势与2009-2010年不同：硝态氮含量在0-200cm之间先升高后降低再升高。2010-2011年80-120cm之间降低最明显，100-200cm呈上升趋势，呈“V”型。常规灌溉硝态氮下移深度达160cm-180cm，增加了淋溶风险。隔畦灌溉和交替灌溉的灌水畦和非灌水畦的硝态氮向下运移了60cm-100cm，降低了硝态氮淋溶到深层的风险。
两品种在拔节期和灌浆期出现硝态氮向上运移现象。
5不同灌溉方式对藁城8901和JM20水分利用效率的影响
两生长季两品种均以对照CK的含水量最低，水资源全部依靠降水和土壤水，两者所占比例也最高，最大限度了利用了自然降水和土壤水资源。各灌溉方式随灌水量的增加所占比例增加，自然降水利用率降低，土壤供水量比例减少。2009-2010年与2010-2011年常规灌溉处理3T土壤供水量分别占总耗水量的18.14%和18.96%。耗水量值最高，自然降水利用率占比例最低，灌溉水利用率占比例最高。灌水量比例占总耗水量的比例分别为50.57%和47.19%。减少了对自然降水和土壤水的利用。而隔畦灌溉和交替灌溉的灌水、自然降水的利用效率高。
两年的降水情况不一致，降水量差异不显著，比较中看出，交替灌溉3A处理耗水量最低，3A处理比3T、2T和3I处理下GC8901和JM20对降水和土壤水的利用率高。
隔畦灌溉和交替灌溉各处理的产量随灌水量增加而增加。3A处理的产量高于3I处理，土壤水、灌溉水、降水和水分利用效率均高于3I处理，而且土壤耗水量低于3I处理，保存了土壤中的水分。两者比较，交替灌溉方式优于隔畦灌溉。
比较常规灌溉2T处理和交替灌溉3A处理，连续两生长季，3A处理产量均略低于2T处理，耗水量3A＜2T，土壤水、灌溉水、降水和水分利用效率均高于2T处理，3A处理由于减少灌溉面积，对灌溉水、降水和土壤水的利用率提高，节约了水分。所以，3A处理为节水栽培的优化种植模式。可见，灌溉方式和灌溉时期对籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响效应不同。
6不同水分处理对藁城8901和JM20品质的影响
6.1不同水分处理对小麦谷蛋白大聚合体粒度分布的影响
适量灌水显著增加了小麦籽粒中GMP含量。随灌水次数的增加，两个品种籽粒GMP含量均呈现增加趋势；但是继续增加灌水次数，小麦籽粒GMP含量则下降。不同灌水处理能够显著影响小麦籽粒GMP颗粒粒径分布，适量灌水能够显著提高大、中体积颗粒所占总体积比例，降低<10μm颗粒所占总表面积比例，提高>10μm颗粒数目比例。提升谷蛋白的聚合作用，利于高聚物的进一步聚合，促进大颗粒GMP的形成，干旱和过多灌水均不利于小麦籽粒GMP的积累和聚合成大的颗粒。
6.2不同水分处理对小麦籽粒品质的影响
随灌水频次增加，面团形成时间和面团稳定时间、面包体积和面包总评分均呈现先增加后降低的趋势。其中面包体积、最长面团形成时间和面团稳定时间均在灌2水（越冬水和拔节水）时达到最优，且与其它灌水处理差异显著。表明适宜的灌水有利于多项加工品质指标的改善，有利于面团形成时间和稳定时间的提高，改善籽粒品质；不灌水处理CK和3T处理缩短面团稳定时间，使小麦品质变劣。灌水对吸水率无显著影响。
试验结果表明，适当灌水可以使籽粒产量和品质同步提高。土壤水分含量过多或过少均不利于籽粒产量的提高，而且导致籽粒营养品质和加工品质下降，适宜的土壤水分含量既可增加产量，又可改善品质。这与王月福等（王月福，2002）研究结果相一致。
6.3小麦GMP粒径分布与籽粒品质参数间的相关关系
面团形成时间和稳定时间均与<10μm和10-100μm和谷蛋白大聚合体颗粒体积百分比均呈显著或者极显著负相关，与>100μm谷蛋白大聚合体颗粒体积百分比呈极显著正相关；面包体积<10μm、10-100μm和谷蛋白大聚合体颗粒体积百分比均呈显著或者极显著负相关，与>100μm谷蛋白大聚合体颗粒体积百分比呈极显著正相关；表明大粒径谷蛋白大聚合体颗粒具有较长的面团形成时间和面团稳定时间以及较大的面包体积。
The research were conducted from2009to2011at experimental farm of Shandong Agricul-tural University，Shandong Province. The materials were Jimai20(JM20) and Gaocheng8901(GC8901), which were winter wheat varieties with strong gluten. In whole growing periodwith snowing irrigation, setting irrigation treatments: irrigation3times (before winter, joint-ing and grouting),2times (before winter and jointing),1time (jointing) and non-irrigation(CK), and setting irrigation modes: the traditional irrigation, interval-border irrigation andalternative irrigation. Under different irrigation modes, the effects of wheat grain yield,quality, water use efficiency and dough characteristics are studied. The results are shown asfollows:
1Effects on winter wheat grain yield and grain yield components of different irrigationmodes
The grain yield of GC8901and JM20with water treatment was higher than no rrigation bythree irrigation modes.With increasing times of irrigation, the grain yields of traditionalirrigation treatments were noted to be increased first but decreased then, in which of themwere the best when irrigated twice (2T). In two irrigation modes, the grain yield of treatments3A and3I were the highest, the difference appeared with annual precipitation, Yield washigher in2010-2011,
Compared with the highest grain yield of three irrigation modes, the grain yield of the al-ternating irrigation of GC8901was-2.26%and-3.60%less than that of the traditional irriga-tion;-3.96%and-12.61%of interval-border irrigation less than the highest grain yield oftraditional irrigation. the grain yield of the alternating irrigation of JM20was0.36%and-4.61%less than that of the traditional irrigation;-10.84%and-3.17%of interval-border irrig-ation less than the highest grain yield of traditional irrigaion. Two varieties of alternatingirrigation was superior to interval-border irrigation
Yield by alternating irrigation was higher than interval-border irrigation of GC8901withtwo growing season. the same as JM20in2009-2010, but it was similar by two modes in2010-2011. Yield was difference by different irrigation modes on two cultivars
Yield conponents were formed by Spike number, Kernel numbers and Weight per1000kernels. The weight per1000kernels with no irrigation was highest.while spike number andkernel numbers were least, these were the cause of low yield. Water irrigation increased them.
2Effects on winter wheat various physiological indicator by different irrigation modes
Flag leaf photosynthetic rate were noted to be increased first but decreased then after anthe-sis. The photosynthetic was higher in11-17days than the other times. And decreased thelowest about30after anthesis, and was higher in early than the late. Photosynthetic rateincreased by irrigation, especiarly the late.
Flag leaf photosynthetic rate of JM20were difference each other.especialy the late. Thephotosynthetic rate was positive correlation.With increasing irrigation frequency. The peak ofphotosynthetic rate of3A,3I and2T were no difference, and decreased consistently.
The peak of photosynthetic rate of GC890117after anthesis, and dropped sharply. Therewere nodifference with diff erent irrigation levels. Chlorophyll was similar to photosynthe-sis.
The trend of flag leaf water potential increased with the irrigation frequency.and the lowestin mature stage. The potential increased of GC8901was obviously than JM20, this wasindicated that GC8901was sensitively with water deficity.3Effects on winter wheat soil moisture change by different irrigation modes
The soil moisture change in joining stage, filling stage and mature stage reduced in turnlby three irrigation modes, reached its lowest point in mature stage. It was found that water canleak from irrigation border to non-irrigation border in0-100cm layer soil moisture no materinterval-border irrigation or alternating irrigation. The range of interval-border irrigation was-0.22-3.79%, and-0.21-3.29%by alternating irrigation. The soil moisture in0-140cm layerin filling stage reduced significantly than joining stage.The soil moisture in0-100cm layerchanged significantly different stage than100-200cm layer. Soil moisture similarily wassaved in100-200cm layer by treatment3I and3A.4Effects on winter wheat soil NO3--N change by different irrigation modes
water was the carrier as NO3--N and affected the distribution of different soil layer. NO3--Nwas the lowest in80-120cm, there was significantly different stage in0-100cm layer than100-200cm, It was proved that irrigation accelerated NO3--N moving downward, which wasobvious for irrigation border but not significant for non-irrigation border below in100cm soil.
Nitrogen content trend in2010-2011was different from2009-2010, it rised first thenreduced and rised again. It formed a “V” type. NO3--N content of traditional irrigationdropped down depth of160-180cm, increased leaching risk. However, irrigation border tonon-irrigation border of interval-border irrigation and alternating irrigation reached only60-100cm
5Effects of different irrigation models on water use efficiency on winter wheat GC8901and JM20
With the increase of irrigation, irrigation consumption increased, utilization rate of precipitation proportion was lower and soil water ratio decreased. Soil water supply accounted for18.14%and18.96%of total water consumption account respectively in2009-2010and2010-2011. Utilization rate of nature precipitation was the lowest, and reduced. Unliketrandition irrigation,the utilization efficiency of precipitation was high.
Precipitation of two years was no difference significantly. Water consumption of alternativeirrigation was lowest, this indicated that interval-border irrigation and alternating irrigationpromoted precipitation and soil water use efficiency.
2T with high yield by tranditional irrigation was high in water use efficiency and rainfalluse efficiency.
Alternating irrigation was higher than interval-border irrigation in use efficiency of soilwate, irrigation, precipi tation and water use efficiency. Alternating irrigation was superior tointerval-border irrigation compare with interval-border irrigation.
The yield of3A was slightly lower than2T during two seasons. The same as waterconsumption account, soil water, irrigation, precipi tation and water use efficiency. And theywere all saved account of reduced irrigation area. Therefore, it was a process optimization ofplanting patterns of water saving cultivation.
6Effect on quality of irrigation levels of winter wheat GC8901and JM20
6.1Effect of irrigation levels on GMP size distribution of winter wheat with stronggluten
Irrigation appropriately increased GMP content of wheat grain. With increasing irrigationlevel, GMP content was noted to be increased first but decreased then, GMP size distributionof particle size did effected by irrigation, and Irrigation appropriately increased the percentof＞100um and10-100um particle size. This reduced the particle size of10um, andimproved gluten polymerization, polymerization of polymers further conducived, andpromoted large GMP particles. Both water deficit and excess watering had detrimental effected on GMP accumulation and particle size distribution.
6.2Effect of irrigation levels on grain qulity
With increasing irrigation level, dough development time, dough stability time, loaf volume,total score were noted to be increased first but decreased then, and highest of loaf volume,long est of dough development time and dough stability time were achieved with treatment T2. This result was difference significantly from other irrigation level. The results suggested thatirrigation levels appropriately may improve a number of indicators with processing quality.Improved dough development time and dough stability time, to achieve quality. The resultssuggested that both water deficit and excess watering had detrimental effect on doughstability time and made the wheat weaken. No significant difference had effect grain waterabsorption by irrigation levels.
The results suggested that Irrigation appropriately both improved yield and qulity. Bothwater deficit and excess watering had detrimental effect on grain yield and grain quality, andit led to decrease the grain nutritional and processing quality. Suitable soil moisture contentnot only increased grain yield, but also improved quality, this was consistent with Wangyuefu et al.
6.3Correlation between GMP particle size distribution and the grain qualityparameters
The dough development time and dough stability time were negatively correlated with thevolume percent of GMP particle size <10μm,<100μm and the volume percent of GMPparticle size, while positively correlated with the volume percent of GMP particle size>100μm. loaf volume<10μm,10-100μm were negatively correlated with the volume percent ofGMP particle size, and positively correlated with the volume percent of GMP particle size>100μm. These showed that big size gluten polymer particles had a long dough develop menttime, dough stability time and with bigger loaf volume
1不同灌溉方式对冬小麦籽粒产量及产量组成的影响
三种灌溉方式下GC8901和JM20灌水处理的籽粒产量高于不灌水处理。常规灌溉方式的产量随灌溉频次的增加先增加后降低。灌2水（2T）的产量最高。隔畦灌溉和交替灌溉均以3水产量最高，年际间出现差异，2010年的产量高于2009年。三种灌溉方式的最高产量比较：GC8901与常规灌溉比较，交替灌溉相差-2.26%和-3.60%，隔畦灌溉相差-3.96%和-12.61%；JM20交替灌溉相差0.36%和-4.61%，隔畦灌溉相差-10.84%和-3.17%。两品种交替灌溉方式优于隔畦灌溉。
分析产量形成的穗数、穗粒数和千粒重，不灌水处理千粒重偏高，穗数与穗粒数少是导致产量低的原因。水分处理的灌水均增加了小麦的穗数与穗粒数。增加灌浆水降低了千粒重。
2不同灌溉方式对冬小麦各生理指标的影响
开花后旗叶光合速率呈现先上升后下降趋势。11-17天各处理的光合速率值高于其它时期。花30天左右光合速率降至最低。前期的光合速率高于后期的光合速率。各处理中，两品种CK光合速率明显低于其它处理，灌水增加了光合速率，尤其增加了后期的光合速率。
济麦20处理之间的旗叶光合速率彼此差异明显。随灌水频次增加后期的光合速率差异明显突出。与灌水频次呈正相关。其中3A与3T、2T在后期的光合速率出现的峰值差别不明显，后期光合速率下降也相一致。
藁称8901开花后旗叶光合速率17天到达峰值，以后旗叶的光合速率急剧下降。不灌水处理CK旗叶光合速率显著低于其他处理旗叶光合速率，各灌水处理的旗叶光合速率之间差异不显著。叶绿素变化趋势与光合速率相似。
水势随着灌水频次的增加而增高，17-23天由于灌溉，水势升高。成熟期两品种水势值均为最低。济麦20各灌水处理之间水势差异不显著；藁城8901水势随灌水频次增加趋势明显于济麦20，水势低于济麦20，说明藁城8901的叶水势诊断水分亏缺敏感，可以作为合适的度量水势高低的指示小麦品种。
3不同灌溉方式对冬小麦土壤各土层含水量的影响
三种灌溉方式下土壤含水量在拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期依次降低，成熟期达到最低点。隔畦灌溉和交替灌溉的灌溉畦和非灌溉畦在0-100cm土层出现水分侧渗，侧渗范围隔畦灌溉为-0.22-3.79%,交替灌溉为-0.21-3.29%。灌浆期0-200cm土层土壤含水量在0-140cm各土层，土壤水分含量比拔节期明显降低，灌溉处理高于不灌溉CK，处理T、I和A之间差值很小。各处理在拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期的0-100cm土层的含水量变化比100-200cm土层含水量变化明显，其中3I和3A之间差异小，在拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期保存了相近的土壤含水量。
4不同灌溉方式对冬小麦土壤各土层硝态氮的影响
水分作为硝态氮的载体，影响着硝态氮在土壤各土层的分布。2009-2010年降水均匀，常规灌溉藁城8901和济麦20各土层硝态氮在拔节期和灌浆期呈现逐渐降低，在80-120cm之间降至最低，然后升高，拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期，0-100cm下降明显，100-200cm变化不明显，灌溉促进了0-100cm土层硝态氮的下降幅度。灌浆期100-200cm土层出现硝态氮向上运移。2010-2011年0-200cm土层硝态氮变化趋势与2009-2010年不同：硝态氮含量在0-200cm之间先升高后降低再升高。2010-2011年80-120cm之间降低最明显，100-200cm呈上升趋势，呈“V”型。常规灌溉硝态氮下移深度达160cm-180cm，增加了淋溶风险。隔畦灌溉和交替灌溉的灌水畦和非灌水畦的硝态氮向下运移了60cm-100cm，降低了硝态氮淋溶到深层的风险。
两品种在拔节期和灌浆期出现硝态氮向上运移现象。
5不同灌溉方式对藁城8901和JM20水分利用效率的影响
两生长季两品种均以对照CK的含水量最低，水资源全部依靠降水和土壤水，两者所占比例也最高，最大限度了利用了自然降水和土壤水资源。各灌溉方式随灌水量的增加所占比例增加，自然降水利用率降低，土壤供水量比例减少。2009-2010年与2010-2011年常规灌溉处理3T土壤供水量分别占总耗水量的18.14%和18.96%。耗水量值最高，自然降水利用率占比例最低，灌溉水利用率占比例最高。灌水量比例占总耗水量的比例分别为50.57%和47.19%。减少了对自然降水和土壤水的利用。而隔畦灌溉和交替灌溉的灌水、自然降水的利用效率高。
两年的降水情况不一致，降水量差异不显著，比较中看出，交替灌溉3A处理耗水量最低，3A处理比3T、2T和3I处理下GC8901和JM20对降水和土壤水的利用率高。
隔畦灌溉和交替灌溉各处理的产量随灌水量增加而增加。3A处理的产量高于3I处理，土壤水、灌溉水、降水和水分利用效率均高于3I处理，而且土壤耗水量低于3I处理，保存了土壤中的水分。两者比较，交替灌溉方式优于隔畦灌溉。
比较常规灌溉2T处理和交替灌溉3A处理，连续两生长季，3A处理产量均略低于2T处理，耗水量3A＜2T，土壤水、灌溉水、降水和水分利用效率均高于2T处理，3A处理由于减少灌溉面积，对灌溉水、降水和土壤水的利用率提高，节约了水分。所以，3A处理为节水栽培的优化种植模式。可见，灌溉方式和灌溉时期对籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响效应不同。
6不同水分处理对藁城8901和JM20品质的影响
6.1不同水分处理对小麦谷蛋白大聚合体粒度分布的影响
适量灌水显著增加了小麦籽粒中GMP含量。随灌水次数的增加，两个品种籽粒GMP含量均呈现增加趋势；但是继续增加灌水次数，小麦籽粒GMP含量则下降。不同灌水处理能够显著影响小麦籽粒GMP颗粒粒径分布，适量灌水能够显著提高大、中体积颗粒所占总体积比例，降低<10μm颗粒所占总表面积比例，提高>10μm颗粒数目比例。提升谷蛋白的聚合作用，利于高聚物的进一步聚合，促进大颗粒GMP的形成，干旱和过多灌水均不利于小麦籽粒GMP的积累和聚合成大的颗粒。
6.2不同水分处理对小麦籽粒品质的影响
随灌水频次增加，面团形成时间和面团稳定时间、面包体积和面包总评分均呈现先增加后降低的趋势。其中面包体积、最长面团形成时间和面团稳定时间均在灌2水（越冬水和拔节水）时达到最优，且与其它灌水处理差异显著。表明适宜的灌水有利于多项加工品质指标的改善，有利于面团形成时间和稳定时间的提高，改善籽粒品质；不灌水处理CK和3T处理缩短面团稳定时间，使小麦品质变劣。灌水对吸水率无显著影响。
试验结果表明，适当灌水可以使籽粒产量和品质同步提高。土壤水分含量过多或过少均不利于籽粒产量的提高，而且导致籽粒营养品质和加工品质下降，适宜的土壤水分含量既可增加产量，又可改善品质。这与王月福等（王月福，2002）研究结果相一致。
6.3小麦GMP粒径分布与籽粒品质参数间的相关关系
面团形成时间和稳定时间均与<10μm和10-100μm和谷蛋白大聚合体颗粒体积百分比均呈显著或者极显著负相关，与>100μm谷蛋白大聚合体颗粒体积百分比呈极显著正相关；面包体积<10μm、10-100μm和谷蛋白大聚合体颗粒体积百分比均呈显著或者极显著负相关，与>100μm谷蛋白大聚合体颗粒体积百分比呈极显著正相关；表明大粒径谷蛋白大聚合体颗粒具有较长的面团形成时间和面团稳定时间以及较大的面包体积。
The research were conducted from2009to2011at experimental farm of Shandong Agricul-tural University，Shandong Province. The materials were Jimai20(JM20) and Gaocheng8901(GC8901), which were winter wheat varieties with strong gluten. In whole growing periodwith snowing irrigation, setting irrigation treatments: irrigation3times (before winter, joint-ing and grouting),2times (before winter and jointing),1time (jointing) and non-irrigation(CK), and setting irrigation modes: the traditional irrigation, interval-border irrigation andalternative irrigation. Under different irrigation modes, the effects of wheat grain yield,quality, water use efficiency and dough characteristics are studied. The results are shown asfollows:
1Effects on winter wheat grain yield and grain yield components of different irrigationmodes
The grain yield of GC8901and JM20with water treatment was higher than no rrigation bythree irrigation modes.With increasing times of irrigation, the grain yields of traditionalirrigation treatments were noted to be increased first but decreased then, in which of themwere the best when irrigated twice (2T). In two irrigation modes, the grain yield of treatments3A and3I were the highest, the difference appeared with annual precipitation, Yield washigher in2010-2011,
Compared with the highest grain yield of three irrigation modes, the grain yield of the al-ternating irrigation of GC8901was-2.26%and-3.60%less than that of the traditional irriga-tion;-3.96%and-12.61%of interval-border irrigation less than the highest grain yield oftraditional irrigation. the grain yield of the alternating irrigation of JM20was0.36%and-4.61%less than that of the traditional irrigation;-10.84%and-3.17%of interval-border irrig-ation less than the highest grain yield of traditional irrigaion. Two varieties of alternatingirrigation was superior to interval-border irrigation
Yield by alternating irrigation was higher than interval-border irrigation of GC8901withtwo growing season. the same as JM20in2009-2010, but it was similar by two modes in2010-2011. Yield was difference by different irrigation modes on two cultivars
Yield conponents were formed by Spike number, Kernel numbers and Weight per1000kernels. The weight per1000kernels with no irrigation was highest.while spike number andkernel numbers were least, these were the cause of low yield. Water irrigation increased them.
2Effects on winter wheat various physiological indicator by different irrigation modes
Flag leaf photosynthetic rate were noted to be increased first but decreased then after anthe-sis. The photosynthetic was higher in11-17days than the other times. And decreased thelowest about30after anthesis, and was higher in early than the late. Photosynthetic rateincreased by irrigation, especiarly the late.
Flag leaf photosynthetic rate of JM20were difference each other.especialy the late. Thephotosynthetic rate was positive correlation.With increasing irrigation frequency. The peak ofphotosynthetic rate of3A,3I and2T were no difference, and decreased consistently.
The peak of photosynthetic rate of GC890117after anthesis, and dropped sharply. Therewere nodifference with diff erent irrigation levels. Chlorophyll was similar to photosynthe-sis.
The trend of flag leaf water potential increased with the irrigation frequency.and the lowestin mature stage. The potential increased of GC8901was obviously than JM20, this wasindicated that GC8901was sensitively with water deficity.3Effects on winter wheat soil moisture change by different irrigation modes
The soil moisture change in joining stage, filling stage and mature stage reduced in turnlby three irrigation modes, reached its lowest point in mature stage. It was found that water canleak from irrigation border to non-irrigation border in0-100cm layer soil moisture no materinterval-border irrigation or alternating irrigation. The range of interval-border irrigation was-0.22-3.79%, and-0.21-3.29%by alternating irrigation. The soil moisture in0-140cm layerin filling stage reduced significantly than joining stage.The soil moisture in0-100cm layerchanged significantly different stage than100-200cm layer. Soil moisture similarily wassaved in100-200cm layer by treatment3I and3A.4Effects on winter wheat soil NO3--N change by different irrigation modes
water was the carrier as NO3--N and affected the distribution of different soil layer. NO3--Nwas the lowest in80-120cm, there was significantly different stage in0-100cm layer than100-200cm, It was proved that irrigation accelerated NO3--N moving downward, which wasobvious for irrigation border but not significant for non-irrigation border below in100cm soil.
Nitrogen content trend in2010-2011was different from2009-2010, it rised first thenreduced and rised again. It formed a “V” type. NO3--N content of traditional irrigationdropped down depth of160-180cm, increased leaching risk. However, irrigation border tonon-irrigation border of interval-border irrigation and alternating irrigation reached only60-100cm
5Effects of different irrigation models on water use efficiency on winter wheat GC8901and JM20
With the increase of irrigation, irrigation consumption increased, utilization rate of precipitation proportion was lower and soil water ratio decreased. Soil water supply accounted for18.14%and18.96%of total water consumption account respectively in2009-2010and2010-2011. Utilization rate of nature precipitation was the lowest, and reduced. Unliketrandition irrigation,the utilization efficiency of precipitation was high.
Precipitation of two years was no difference significantly. Water consumption of alternativeirrigation was lowest, this indicated that interval-border irrigation and alternating irrigationpromoted precipitation and soil water use efficiency.
2T with high yield by tranditional irrigation was high in water use efficiency and rainfalluse efficiency.
Alternating irrigation was higher than interval-border irrigation in use efficiency of soilwate, irrigation, precipi tation and water use efficiency. Alternating irrigation was superior tointerval-border irrigation compare with interval-border irrigation.
The yield of3A was slightly lower than2T during two seasons. The same as waterconsumption account, soil water, irrigation, precipi tation and water use efficiency. And theywere all saved account of reduced irrigation area. Therefore, it was a process optimization ofplanting patterns of water saving cultivation.
6Effect on quality of irrigation levels of winter wheat GC8901and JM20
6.1Effect of irrigation levels on GMP size distribution of winter wheat with stronggluten
Irrigation appropriately increased GMP content of wheat grain. With increasing irrigationlevel, GMP content was noted to be increased first but decreased then, GMP size distributionof particle size did effected by irrigation, and Irrigation appropriately increased the percentof＞100um and10-100um particle size. This reduced the particle size of10um, andimproved gluten polymerization, polymerization of polymers further conducived, andpromoted large GMP particles. Both water deficit and excess watering had detrimental effected on GMP accumulation and particle size distribution.
6.2Effect of irrigation levels on grain qulity
With increasing irrigation level, dough development time, dough stability time, loaf volume,total score were noted to be increased first but decreased then, and highest of loaf volume,long est of dough development time and dough stability time were achieved with treatment T2. This result was difference significantly from other irrigation level. The results suggested thatirrigation levels appropriately may improve a number of indicators with processing quality.Improved dough development time and dough stability time, to achieve quality. The resultssuggested that both water deficit and excess watering had detrimental effect on doughstability time and made the wheat weaken. No significant difference had effect grain waterabsorption by irrigation levels.
The results suggested that Irrigation appropriately both improved yield and qulity. Bothwater deficit and excess watering had detrimental effect on grain yield and grain quality, andit led to decrease the grain nutritional and processing quality. Suitable soil moisture contentnot only increased grain yield, but also improved quality, this was consistent with Wangyuefu et al.
6.3Correlation between GMP particle size distribution and the grain qualityparameters
The dough development time and dough stability time were negatively correlated with thevolume percent of GMP particle size <10μm,<100μm and the volume percent of GMPparticle size, while positively correlated with the volume percent of GMP particle size>100μm. loaf volume<10μm,10-100μm were negatively correlated with the volume percent ofGMP particle size, and positively correlated with the volume percent of GMP particle size>100μm. These showed that big size gluten polymer particles had a long dough develop menttime, dough stability time and with bigger loaf volume
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