双孢菇子实体生长发育与采后衰老过程中乙烯的调控及其生物合成途径的探究
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摘要
乙烯作为结构最简单的植物激素,在植物的生长发育、果蔬的成熟衰老、抗逆反应等过程中扮演着重要的角色。其在高等植物中的生理作用、生物合成和分子作用机理已经得到了系统深入的研究。食用菌具有高营养和药用价值,受到消费者的喜爱。然而,相比较高等植物,食用菌中乙烯的产生及作用研究极少。本研究以食用菌中模式材料双孢菇(Agaricus bisporus Lange Sing)为试材,探讨乙烯对子实体生长发育与采后衰老的影响、乙烯合成途径及调控规律,为解决食用菌采后衰老难题提供理论参考。主要研究结果如下：
采用气相色谱法检测双孢菇子实体不同生长发育和采后贮藏时期乙烯释放量变化。结果表明,各个时期子实体均能产生乙烯,但生长发育期产量极低,而在采后贮藏期,乙烯产量随着子实体继续发育和衰老逐渐增加,分别在子实体刚破膜开伞和释放孢子初期产生高峰,产量分别为贮藏前的83和209倍,说明乙烯可能参与子实体采后的衰老过程。
采用0.05%乙烯利处理采收时期子实体,研究其对子实体内源乙烯和衰老的影响。结果表明,采后乙烯利处理加速了内源乙烯释放高峰的到来,增加了子实体的开伞率和开伞度,加大了子实体细胞膜渗透率和膜脂过氧化程度,加快了可溶性蛋白、可溶性总糖的降解,同时抑制了子实体抗氧化相关酶活和物质的增加。由此说明,乙烯能够加速子实体采后的衰老。
采用高等植物乙烯合成前体物质L-MET(甲硫氨酸)、SAM(S-腺苷甲硫氨酸)和ACC(1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸)处理采收时期子实体,发现乙烯释放高峰均提前出现,并且乙烯产量有了不同程度的增加,而高等植物关键酶ACS (ACC合酶)抑制剂AOA(氨基氧乙酸)、ACO (ACC氧化酶)抑制剂CoCl2和叠氮钠处理显著抑制了乙烯释放量。此外,不仅从子实体中检测到了ACS和ACO活性、及ACC含量,而且克隆得到了与高等植物中同源的多个乙烯合成元件。我们认为,双孢菇中至少存在一种途径与高等植物中乙烯合成途径相似,即Met→SAM→ACC→乙烯。另外,子实体膨大和采后贮藏时期,ACO酶活的跃变幅度均大于ACS,且乙烯利处理诱导ACO酶活的上升先于ACS酶活的上升,说明ACO可能在双孢菇乙烯合成途径中发挥重要的调控作用。
利用实时定量PCR和Western杂交检测了双孢菇中乙烯合成相关元件的表达规律。结果表明,子实体生长发育阶段低水平的乙烯合成主要受AbACS2基因的调控,其他5个基因的表达水平均很低；然而,采后贮藏中乙烯的合成受AbACS1、AbACS2和AbACO三个基因的协调控制,且呈现转录水平的时间表达差异性；此外,采后乙烯利处理诱导贮藏中AbACO基因表达的上升先于AbACS1和AbACS2,且在诱导程度上远大于AbACSl和AbACS2,具有诱导表达差异性；ACO蛋白随着子实体采后衰老逐渐累积,在菌褶组织表达最高,具有组织表达差异性。以上说明,双孢菇中乙烯合成具有类似高等植物的转录水平和蛋白水平的调控。
将双孢菇AbACO进行序列分析、同源建模、定点突变和动力学研究,结果表明,活性中心处第289位氨基酸残基的不同是导致AbACO与高等植物ACOs底物结合特性不同的主要原因。
Ethylene, which is the simplest plant hormone, plays very important roles in many aspects of plant growth, development, fruit ripening and senescence, and defense responses. The physiological role, biosynthesis pathway, and molecular action mechanism of ethylene in higher plants has been systematicly and intensively researched. Edible mushrooms, which have nutritional and medicinal values, are favored by most consumers. By contrast with higher plants, researches, however, on the ethylene production and action in edible fungi are very few. In the present study, Agaricus bisporus Lange Sing, the model of edible mushrooms was used to investigate the effects of ethylene on the growth, development, and postharvest senescence of fruiting bodies as well as ethylene biosynthesis pathway and its regulation, which will provide theory reference for resolving difficult problems in postharvest senescence of edible mushrooms. The major results of this research were as follows:
Ethylene production of Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies during development stages and postharvest storage was detected by gas chromatography. Results showed that ethylene was detectable in sporophores at each stage but was very low at development stages. However, ethylene production gradually increased with the continued mushroom maturation and senescence during postharvest storage and exibited2peaks in sporophores with protection veil starting to break and spores release at initial stage, respectively. The2peak values were as83and209times, respectively, high as that of sporophores before storage. The above mentioned indicated that ethylene probably participated in the postharvest senescence of fruiting bodies.
Sporophores at commercial harvest time were treated with0.05%ethephon to research its effects on endogenous ethylene production and mushroom senescence. It was found that ethephon treatment speeded up the arrival of endo-ethylene production peak, increased the rate and degree of cap opening, raised the degree of cell membrane permeability and peroxidation, accelerated the degradation of soluble protein and sugar, and inhibited the increase of antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant compounds accumulation. These results suggested that ethylene could accelerate mushroom senescence.
The supplement of L-MET (methionine), SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) and ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), precursors of ethylene biosynthesis in higher plants, accelerated the arrival of ethylene production peak and increased ethylene content in varying extents. In comparison, ACS (ACC synthase) inhibitor AOA (aminooxyacetic acid) and ACO (ACC oxidase) inhibitor CoCl2and sodium azide significantly lowered ethylene production. We successfully detected the activities of ACS and ACO, and ACC content in Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies. Moreover, genes homologous to ethylene biosynthesis genes in higher plants were isolated and cloned. We hold that there is at least one pathway in Agaricus bisporus similar with the ethylene biosynthesis pathway in higher plants, that is Met→SAM→ACC→ethylene. In addition, the increase amplitude of ACO activity was larger than ACS activity both in development stages and postharvest storage time, and the rise of ACO activity preceded ACS activity induced by ethephon treatment. It was demonstrated that ACO was likely to play important roles in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in Agaricus bisporus.
The expression pattern of ethylene biosynthesis components in Agaricus bisporus was detected by real time PCR and Western blotting. Results showed that the low ethylene production in fruiting bodies at development stages was mainly regulated by AbACS2gene, and the other five genes had extremeiy low expression levels. However, ethylene production was coordinatedly regulated by AbACS1, AbACS2and AbACO genes during postharvest storage, and presented temporal expression differences. Futhermore, the expression of AbACO was induced earlier than that of AbACSl and AbACS2by ethephon, and the extent of ethephon-induce AbACO expression was considerably larger than that of AbACSl and AbACS2. The result suggested that different patterns of induction of ethylene biosynthesis genes existed during senescence in Agaricus bisporus. ACO protein gradually accumulated with the mushroom senescence during postharvest storage and had the highest expression level in the gill tissue, which manifested that ACO protein was regulated in a tissue-specific pattern. It can be seen from the above that ethylene biosynthesis in Agaricus bisporus was regulated similarly with higher plants at the levels of transcription and protein.
Sequence analysis combined with homology modeling, site-directed mutagenesis and kinetic analysis were used to investigate the property of Agaricus bisporus AbACO. Results indicated that the difference of289th amino acid in active site between AbACO and plant ACOs was the primary reason for their different substrate binding characteristics.
采用气相色谱法检测双孢菇子实体不同生长发育和采后贮藏时期乙烯释放量变化。结果表明,各个时期子实体均能产生乙烯,但生长发育期产量极低,而在采后贮藏期,乙烯产量随着子实体继续发育和衰老逐渐增加,分别在子实体刚破膜开伞和释放孢子初期产生高峰,产量分别为贮藏前的83和209倍,说明乙烯可能参与子实体采后的衰老过程。
采用0.05%乙烯利处理采收时期子实体,研究其对子实体内源乙烯和衰老的影响。结果表明,采后乙烯利处理加速了内源乙烯释放高峰的到来,增加了子实体的开伞率和开伞度,加大了子实体细胞膜渗透率和膜脂过氧化程度,加快了可溶性蛋白、可溶性总糖的降解,同时抑制了子实体抗氧化相关酶活和物质的增加。由此说明,乙烯能够加速子实体采后的衰老。
采用高等植物乙烯合成前体物质L-MET(甲硫氨酸)、SAM(S-腺苷甲硫氨酸)和ACC(1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸)处理采收时期子实体,发现乙烯释放高峰均提前出现,并且乙烯产量有了不同程度的增加,而高等植物关键酶ACS (ACC合酶)抑制剂AOA(氨基氧乙酸)、ACO (ACC氧化酶)抑制剂CoCl2和叠氮钠处理显著抑制了乙烯释放量。此外,不仅从子实体中检测到了ACS和ACO活性、及ACC含量,而且克隆得到了与高等植物中同源的多个乙烯合成元件。我们认为,双孢菇中至少存在一种途径与高等植物中乙烯合成途径相似,即Met→SAM→ACC→乙烯。另外,子实体膨大和采后贮藏时期,ACO酶活的跃变幅度均大于ACS,且乙烯利处理诱导ACO酶活的上升先于ACS酶活的上升,说明ACO可能在双孢菇乙烯合成途径中发挥重要的调控作用。
利用实时定量PCR和Western杂交检测了双孢菇中乙烯合成相关元件的表达规律。结果表明,子实体生长发育阶段低水平的乙烯合成主要受AbACS2基因的调控,其他5个基因的表达水平均很低；然而,采后贮藏中乙烯的合成受AbACS1、AbACS2和AbACO三个基因的协调控制,且呈现转录水平的时间表达差异性；此外,采后乙烯利处理诱导贮藏中AbACO基因表达的上升先于AbACS1和AbACS2,且在诱导程度上远大于AbACSl和AbACS2,具有诱导表达差异性；ACO蛋白随着子实体采后衰老逐渐累积,在菌褶组织表达最高,具有组织表达差异性。以上说明,双孢菇中乙烯合成具有类似高等植物的转录水平和蛋白水平的调控。
将双孢菇AbACO进行序列分析、同源建模、定点突变和动力学研究,结果表明,活性中心处第289位氨基酸残基的不同是导致AbACO与高等植物ACOs底物结合特性不同的主要原因。
Ethylene, which is the simplest plant hormone, plays very important roles in many aspects of plant growth, development, fruit ripening and senescence, and defense responses. The physiological role, biosynthesis pathway, and molecular action mechanism of ethylene in higher plants has been systematicly and intensively researched. Edible mushrooms, which have nutritional and medicinal values, are favored by most consumers. By contrast with higher plants, researches, however, on the ethylene production and action in edible fungi are very few. In the present study, Agaricus bisporus Lange Sing, the model of edible mushrooms was used to investigate the effects of ethylene on the growth, development, and postharvest senescence of fruiting bodies as well as ethylene biosynthesis pathway and its regulation, which will provide theory reference for resolving difficult problems in postharvest senescence of edible mushrooms. The major results of this research were as follows:
Ethylene production of Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies during development stages and postharvest storage was detected by gas chromatography. Results showed that ethylene was detectable in sporophores at each stage but was very low at development stages. However, ethylene production gradually increased with the continued mushroom maturation and senescence during postharvest storage and exibited2peaks in sporophores with protection veil starting to break and spores release at initial stage, respectively. The2peak values were as83and209times, respectively, high as that of sporophores before storage. The above mentioned indicated that ethylene probably participated in the postharvest senescence of fruiting bodies.
Sporophores at commercial harvest time were treated with0.05%ethephon to research its effects on endogenous ethylene production and mushroom senescence. It was found that ethephon treatment speeded up the arrival of endo-ethylene production peak, increased the rate and degree of cap opening, raised the degree of cell membrane permeability and peroxidation, accelerated the degradation of soluble protein and sugar, and inhibited the increase of antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant compounds accumulation. These results suggested that ethylene could accelerate mushroom senescence.
The supplement of L-MET (methionine), SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) and ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), precursors of ethylene biosynthesis in higher plants, accelerated the arrival of ethylene production peak and increased ethylene content in varying extents. In comparison, ACS (ACC synthase) inhibitor AOA (aminooxyacetic acid) and ACO (ACC oxidase) inhibitor CoCl2and sodium azide significantly lowered ethylene production. We successfully detected the activities of ACS and ACO, and ACC content in Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies. Moreover, genes homologous to ethylene biosynthesis genes in higher plants were isolated and cloned. We hold that there is at least one pathway in Agaricus bisporus similar with the ethylene biosynthesis pathway in higher plants, that is Met→SAM→ACC→ethylene. In addition, the increase amplitude of ACO activity was larger than ACS activity both in development stages and postharvest storage time, and the rise of ACO activity preceded ACS activity induced by ethephon treatment. It was demonstrated that ACO was likely to play important roles in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in Agaricus bisporus.
The expression pattern of ethylene biosynthesis components in Agaricus bisporus was detected by real time PCR and Western blotting. Results showed that the low ethylene production in fruiting bodies at development stages was mainly regulated by AbACS2gene, and the other five genes had extremeiy low expression levels. However, ethylene production was coordinatedly regulated by AbACS1, AbACS2and AbACO genes during postharvest storage, and presented temporal expression differences. Futhermore, the expression of AbACO was induced earlier than that of AbACSl and AbACS2by ethephon, and the extent of ethephon-induce AbACO expression was considerably larger than that of AbACSl and AbACS2. The result suggested that different patterns of induction of ethylene biosynthesis genes existed during senescence in Agaricus bisporus. ACO protein gradually accumulated with the mushroom senescence during postharvest storage and had the highest expression level in the gill tissue, which manifested that ACO protein was regulated in a tissue-specific pattern. It can be seen from the above that ethylene biosynthesis in Agaricus bisporus was regulated similarly with higher plants at the levels of transcription and protein.
Sequence analysis combined with homology modeling, site-directed mutagenesis and kinetic analysis were used to investigate the property of Agaricus bisporus AbACO. Results indicated that the difference of289th amino acid in active site between AbACO and plant ACOs was the primary reason for their different substrate binding characteristics.
引文
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