鲁北平原人口聚集区与非聚集区地下水污染特征识别及对策
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摘要
地下水在华北平原供水中占60%以上,已成为生活和工业用水的主要供水水源,包括鲁北平原1/3的县城城市供水量完全依靠地下水。但是,该地区地下水污染问题日趋严重,影响着用水供水安全,为此国务院于2013年颁布了《华北地下水污染防治工作方案》。正确认识不同类型区(例如人口聚集区、非聚集区)地下水污染特征,是治理和防治地下水污染加剧的重要科学基础。采用同样方法和防治对策,不加以区分地治理不同类型区地下水污染问题,不仅会影响防治效果,而且,还可能造成不必要的投入成本(经济浪费)。
本研究中的“人口聚集区”是指有大量人口稳定居住或活动的场所,例如城镇、乡村农庄和工业园区等。“人口非聚集区”是指没有大量人口稳定居住或活动的场所,例如农业种植区、禽畜养殖场、石油采储区和垃圾填埋场等。在鲁北平原,随着城市化、乡镇和工业发展,以及农田大量施用化肥农药和污水灌溉、油田开发和畜牧场规模不断扩大,各类污染物对地下水质量影响日益严重,且呈现区位特征。因此,鲁北平原具有研究不同类型区(人口聚集区与非聚集区)地下水污染特征的典型性,“鲁北平原人口聚集区与非聚集区地下水污染特征识别及对策”研究对华北平原地下水污染防治具有重要指导意义。
本文以鲁北平原作为重点研究区,选择6类人类活动不同的典型区(城镇人口聚集地、乡村农庄、农业种植区、石油采储区、禽畜养殖场和垃圾填埋场),以人口聚集区及非聚集区的地下水污染特征、主导因素和机制作为主要研究内容,采用调查与监测方法、系统理论和地学数理统计方法及水文地球化学过程分析方法,开展了地下水中有机、无机污染物的检出和超标状况调查与监测,建立了研究区地下水污染背景值,进行了不同类型区两两场地之间的地下水污染独立特征识别和非参数检验,以及主要影响因素分析和各典型区地下水中特征污染物识别。
通过以上研究,取得如下主要认识和进展：
①查明人类活动的不同类型区地下水污染特征、主要影响因素和机制明显不同,防治的难点和重点也存在较大差异。这些差异,既与人类活动的类型有关,也与当地地质环境背景、水文地质条件和包气带岩性有关,同时还与各区的水动力条件、水环境中化学组分(背景值)和氧化还原环境等有关。但是,地下水污染的主导因素是人类活动,地下水污染程度与当地人类活动产生的污染源规模大小、存在时间长短和防治措施状况密切相关。
②发现不同类型区地下水污染各具标识特征：城镇、工业园人口聚集区地下水污染特征是以N03-污染物为主,乡村农庄人口聚集区地下水污染特征是以N02-污染物为主。在农业种植区,地下水污染特征是以NO3-、NO2-和NH4+污染物为主：在养殖场及周边地区,地下水污染特征是以As与NH4+污染物组合为主,同时,地下水中Fe2+浓度偏高。石油开采存储区的地下水污染特征是以卤代烃和单环芳烃有机污染物为主。垃圾填埋区的地下水污染特征是NO3-和耗氧量污染指标超标为主。
③阐明不同类型区地下水污染的成因各不相同。城镇、工业园等人口聚集区的地下水污染,主要源自人类生活或工业生产的污染物影响；农业种植区地下水污染主要源自施用农药和化肥等。养殖场影响地下水As污染的途径有两个方面：一是养殖场使用含砷添加剂的饲料,禽畜排泄物中砷随雨水淋滤进入地下水；二是养殖场禽畜粪便排泄物中包含有机质、NH4+-N作为电子供体和微生物,驱动铁(氢氧)氧化物还原性溶解,使土壤中砷从FeOOH上解吸,由非游离态转化为游离态,进而进入地下水中。石油开采存储区的地下水污染主要源自石油开采、输运和加工过程中泄露等污染。垃圾填埋区的地下水污染特征与垃圾来源密切相关。
本成果的特色及创新点：以人口聚集程度和人类活动类型作为寻找地下水污染特征、成因和治理途径的突破点,通过对6个不同类型区地下水污染特征、主要影响因素和机制研究,发现了鲁北平原地下水污染的区位分布特征及其标识特征,为有的放矢地防治地下水污染提供了重要科学依据。
Groundwater has become the main source of life and industrial water supply in the North China Plain, where the proportion of groundwater accounts for more than60percents at present. One third of the county city depends entirely on groundwater in the Northern Shandong Plain. Meanwhile, the problem of groundwater pollution is getting worse in the region, and the water supply security was affected. Therefore, in2013, China's State Council issued the plan of groundwater pollution prevention and control work in the North China. To figure out the characteristics of groundwater pollution in different areas(e.g., densely-populated districts, non-densely-populated districts), was the scientific basis for management of groundwater pollution. The same methods and countermeasures to prevent and control groundwater pollution in different type areas, may not only affect the control effect, but also cause economic waste.
"Densely-populated districts " in this study is to point to the area where a large number of stable population live, such as urban and rural farms and industrial park." non-densely-populated districts" means the other areas, such as the area of agriculture and animal husbandry farms, oil field mining area storage and landfill, etc. In the Northern Shandong Plain, accompanying with the development of urbanization and industry, as well as a large number of chemical fertilizers pesticides and farmland sewage irrigation, even with the oil field development and livestock farm scale expands unceasingly, all kinds of pollutant effect on groundwater quality is increasingly serious, displaying geographical characteristics. Therefore, there is some typicality in the characteristics research of groundwater pollution in the different areas(e.g., densely-populated districts, non-densely-populated districts) in Northern Shandong Plain, so far as to, the characteristics identification of groundwater pollution and countermeasures in the densely-populated districts and non-densely-populated districts of the Northern Shandong Plain may be displayed, regarded as an important guide to the research on the prevention and control of groundwater pollution in the North China plain.
In this passage, the Northern Shandong Plain has been the key research area, where include six typical kinds of area by human activities, for instance, town, village farm, agriculture area, oil field reservoir area, livestock farms and landfills. And the main study include the characteristics, dominant factors, and the mechanism in groundwater pollution in densely-populated districts, non-densely-populated districts. During the research, investigation and monitoring of the organic and inorganic pollutants overweight status have been carried out, the background value of groundwater pollution in the study area has been established, the difference between the two sites about groundwater pollution independent characteristics identification and nonparametric test have been figured out, the analysis of the main influence factors has been taken place, and characteristics of pollutants in the typical area of groundwater have been maken certain, which using the method of investigation, monitoring, the system theory,the mathematical statistics and hydrogeochemical process analysis.
Through the study above, the main understanding and progress was achieved as follows:
(1) There was obvious difference in characteristics of groundwater pollution, influencing factors and mechanism, and focus of groundwater pollution prevention strategy between different areas of human activity. The difference was related to the types of human activity, local geological environment background, hydrogeology and vadose zone lithology, and the district of hydrodynamic conditions, water chemical composition and REDOX environment and so on. However, the dominant factors of groundwater pollution is human activity, and the degree of pollution is closely related to the size and existence time of pollution source in local human activities,and the same with the prevention measures.
(2) There are some characteristics of groundwater pollution in different type areas of human activity. Nitrate ion is the main groundwater pollutants in the densely-populated districts of urban and industrial park. Nitrite ion is given priority to the groundwater pollutants in the densely-populated districts of rural farm. In agricultural area, the groundwater pollution is been characterized by nitrate, nitrite and ammonium ion pollutants. However, groundwater pollution characteristics is the combination of arsenic and ammonium ion in livestock farms and the neighboring areas, where ferrous ion concentration in groundwater is on the high side. Additionally, halogenated hydrocarbon and monocylic aromatics organic are the main groundwater pollutant in oil region, also nitrate ion and excess oxygen consumption in the landfill area.
(3) There are some clear causes of groundwater pollution in each type areas. For example, groundwater pollution mainly derived from the industrial production and household garbage in the densely-populated districts of urban and industrial park, and the pesticide and fertilizer in agricultural area. In the livestock farms, arsenic enter the groundwater in two ways. The first one is using arsenic additive feed livestock, and the livestock feces and urine which contain arsenic will leach into groundwater with rainwater. The other one is that farm livestock manure waste always contain organic matter, while ammonium-nitrogen being the electron donor and microbes, driving (hydrogen) of iron oxide reducing dissolve, making the soil arsenic desorption from Iron hydroxide, and then into the groundwater. In the oil region,groundwater pollution is mainly derived from the leak during the process of production and transport. In landfill areas, the cause of groundwater pollution is closely related with the sources of waste.
There are two innovations in this paper. Firstly, it is regarding the degree of densely-populated and human activity type as the breakthrough way of looking for the groundwater pollution characteristics and causes. Secondly, it is accurate to discover the geographical distribution characteristic of groundwater pollution and the dentify characteristics, by the research on groundwater pollution characteristics, the main influencing factors and mechanism in six different kinds of area in the Northern Shandong Plain, which will provide an important scientific basis for prevention and control of groundwater pollution.
本研究中的“人口聚集区”是指有大量人口稳定居住或活动的场所,例如城镇、乡村农庄和工业园区等。“人口非聚集区”是指没有大量人口稳定居住或活动的场所,例如农业种植区、禽畜养殖场、石油采储区和垃圾填埋场等。在鲁北平原,随着城市化、乡镇和工业发展,以及农田大量施用化肥农药和污水灌溉、油田开发和畜牧场规模不断扩大,各类污染物对地下水质量影响日益严重,且呈现区位特征。因此,鲁北平原具有研究不同类型区(人口聚集区与非聚集区)地下水污染特征的典型性,“鲁北平原人口聚集区与非聚集区地下水污染特征识别及对策”研究对华北平原地下水污染防治具有重要指导意义。
本文以鲁北平原作为重点研究区,选择6类人类活动不同的典型区(城镇人口聚集地、乡村农庄、农业种植区、石油采储区、禽畜养殖场和垃圾填埋场),以人口聚集区及非聚集区的地下水污染特征、主导因素和机制作为主要研究内容,采用调查与监测方法、系统理论和地学数理统计方法及水文地球化学过程分析方法,开展了地下水中有机、无机污染物的检出和超标状况调查与监测,建立了研究区地下水污染背景值,进行了不同类型区两两场地之间的地下水污染独立特征识别和非参数检验,以及主要影响因素分析和各典型区地下水中特征污染物识别。
通过以上研究,取得如下主要认识和进展：
①查明人类活动的不同类型区地下水污染特征、主要影响因素和机制明显不同,防治的难点和重点也存在较大差异。这些差异,既与人类活动的类型有关,也与当地地质环境背景、水文地质条件和包气带岩性有关,同时还与各区的水动力条件、水环境中化学组分(背景值)和氧化还原环境等有关。但是,地下水污染的主导因素是人类活动,地下水污染程度与当地人类活动产生的污染源规模大小、存在时间长短和防治措施状况密切相关。
②发现不同类型区地下水污染各具标识特征：城镇、工业园人口聚集区地下水污染特征是以N03-污染物为主,乡村农庄人口聚集区地下水污染特征是以N02-污染物为主。在农业种植区,地下水污染特征是以NO3-、NO2-和NH4+污染物为主：在养殖场及周边地区,地下水污染特征是以As与NH4+污染物组合为主,同时,地下水中Fe2+浓度偏高。石油开采存储区的地下水污染特征是以卤代烃和单环芳烃有机污染物为主。垃圾填埋区的地下水污染特征是NO3-和耗氧量污染指标超标为主。
③阐明不同类型区地下水污染的成因各不相同。城镇、工业园等人口聚集区的地下水污染,主要源自人类生活或工业生产的污染物影响；农业种植区地下水污染主要源自施用农药和化肥等。养殖场影响地下水As污染的途径有两个方面：一是养殖场使用含砷添加剂的饲料,禽畜排泄物中砷随雨水淋滤进入地下水；二是养殖场禽畜粪便排泄物中包含有机质、NH4+-N作为电子供体和微生物,驱动铁(氢氧)氧化物还原性溶解,使土壤中砷从FeOOH上解吸,由非游离态转化为游离态,进而进入地下水中。石油开采存储区的地下水污染主要源自石油开采、输运和加工过程中泄露等污染。垃圾填埋区的地下水污染特征与垃圾来源密切相关。
本成果的特色及创新点：以人口聚集程度和人类活动类型作为寻找地下水污染特征、成因和治理途径的突破点,通过对6个不同类型区地下水污染特征、主要影响因素和机制研究,发现了鲁北平原地下水污染的区位分布特征及其标识特征,为有的放矢地防治地下水污染提供了重要科学依据。
Groundwater has become the main source of life and industrial water supply in the North China Plain, where the proportion of groundwater accounts for more than60percents at present. One third of the county city depends entirely on groundwater in the Northern Shandong Plain. Meanwhile, the problem of groundwater pollution is getting worse in the region, and the water supply security was affected. Therefore, in2013, China's State Council issued the plan of groundwater pollution prevention and control work in the North China. To figure out the characteristics of groundwater pollution in different areas(e.g., densely-populated districts, non-densely-populated districts), was the scientific basis for management of groundwater pollution. The same methods and countermeasures to prevent and control groundwater pollution in different type areas, may not only affect the control effect, but also cause economic waste.
"Densely-populated districts " in this study is to point to the area where a large number of stable population live, such as urban and rural farms and industrial park." non-densely-populated districts" means the other areas, such as the area of agriculture and animal husbandry farms, oil field mining area storage and landfill, etc. In the Northern Shandong Plain, accompanying with the development of urbanization and industry, as well as a large number of chemical fertilizers pesticides and farmland sewage irrigation, even with the oil field development and livestock farm scale expands unceasingly, all kinds of pollutant effect on groundwater quality is increasingly serious, displaying geographical characteristics. Therefore, there is some typicality in the characteristics research of groundwater pollution in the different areas(e.g., densely-populated districts, non-densely-populated districts) in Northern Shandong Plain, so far as to, the characteristics identification of groundwater pollution and countermeasures in the densely-populated districts and non-densely-populated districts of the Northern Shandong Plain may be displayed, regarded as an important guide to the research on the prevention and control of groundwater pollution in the North China plain.
In this passage, the Northern Shandong Plain has been the key research area, where include six typical kinds of area by human activities, for instance, town, village farm, agriculture area, oil field reservoir area, livestock farms and landfills. And the main study include the characteristics, dominant factors, and the mechanism in groundwater pollution in densely-populated districts, non-densely-populated districts. During the research, investigation and monitoring of the organic and inorganic pollutants overweight status have been carried out, the background value of groundwater pollution in the study area has been established, the difference between the two sites about groundwater pollution independent characteristics identification and nonparametric test have been figured out, the analysis of the main influence factors has been taken place, and characteristics of pollutants in the typical area of groundwater have been maken certain, which using the method of investigation, monitoring, the system theory,the mathematical statistics and hydrogeochemical process analysis.
Through the study above, the main understanding and progress was achieved as follows:
(1) There was obvious difference in characteristics of groundwater pollution, influencing factors and mechanism, and focus of groundwater pollution prevention strategy between different areas of human activity. The difference was related to the types of human activity, local geological environment background, hydrogeology and vadose zone lithology, and the district of hydrodynamic conditions, water chemical composition and REDOX environment and so on. However, the dominant factors of groundwater pollution is human activity, and the degree of pollution is closely related to the size and existence time of pollution source in local human activities,and the same with the prevention measures.
(2) There are some characteristics of groundwater pollution in different type areas of human activity. Nitrate ion is the main groundwater pollutants in the densely-populated districts of urban and industrial park. Nitrite ion is given priority to the groundwater pollutants in the densely-populated districts of rural farm. In agricultural area, the groundwater pollution is been characterized by nitrate, nitrite and ammonium ion pollutants. However, groundwater pollution characteristics is the combination of arsenic and ammonium ion in livestock farms and the neighboring areas, where ferrous ion concentration in groundwater is on the high side. Additionally, halogenated hydrocarbon and monocylic aromatics organic are the main groundwater pollutant in oil region, also nitrate ion and excess oxygen consumption in the landfill area.
(3) There are some clear causes of groundwater pollution in each type areas. For example, groundwater pollution mainly derived from the industrial production and household garbage in the densely-populated districts of urban and industrial park, and the pesticide and fertilizer in agricultural area. In the livestock farms, arsenic enter the groundwater in two ways. The first one is using arsenic additive feed livestock, and the livestock feces and urine which contain arsenic will leach into groundwater with rainwater. The other one is that farm livestock manure waste always contain organic matter, while ammonium-nitrogen being the electron donor and microbes, driving (hydrogen) of iron oxide reducing dissolve, making the soil arsenic desorption from Iron hydroxide, and then into the groundwater. In the oil region,groundwater pollution is mainly derived from the leak during the process of production and transport. In landfill areas, the cause of groundwater pollution is closely related with the sources of waste.
There are two innovations in this paper. Firstly, it is regarding the degree of densely-populated and human activity type as the breakthrough way of looking for the groundwater pollution characteristics and causes. Secondly, it is accurate to discover the geographical distribution characteristic of groundwater pollution and the dentify characteristics, by the research on groundwater pollution characteristics, the main influencing factors and mechanism in six different kinds of area in the Northern Shandong Plain, which will provide an important scientific basis for prevention and control of groundwater pollution.
引文
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