三峡工程对洞庭湖区湿地景观格局及生态健康的影响研究
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摘要
洞庭湖位于长江中游荆江南岸,三峡工程是长江最大的水利枢纽工程。本文以洞庭湖区湿地为研究对象,运用景观生态学、遥感技术、管理科学、数学与计算机科学等多学科融合的方法与技术,研究三峡工程运行前后洞庭湖区湿地景观格局变化的特征,构建基于景观生态学的湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,从时空角度进行洞庭湖区湿地生态系统健康评价。本研究的主要内容和结论有：
(1)三峡工程运行前后洞庭湖区湿地景观格局变化
根据研究区1987-2008年6期遥感影像数据资料,运用马尔科夫数学模型分析洞庭湖区湿地景观格局在三峡工程运行前(1987-1998年)、(1998-2003年)及运行后(2003-2008年)的时间动态变化特征。结果表明：区域整体景观破碎化程度逐渐增大,斑块数量增加,斑块密度不断增大,由1987年的0.61个.km-2增加为2008年的0.76个.km-2；斑块平均面积由1987年的163.28hm2缩减至2008年的162.26hm2。景观多样性指数由1987年的1.36增大2008年的1.91,均匀度指数逐渐变大,由1987年的0.68增大到2008年的0.87；形状指数由1987年的43.07增大到2008年的62.84。各景观类型水平变化各具特征,水体的形状指数1987-1993年由27.23降低为27.02,再增加到1998年的27.78,2003-2008年由31.72降到29；泥沙滩地1987—1998年斑块数量明显增加；2003—2008年斑块数量减少,最大斑块面积增大。苔草滩地和芦苇滩地景观破碎化程度在1987—1998年三峡工程建设期有所加大,1998—2004年有所减小,三峡工程运行后的2004—2008年又有所增大。防护林滩地1987—2008的破碎化程度由减小到增大到再增大；面积先后经历了增加、减少到再增加。形状指数先减小,后增大。耕地、林地的面积在三峡工程前后先增大后减小,平均斑块面积明显减小。建设用地斑块数量由1987年的3686块增加到2008年的5028块。
(2)三峡工程运行前后洞庭湖区湿地生态系统健康时间变化分析
利用单因子和多因子综合评价法对洞庭湖区湿地进行时间尺度的生态健康评价。结果表明：三峡工程建设前的1987—1998年洞庭湖湿地生态系统健康综合指数CEI为0.2806；建设中的1998—2003年CEI为0.2744；运行后的2003—2008年生态系统健康综合指数CEI为0.2806；依据本文的湿地生态系统健康分类级别,洞庭湖湿地生态系统的健康分级均为疾病(0.2～0.4),即生态系统活力较低,外界压力大,开始退化,但洞庭湖区湿地生态健康退化程度不大,退化速度有所减缓。
(3)三峡工程运行后洞庭湖湿地生态系统健康空间差异分析
运用层次分析法和模糊综合评判法,比较三峡工程运行五年后的2008年东洞庭湖区湿地、南洞庭湖区湿地、西洞庭湖区湿地生态健康状况,分析其空间上的差异。结果表明：东洞庭湖区湿地生态系统健康度为0.2515,西洞庭湖区湿地生态健康度为0.2478,南洞庭湖区湿地生态系统健康度为0.2208,东、西、南洞庭湖区湿地生态系统健康都属于第Ⅲ等级(0.2～0.4),2008年东洞庭湖区湿地生态系统健康状态最好,其次为西洞庭湖区湿地,南洞庭湖区湿地的生态健康状态略微差些。
(4)三峡工程对洞庭湖区湿地景观格局及生态健康的影响
三峡工程对洞庭湖区湿地景观格局的影响因主要表现为水沙、水文、泥沙淤积、湿地演替和土地利用等改变引起湿地景观格局相应的变化。三峡工程运行对洞庭湖区湿地生态系统健康状况的主要影响有：荆江三口断流时间延长,干扰了水生生物的传递环境；湿地生态环境功能脆弱,生物多样性呈减少趋势；丰水期洪涝灾害仍然频发,枯水期旱害连年；洞庭湖区水面缩小,水上航运功能退化。
Dongting Lake is located in the southern bank of the middle reach of Yangtze River, and Three Gorges Project(TGP) is the largest water conservancy project of Yangtze River. Based on the use of methods and technology of Landscape Ecology, Remote Sensing, Management Science, Mathematics and Computer Science, this paper aimed to compare the characteristics of landscape pattern changes of Dongting Lake Wetland before and after the operation of TGP, and tried to evaluate establish evaluation index system of the wetlands ecosystem health from the view of Landscape Ecology, furthermore, evaluated the health of Dongting Lake Wetland from the perspective of temporal and spatial variation. The content and major conclusions in this paper included:
(1)The changes of landscape pattern in Dongting Lake wetland before and after the operation of TGP.
Based on the six periods remote sensing data in the studied area (1987-2008), this paper analyzed the characteristic changes of landscape pattern of Dongting Lake Wetland by employing Markov, and the three main periods divided by before construction of TGP (1987-1998), under constructing of TGP (1998-2003), after operation of TGP (2003-2008). It turned out that degree of fragmentation of landscape increased significantly in research area, presented as the number of plaque had increased and the density of plaque had risen. During1987-2008, the number of plaque had increased from0.61to0.76per square kilometers, the average plaque area had decreased from163.28to162.26per hectare, landscape diversity index had increased from1.36to1.91, evenness index had increased from0.68to0.87, shape index had increased from43.07to62.84. The level change of each landscape type had its characteristics. The shape index of water had decreased from27.23to27.02since1987to1993, then risen to27.78in1998, and decreased from31.72to29since2003to2008. During1987-1998the plaque number of sediment had increased significantly, and decreased during2003-2008, and the largest plaque area had increased. The degree of landscape fragmentation of sedge bottomland and reed bottomland had increased from the year of1987to1998during the construction of TGP, decreased during1998-2004, and increased again during2004-2008after the operation of TGP. The degree of landscape fragmentation of shelter forest had experienced from decrease to increase to increase again, its area had experienced from increase to decrease to increase again, and its shape index had experienced from decrease to increase. The area of cultivated land and forest land had experienced from increase to decrease, and the average plaque area decreased significantly before and after the construction of TGP. In1987-2008, the number of construction land plaque had increased from3686to5028.
(2) An analysis on the duration of Dongting Lake wetland ecosystem health before and after the operation of TGP.
This study evaluated the ecosystem health condition of Dongting Lake Wetland on a temporal series by employing single-factor and multi-factor comprehensive evaluation methods. The result showed that the Composite Evaluation Index (CEI) of the ecosystem health condition of Dongting Lake Wetland during1987-1998(before the construction of TGP) was0.2806, and the CEI was0.2744during the construction period of1998-2003, and0.2806in the period of2003-2008(after the TGP was finished). Based on the classification of wetland ecosystem health condition cited in this paper, the health condition of Dongting Lake wetland ecosystem was all sickness (CEI:0.2-0.4), the ecosystem had low dynamism, suffered from great pressure, and leading to a degradation of the ecosystem. The degree of the degradation of Dongting Lake Wetland was not severe, and the speed of degradation was slowing down.
(3) An analysis on the spacial variation of Dongting Lake Wetland ecosystem health after the operation of TGP.
Analyzed the spacial variation by employing analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, this study compared the wetland ecosystem health condition among the East, South and West Dongting Lake after the operation of TGP in2008. The result showed:the wetland ecosystem health index of the East Dongting Lake was0.2515, the West Dongting Lake0.2478, and the South Dongting Lake0.2208. All of these three members indicated in heath condition Level III (0.2-0.4), and the ecosystem health condition of the East Dongting Lake wetland was the best, and the ecosystem health condition of the West Dongting Lake wetland was a little worse.
(4) The influences of TGP on Dongting Lake wetland landscape pattern and ecological health.
The influences of TGP on Dongting Lake wetland landscape pattern attribute to mainly sediment process, the succession of wetland hydrology, sediment deposition, and land use change. The main changes of Dongting lake wetland ecosystem health after the operation of TGP presented as: the cutoff time of three water entries of Jingjiang reach extended, the transfer environment of aquatic organisms interferenced, wetland ecological environment vulnerabled, biodiversity decreased, floods frequent in wet season increased, drought in dry season spreaded, water surface area of Dongting Lake decreased, aquatic shipping function degradated.
(1)三峡工程运行前后洞庭湖区湿地景观格局变化
根据研究区1987-2008年6期遥感影像数据资料,运用马尔科夫数学模型分析洞庭湖区湿地景观格局在三峡工程运行前(1987-1998年)、(1998-2003年)及运行后(2003-2008年)的时间动态变化特征。结果表明：区域整体景观破碎化程度逐渐增大,斑块数量增加,斑块密度不断增大,由1987年的0.61个.km-2增加为2008年的0.76个.km-2；斑块平均面积由1987年的163.28hm2缩减至2008年的162.26hm2。景观多样性指数由1987年的1.36增大2008年的1.91,均匀度指数逐渐变大,由1987年的0.68增大到2008年的0.87；形状指数由1987年的43.07增大到2008年的62.84。各景观类型水平变化各具特征,水体的形状指数1987-1993年由27.23降低为27.02,再增加到1998年的27.78,2003-2008年由31.72降到29；泥沙滩地1987—1998年斑块数量明显增加；2003—2008年斑块数量减少,最大斑块面积增大。苔草滩地和芦苇滩地景观破碎化程度在1987—1998年三峡工程建设期有所加大,1998—2004年有所减小,三峡工程运行后的2004—2008年又有所增大。防护林滩地1987—2008的破碎化程度由减小到增大到再增大；面积先后经历了增加、减少到再增加。形状指数先减小,后增大。耕地、林地的面积在三峡工程前后先增大后减小,平均斑块面积明显减小。建设用地斑块数量由1987年的3686块增加到2008年的5028块。
(2)三峡工程运行前后洞庭湖区湿地生态系统健康时间变化分析
利用单因子和多因子综合评价法对洞庭湖区湿地进行时间尺度的生态健康评价。结果表明：三峡工程建设前的1987—1998年洞庭湖湿地生态系统健康综合指数CEI为0.2806；建设中的1998—2003年CEI为0.2744；运行后的2003—2008年生态系统健康综合指数CEI为0.2806；依据本文的湿地生态系统健康分类级别,洞庭湖湿地生态系统的健康分级均为疾病(0.2～0.4),即生态系统活力较低,外界压力大,开始退化,但洞庭湖区湿地生态健康退化程度不大,退化速度有所减缓。
(3)三峡工程运行后洞庭湖湿地生态系统健康空间差异分析
运用层次分析法和模糊综合评判法,比较三峡工程运行五年后的2008年东洞庭湖区湿地、南洞庭湖区湿地、西洞庭湖区湿地生态健康状况,分析其空间上的差异。结果表明：东洞庭湖区湿地生态系统健康度为0.2515,西洞庭湖区湿地生态健康度为0.2478,南洞庭湖区湿地生态系统健康度为0.2208,东、西、南洞庭湖区湿地生态系统健康都属于第Ⅲ等级(0.2～0.4),2008年东洞庭湖区湿地生态系统健康状态最好,其次为西洞庭湖区湿地,南洞庭湖区湿地的生态健康状态略微差些。
(4)三峡工程对洞庭湖区湿地景观格局及生态健康的影响
三峡工程对洞庭湖区湿地景观格局的影响因主要表现为水沙、水文、泥沙淤积、湿地演替和土地利用等改变引起湿地景观格局相应的变化。三峡工程运行对洞庭湖区湿地生态系统健康状况的主要影响有：荆江三口断流时间延长,干扰了水生生物的传递环境；湿地生态环境功能脆弱,生物多样性呈减少趋势；丰水期洪涝灾害仍然频发,枯水期旱害连年；洞庭湖区水面缩小,水上航运功能退化。
Dongting Lake is located in the southern bank of the middle reach of Yangtze River, and Three Gorges Project(TGP) is the largest water conservancy project of Yangtze River. Based on the use of methods and technology of Landscape Ecology, Remote Sensing, Management Science, Mathematics and Computer Science, this paper aimed to compare the characteristics of landscape pattern changes of Dongting Lake Wetland before and after the operation of TGP, and tried to evaluate establish evaluation index system of the wetlands ecosystem health from the view of Landscape Ecology, furthermore, evaluated the health of Dongting Lake Wetland from the perspective of temporal and spatial variation. The content and major conclusions in this paper included:
(1)The changes of landscape pattern in Dongting Lake wetland before and after the operation of TGP.
Based on the six periods remote sensing data in the studied area (1987-2008), this paper analyzed the characteristic changes of landscape pattern of Dongting Lake Wetland by employing Markov, and the three main periods divided by before construction of TGP (1987-1998), under constructing of TGP (1998-2003), after operation of TGP (2003-2008). It turned out that degree of fragmentation of landscape increased significantly in research area, presented as the number of plaque had increased and the density of plaque had risen. During1987-2008, the number of plaque had increased from0.61to0.76per square kilometers, the average plaque area had decreased from163.28to162.26per hectare, landscape diversity index had increased from1.36to1.91, evenness index had increased from0.68to0.87, shape index had increased from43.07to62.84. The level change of each landscape type had its characteristics. The shape index of water had decreased from27.23to27.02since1987to1993, then risen to27.78in1998, and decreased from31.72to29since2003to2008. During1987-1998the plaque number of sediment had increased significantly, and decreased during2003-2008, and the largest plaque area had increased. The degree of landscape fragmentation of sedge bottomland and reed bottomland had increased from the year of1987to1998during the construction of TGP, decreased during1998-2004, and increased again during2004-2008after the operation of TGP. The degree of landscape fragmentation of shelter forest had experienced from decrease to increase to increase again, its area had experienced from increase to decrease to increase again, and its shape index had experienced from decrease to increase. The area of cultivated land and forest land had experienced from increase to decrease, and the average plaque area decreased significantly before and after the construction of TGP. In1987-2008, the number of construction land plaque had increased from3686to5028.
(2) An analysis on the duration of Dongting Lake wetland ecosystem health before and after the operation of TGP.
This study evaluated the ecosystem health condition of Dongting Lake Wetland on a temporal series by employing single-factor and multi-factor comprehensive evaluation methods. The result showed that the Composite Evaluation Index (CEI) of the ecosystem health condition of Dongting Lake Wetland during1987-1998(before the construction of TGP) was0.2806, and the CEI was0.2744during the construction period of1998-2003, and0.2806in the period of2003-2008(after the TGP was finished). Based on the classification of wetland ecosystem health condition cited in this paper, the health condition of Dongting Lake wetland ecosystem was all sickness (CEI:0.2-0.4), the ecosystem had low dynamism, suffered from great pressure, and leading to a degradation of the ecosystem. The degree of the degradation of Dongting Lake Wetland was not severe, and the speed of degradation was slowing down.
(3) An analysis on the spacial variation of Dongting Lake Wetland ecosystem health after the operation of TGP.
Analyzed the spacial variation by employing analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, this study compared the wetland ecosystem health condition among the East, South and West Dongting Lake after the operation of TGP in2008. The result showed:the wetland ecosystem health index of the East Dongting Lake was0.2515, the West Dongting Lake0.2478, and the South Dongting Lake0.2208. All of these three members indicated in heath condition Level III (0.2-0.4), and the ecosystem health condition of the East Dongting Lake wetland was the best, and the ecosystem health condition of the West Dongting Lake wetland was a little worse.
(4) The influences of TGP on Dongting Lake wetland landscape pattern and ecological health.
The influences of TGP on Dongting Lake wetland landscape pattern attribute to mainly sediment process, the succession of wetland hydrology, sediment deposition, and land use change. The main changes of Dongting lake wetland ecosystem health after the operation of TGP presented as: the cutoff time of three water entries of Jingjiang reach extended, the transfer environment of aquatic organisms interferenced, wetland ecological environment vulnerabled, biodiversity decreased, floods frequent in wet season increased, drought in dry season spreaded, water surface area of Dongting Lake decreased, aquatic shipping function degradated.
引文
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