短花针茅草原群落特征与空间异质性对放牧强度季节调控的响应
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摘要
2010年至2011年,以短花针茅草原生态系统为研究对象,对不同放牧强度季节调控下各处理区植物种群及群落数量特征进行动态监测,分种记录植物种群高度、盖度和密度,计算重要值及群落多样性指数。对各处理区样方内植物分种齐地面剪割,阴干称重,计算草地生产力,同时在相应样方内取0-40cm土样,每10cm一层,分层带回实验室进行土壤养分常规测定。2011年于各处理区选取代表性样地,样方面积100m×100m,按机械取样法,每10m布设一个1m×lm的样方,详细记录样方内植物种类、高度、盖度和密度等数量特征,分析不同放牧处理小区的主要植物种群及群落盖度和物种数的空间异质性,最终采用聚类分析和对应分析探讨不同处理区间及处理区与植物种群、土壤养分间的关系,确定最适放牧强度季节调控方式。主要研究结果如下：
1.早期休牧有利于植物种群高度和主要植物种群短花针茅盖度和密度的增加,表现为春季休牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧和春季休牧+夏季适牧+秋季重牧的调控方式植物种群数量特征较高,放牧季皆为重度放牧或春秋季重牧+秋季适牧的季节调控方式种群数量特征较低；放牧季皆为适度放牧强度的方式有利于无芒隐子草盖度和密度的增加。适度放牧可以有效地平衡群落内各种群的地位,相应的增加了种群数及个体数。物种替代程度随取样面积增加而降低,表现为适度放牧区>春季休牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧区>重度放牧区>春夏季重牧+秋季适牧区>春季休牧+夏季适牧+秋季重牧区。
2.春季休牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧和春季休牧+夏季适牧+秋季重牧的调控方式及适度放牧强度较能提高群落地上现存量。不同处理区草地地下生物量随土层深度增加而降低,呈“T”型,分布规律符合指数函数减小规律,适度放牧强度有利于地下生物量的积累。
3.粗蛋白含量总体呈“下降一上升一下降”的趋势。春季休牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧区和适度放牧较有利于群落粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、磷、镁含量的累积；春季休牧+夏季适牧+秋季重牧促进草群钙含量的提高。
4.春季休牧+夏季适牧+秋季重牧的季节调控方式3个主要植物种群同向及异向性空间分布随机因素引起的空间变异较大,空间分布以结构性因素起主导作用,并呈镶嵌的斑块状分布；春季休牧+夏季适牧十秋季重牧区植物物种数随机因素引起的空间变异较大,春季休牧十夏季重牧+秋季适牧区最大空间变异程度最大,且最大变异程度随角度增大而增强；重度放牧处理区群落总盖度同向性空间分布随机因素引起的空间变异最大,最大变异程度较大；各角度异向性分布以春季休牧+夏季适牧+秋季重牧区随机因素引起的空间变异最大,春季休牧+夏季适牧十秋季重牧区和重度放牧区空间最大变异程度较大,空间分布以镶嵌的斑块状分布为主。
5.土壤速效钾含量重度放牧强度>适度放牧强度；重度放牧强度使得表层土壤碱解氮向下转移速率加快,导致土壤全磷、速效磷和全钾大量流失；有机质含量随土层深度增加而下降。
6.群落特征指标下,春季休牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧区和春季休牧+夏季适牧+秋季重牧区优于适度放牧处理区,与群落平均高度和密度等数量特征具有密切关系;适度放牧处理区优于重牧放牧处理区和春夏季重牧+秋季适牧区,与群落总盖度关系密切。
7.春季休牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧的季节调控方式较为合理。
Response to seasonal regulation of grazing intensity on plant population and community characteristics of Stipa breviflora steppe were investigated during year2010～2011, which recorded the height, coverage and density of plant populations in order to calculate important value and diversity index. Plant of aboveground part in each treatment was cut, dried and weighed for the calculation of grassland productivity, meanwhile took back0～40cm soil samples, each10cm for a layer in the corresponding plots to laboratory for routine nutrients analysis. A representative plot by size100m×100m was selected in each treatment in2011, according to mechanical method,1m×1m quadrats laid per10m quadrats and detailed records of plant species, height, coverage, density and analyzed spatial heterogeneity of main plant population and community characteristics in each grazing treatment. Finally the relationship between treatments or treatment and plant population/soil nutrients was investigated using cluster and correspondence analysis to identify the optimal mode of seasonal regulation in different grazing intensity. The main results were as follows:
1. Early banning grazing is conducive to plant population height and coverage, density of Stipa breviflora, that represented higher characteristics of plant populations for the regulation of banning grazing in spring+heavy grazing in summer+moderate grazing in autumn and banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn, while lower characteristics of plant populations for the regulation of continious heavy grazing or heavy grazing in spring and summer+moderate grazing in autumn. Moderate grazing intensity can effectively balance population status in the community, and correspondly increase population and individuals'numbers. The degree of species replacement reduced with increase of sampling area, which showing moderate grazing area> banning grazing in spring+heavy grazing in summer+moderate grazing in autumn area> heavy grazing area> heavy grazing in spring and summer+moderate grazing in autumn area> banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn area.
2. Regulation of banning grazing in spring+heavy grazing in summer+moderate grazing in autumn, banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn and moderate grazing intensity increased community aboveground standing crop. The underground biomass declined with increase of soil layers deeper in different treatments, which showed "T" type, and was accordant to the declining pattern depicted by the exponential function. Moderate grazing intensity was benefit for underground biomass accumulation.
3. Crude protein content showed a trend of "down-up-down ". regulation of banning grazing in spring+heavy grazing in summer+moderate grazing in autumn and moderate grazing intensity were more conducive to accumulation of community crude protein, crude fat, phosphorus and magnesium content; regulation of banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn can promote the improvement of plant calcium content.
4. The isotropic and anisotropy space distribution of three main plant populations caused by random factors were larger in regulation of banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn which of plant spatial variability degree was also largest, and which of space heterogeneity caused mainly by structural factors. three main plant populations in different treatment were in distribution of mosaic patches; spatial variability of plant species number in regulation of banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn was larger by random factors, while regulation of banning grazing in spring+heavy grazing in summer+moderate grazing in autumn had the maximum degree of spatial variability, and enhanced with angle increasing; community coverage spatial variability of isotropic spatial distribution caused by random factors and maximum degree of spatial variability in heavy grazing treatment was larger; spatial variability of anisotropy spatial distribution caused by random factors was largest in regulation of banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn, which combined with heavy grazing intensity area had the maximum degree of spatial variability. Spatial distribution was mosaic patchy distribution.
5. Available potassium in heavy grazing area> moderate grazing area; heavy grazing intensity accelerated the available N transfer rate of topsoil down to subsoil then caused a large number of phosphorus,.available P and potassium loss in topsoil;the organic matter content declined with soil layer increased.
6. Compared to the community characteristics, banning grazing in spring+heavy grazing in summer+moderate grazing in autumn area and banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn area processing than the continious moderate grazing area, which all had a close relationship with the community characteristics of average height and density; the continious moderate grazing area was better than continious heavy grazing area and heavy grazing in spring and summer+ moderate grazing in autumn area, which had a close relationship with community coverage.
7. The regulation of banning grazing in spring+heavy grazing in summer+moderate grazing in autumn was more reasonable.
1.早期休牧有利于植物种群高度和主要植物种群短花针茅盖度和密度的增加,表现为春季休牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧和春季休牧+夏季适牧+秋季重牧的调控方式植物种群数量特征较高,放牧季皆为重度放牧或春秋季重牧+秋季适牧的季节调控方式种群数量特征较低；放牧季皆为适度放牧强度的方式有利于无芒隐子草盖度和密度的增加。适度放牧可以有效地平衡群落内各种群的地位,相应的增加了种群数及个体数。物种替代程度随取样面积增加而降低,表现为适度放牧区>春季休牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧区>重度放牧区>春夏季重牧+秋季适牧区>春季休牧+夏季适牧+秋季重牧区。
2.春季休牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧和春季休牧+夏季适牧+秋季重牧的调控方式及适度放牧强度较能提高群落地上现存量。不同处理区草地地下生物量随土层深度增加而降低,呈“T”型,分布规律符合指数函数减小规律,适度放牧强度有利于地下生物量的积累。
3.粗蛋白含量总体呈“下降一上升一下降”的趋势。春季休牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧区和适度放牧较有利于群落粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、磷、镁含量的累积；春季休牧+夏季适牧+秋季重牧促进草群钙含量的提高。
4.春季休牧+夏季适牧+秋季重牧的季节调控方式3个主要植物种群同向及异向性空间分布随机因素引起的空间变异较大,空间分布以结构性因素起主导作用,并呈镶嵌的斑块状分布；春季休牧+夏季适牧十秋季重牧区植物物种数随机因素引起的空间变异较大,春季休牧十夏季重牧+秋季适牧区最大空间变异程度最大,且最大变异程度随角度增大而增强；重度放牧处理区群落总盖度同向性空间分布随机因素引起的空间变异最大,最大变异程度较大；各角度异向性分布以春季休牧+夏季适牧+秋季重牧区随机因素引起的空间变异最大,春季休牧+夏季适牧十秋季重牧区和重度放牧区空间最大变异程度较大,空间分布以镶嵌的斑块状分布为主。
5.土壤速效钾含量重度放牧强度>适度放牧强度；重度放牧强度使得表层土壤碱解氮向下转移速率加快,导致土壤全磷、速效磷和全钾大量流失；有机质含量随土层深度增加而下降。
6.群落特征指标下,春季休牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧区和春季休牧+夏季适牧+秋季重牧区优于适度放牧处理区,与群落平均高度和密度等数量特征具有密切关系;适度放牧处理区优于重牧放牧处理区和春夏季重牧+秋季适牧区,与群落总盖度关系密切。
7.春季休牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧的季节调控方式较为合理。
Response to seasonal regulation of grazing intensity on plant population and community characteristics of Stipa breviflora steppe were investigated during year2010～2011, which recorded the height, coverage and density of plant populations in order to calculate important value and diversity index. Plant of aboveground part in each treatment was cut, dried and weighed for the calculation of grassland productivity, meanwhile took back0～40cm soil samples, each10cm for a layer in the corresponding plots to laboratory for routine nutrients analysis. A representative plot by size100m×100m was selected in each treatment in2011, according to mechanical method,1m×1m quadrats laid per10m quadrats and detailed records of plant species, height, coverage, density and analyzed spatial heterogeneity of main plant population and community characteristics in each grazing treatment. Finally the relationship between treatments or treatment and plant population/soil nutrients was investigated using cluster and correspondence analysis to identify the optimal mode of seasonal regulation in different grazing intensity. The main results were as follows:
1. Early banning grazing is conducive to plant population height and coverage, density of Stipa breviflora, that represented higher characteristics of plant populations for the regulation of banning grazing in spring+heavy grazing in summer+moderate grazing in autumn and banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn, while lower characteristics of plant populations for the regulation of continious heavy grazing or heavy grazing in spring and summer+moderate grazing in autumn. Moderate grazing intensity can effectively balance population status in the community, and correspondly increase population and individuals'numbers. The degree of species replacement reduced with increase of sampling area, which showing moderate grazing area> banning grazing in spring+heavy grazing in summer+moderate grazing in autumn area> heavy grazing area> heavy grazing in spring and summer+moderate grazing in autumn area> banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn area.
2. Regulation of banning grazing in spring+heavy grazing in summer+moderate grazing in autumn, banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn and moderate grazing intensity increased community aboveground standing crop. The underground biomass declined with increase of soil layers deeper in different treatments, which showed "T" type, and was accordant to the declining pattern depicted by the exponential function. Moderate grazing intensity was benefit for underground biomass accumulation.
3. Crude protein content showed a trend of "down-up-down ". regulation of banning grazing in spring+heavy grazing in summer+moderate grazing in autumn and moderate grazing intensity were more conducive to accumulation of community crude protein, crude fat, phosphorus and magnesium content; regulation of banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn can promote the improvement of plant calcium content.
4. The isotropic and anisotropy space distribution of three main plant populations caused by random factors were larger in regulation of banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn which of plant spatial variability degree was also largest, and which of space heterogeneity caused mainly by structural factors. three main plant populations in different treatment were in distribution of mosaic patches; spatial variability of plant species number in regulation of banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn was larger by random factors, while regulation of banning grazing in spring+heavy grazing in summer+moderate grazing in autumn had the maximum degree of spatial variability, and enhanced with angle increasing; community coverage spatial variability of isotropic spatial distribution caused by random factors and maximum degree of spatial variability in heavy grazing treatment was larger; spatial variability of anisotropy spatial distribution caused by random factors was largest in regulation of banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn, which combined with heavy grazing intensity area had the maximum degree of spatial variability. Spatial distribution was mosaic patchy distribution.
5. Available potassium in heavy grazing area> moderate grazing area; heavy grazing intensity accelerated the available N transfer rate of topsoil down to subsoil then caused a large number of phosphorus,.available P and potassium loss in topsoil;the organic matter content declined with soil layer increased.
6. Compared to the community characteristics, banning grazing in spring+heavy grazing in summer+moderate grazing in autumn area and banning grazing in spring+moderate grazing in summer+heavy grazing in autumn area processing than the continious moderate grazing area, which all had a close relationship with the community characteristics of average height and density; the continious moderate grazing area was better than continious heavy grazing area and heavy grazing in spring and summer+ moderate grazing in autumn area, which had a close relationship with community coverage.
7. The regulation of banning grazing in spring+heavy grazing in summer+moderate grazing in autumn was more reasonable.
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