汉语中不礼貌构式的社会与认知研究
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摘要
语言不礼貌是社会语用学范畴内一个相对年轻的研究领域。语言不礼貌研究是针对礼貌研究的“概念偏见”和发展不平衡产生的。不礼貌研究的初衷旨在建立与经典礼貌理论（Brown&Levinson,1987）平行而又对立的分析框架，用于解释与和谐礼貌交际相对立，且引起社会不和谐的交际策略，并试图通过内在不礼貌和嘲讽不礼貌现象，分析验证不礼貌与语境因素的关系，尝试证明语言不礼貌行为在某些语境（如军事训练和文学戏剧）中的正常态势。语言不礼貌研究从一开始就试图以内在不礼貌为出发点，寻找不礼貌与礼貌研究的区分，也正是因为对不礼貌语言内在性的追问，使得不礼貌研究逐渐走向成熟，成为一门有着独立的学科地位的研究领域。2011年Culpeper又从规约化不礼貌程式的角度，再一次对不礼貌语言内在性进行了剖析，并将不礼貌内在性的研究从单纯的行为和语境结合（Culpeper,1996），上升到了社会和认知高度。从规约化不礼貌程式的角度验证不礼貌语言内在性对不礼貌研究来说是一个新的飞跃，是将不礼貌研究引入不礼貌语言构式研究的开端。构式作为“语言系统中的基本单位”，表示“与人类经验有关的重要情景”。表达非期望、不满情感的不礼貌，作为负面情感系统，建构了人类体验世界的重要情景，我们认为规约化不礼貌程式是不礼貌构式的一个主要类别，是不礼貌语用规约化在语言结构上的固化。因此，我们把经过主观化和交互主观化，存储负面情感态度和负面情感意义的象征单位，称为“不礼貌构式”。为了深入了解内在不礼貌现象，考察一级（不）礼貌规范，我们试以《红楼梦》为语料，以构式语法理论、标记理论、语义语法理论和社会-认知理论为主要理论基础，以反映负面情感标记的不礼貌现象为出发点，通过频率统计和个案分析的方法，分析考察不礼貌构式在汉语中的种种表现。研究发现：第一，不礼貌构式以标记的形式存在于词汇、语法和语篇等语言的不同层面。词汇层面上的不礼貌标记主要由骂詈语标记构成。根据骂詈语主题的不同，词汇层面的不礼貌标记主要有五类标记构式，即“佛天鬼神”标记、“性相关”标记、“动、物”标记、“疾病死亡”标记、“位低品劣”标记等。句法层面上的不礼貌标记主要由指称标记和语气标记构成。指称标记主要是由人称代词“你”“我”以及指示代词“这”标记加名词短语NP组成的不礼貌构式，具体包括“你这+NP”、“我把+你这+NP”等构式。语气标记类构式主要由表达无疑而问语气的疑问代词标记以及表达不满语气的副词标记组成的不礼貌构式，具体包括“谁叫你+VP”、“什么+X”、“难道+XP”、“好个+NP”以及其他框式构式“连+NP+也/都+VP”、“都是+NP”等。语篇层面上的不礼貌标记主要由话语标记和元话语标记构成。话语标记主要是指在话语中起衔接作用，引导不满情绪发泄或对事态作负面评价的标记语。与话语标记相关的不礼貌构式主要包括叹化标记“呸”、“你瞧瞧”、“何苦来”等构式。元话语标记主要是由“俗话说”及其所引导的俗语构成，并通过俗语元语用评价反映不满情绪和负面态度。第二，不礼貌构式是一个由词汇层面、句法层面和语篇层面的不礼貌标记组成的一个构式家族。在这个大家族中，各个层面的构式又有众多成员构成，形成一个小家族。每个小家族之间的成员构成存在差异。例如，词汇标记构式家族是一个由五个骂詈语成员构成组成的家族，但是每个成员构式内部组成某种相似性，即基本上都是由“词素——词语（复合词）——习语”组成的构式集合。同样，在句法标记构式家族之间其内部也存在相似性，即每个构式家族内部都存在一个原型构式，其他构式则是这个构式的变体，各个构式之间处在一种承继关系之中。语篇标记构式家族内部则处在从“词汇化——叹化——标记化——构式化”的动态演变中，而俗语构式内部则处在由语义范畴内部语义相异、相似或范畴之间联想的逻辑演算中。第三，不礼貌构式及构式义的产生与特定的社会文化和社会认知有关。《红楼梦》不礼貌构式义的形成在很大程度上受中国儒家文化思想的影响，突出表现在词汇层面上的骂詈语标记、俗语构式中的对比联想以及句法层面的NP和VP中。从认知的角度看，《红楼梦》不礼貌构式反映了人类最基本的认知原则和普遍的认知机制。象似性原则、经济原则、家族相似性原则是不礼貌构式形成的基本原则，而概念空间合成、认知注意、主观心理期待和隐喻引申则是不礼貌构成的主要认知机制。第四，不礼貌构式处在历时演变中。研究发现，《红楼梦》不礼貌构式是汉语不礼貌构式体系形成和发展重要组成部分，反映了近代汉语不礼貌构式的基本特点，代表了汉语不礼貌构式历时发展的一个典型阶段。《红楼梦》中的有些不礼貌构式如“小蹄子”、“我把+你这+NP”、“何苦来”等的使用在现代汉语中呈下降趋势，有些不礼貌构式如“他妈的”、“好你个”、“你看你”等正处在逐渐形成阶段，而有些构式仍具有相当的生命力并日趋成熟，如“你这+NP”，“都是+NP”、大多数俗语等。当然，这还需要大量历时数据的论证。
Linguistic impoliteness is a newly appeared subject in the domain ofsociopragmatics. Its birth is based on the “conceptual bias” and imbalanceddevelopment in politeness study. The tenet of the early research on linguisticimppoliteness is to build an impoliteness framework which is parallel but opposite toBrown and Levinson’s (1987) theory of politeness. The purpose of the impolitenessframework is to work on communicative strategies aiming at attacking one’sinterlocutor and causing disharmony. Meanwhile, it attempts to verify the correlation ofimpoliteness to contextual factors by analyzing inherent impoliteness and mockimpoliteness and to testify the normal stance of impoliteness in such contexts as armytraining and literary drama. Inherent impoliteness is thus the key to the growth andfull-fledged study of impoliteness research. In effect, from the seminal article written byCulpeper in1996to the book-column work in2011, the understanding of inherentimpoliteness has changed drastically. Sociocognitivelly rooted model has taken theplace of the early model which views inherent impoliteness as the conjunction of actand context. Sociocognitive model views linguistic impoliteness both as biologicalreflexes and cognitive appraisal rather than mere linguistic strategies. The discovery ofconventionalised formulaic impoliteness proves to be a step forward in impolitenessresearch itself as well as a beginning of the impoliteness construction study.Construction, a symbolic unit of form and meaning, is a unit of storage based on itsusage. As basic unit of language system,“construction” represents important situationconcerning human experience. The negative emotional system, reflecting humannegative affection, conceives important human experience. We believe that all thoseconstructions which reflect negative attitude towards specific behaviours occurring inspecific contexts can be viewed as “impoliteness construction”. Conventionalizedimpoliteness formula, the formation of which is the entrenchment of negative attitudeonto linguistic structures in a pragmatic conventionalized way, should be considered asone kind of impoliteness constructions. Therefore, we believe that impolitenessconstruction is a symbolic unit which is the storge of such conventionalized informationas negative emotional attitude and negative emotional meaning through subjectificationand intersubjectification. In order to have a better understanding of what inherent impoliteness is, this thesis attempts to make an adequate description and explanation ofimpoliteness constructions in Chinese language by adopting frequency calculation andcase studies of A Dream of Red Mansions from the perspective of socio-cognition withthe framework of Construction Grammar theory, Markendess theory, SemanticGrammar theory and Socio-cognitive theory. The research has the following findings:
Firstly, impoliteness constructions may appear at lexical, syntactic and discoursallevels. Impoliteness constructions at lexical level may be divided into five categoriesbased on swearing themes, which include “God-heaven-ghost-devil”,“sex”,“animaland object”,“disease and death”,“low identity and immorality”. At syntactic level,impoliteness constructions are revealed in the form of reference and mood.“ni zhe+NP”(you+this+NP),“wo ba+ni zhe+NP”(I+give+you+this),“hao ge+NP”(what+a+NP) are the typical constructions of reference, while “shui jiao ni+VP”(who+let+you+NP),“shen me+X”(what+X),“lian+NP+ye/dou+VP”(even+NP+VP),“dou shi+NP”(It is because of+NP) are the main construction types at thelevel of syntax. At discoursal level, impoliteness discourse makers may formimpoliteness constructions which reflect the negative attitudes towards the propositionalcontent and thus causing threatening to other face.“pei”(Pah),“ni+qiao qiao”(look),“he ku lai”(It’s not worth a quarrel) and “su yu”(common sayings) are the mainimpoliteness constructions at discoursal level. Secondly, the impoliteness constructionis a big family. Each family has a stereotypical construction and its members sharesome resemblance. As for constructions at lexical level, morphemes, words, compoundsand idioms together form a whole collection of swearing constructions. At syntacticlevel, the resemblance of construction members lies in their inheritance andmetaphorical extension with their variants against the main construction. Patterns of“lexicalization, exclamation, markedness and constructionization” are dynamicallydemonstrated at discoursal level. The internal structures of common sayings (su yu) arein the form of logic calculus concerning semantic sameness and oppositeness withinsemantic categories and semantic associations across semantic categories. Thirdly,impoliteness constructions and their construction meanings have close connection withspecific social culture and social cognition. The impoliteness constructions in A Dreamof Red Mansions are affected greatly by the social ideology of Confucianism, withswearing markedness at lexical level and contrastive association at common saying (suyu) constructions. NP and VP at syntactic level are greatly influenced by the traditionalsocial ideology of Confucianism. Cognitively speaking, impoliteness constructions in A Dream of Red Mansions are reflections of common cognitive principles of human mind,which include the principles of iconicity, economic principles and the concepts offamily resemblance, etc. Conceptual space, cognitive prominence, subjectivity,intersubjectivity and metaphorical extensions are the main mechanisms of impolitenessconstructions. Fourthly, impoliteness constructions are dynamic. Research shows thatimpoliteness constructions in A Dream of Red Mansions are important components inChinese impoliteness construction system, which depicts the common features ofmodern Chinese impoliteness constructions. It is predicted from our commonconceptions that some constructions in A Dream of Red Mansions are seldom used incurrent mandarin Chinese, such as “xiao tizi”(little hussy, little flirt),“wo ba+ni zhe+NP”(I+give+you+this),“he ku lai”(It’s not worth a quarrel), some are at thebeginning of growth, such as “ta ma de”(fuck),“hao ni ge”(good+you+a), whilesome constructions are still widely used and still gain popularity nowadays, for example,“ni zhe+NP”(you+this+NP),“dou shi+NP”(It’s because of NP) and most majorityof constructions of common sayings. Of course, the diachronic change of impolitenessconstructions should be verified with diachronic data and this is the topic we plan to doin the future research.
Linguistic impoliteness is a newly appeared subject in the domain ofsociopragmatics. Its birth is based on the “conceptual bias” and imbalanceddevelopment in politeness study. The tenet of the early research on linguisticimppoliteness is to build an impoliteness framework which is parallel but opposite toBrown and Levinson’s (1987) theory of politeness. The purpose of the impolitenessframework is to work on communicative strategies aiming at attacking one’sinterlocutor and causing disharmony. Meanwhile, it attempts to verify the correlation ofimpoliteness to contextual factors by analyzing inherent impoliteness and mockimpoliteness and to testify the normal stance of impoliteness in such contexts as armytraining and literary drama. Inherent impoliteness is thus the key to the growth andfull-fledged study of impoliteness research. In effect, from the seminal article written byCulpeper in1996to the book-column work in2011, the understanding of inherentimpoliteness has changed drastically. Sociocognitivelly rooted model has taken theplace of the early model which views inherent impoliteness as the conjunction of actand context. Sociocognitive model views linguistic impoliteness both as biologicalreflexes and cognitive appraisal rather than mere linguistic strategies. The discovery ofconventionalised formulaic impoliteness proves to be a step forward in impolitenessresearch itself as well as a beginning of the impoliteness construction study.Construction, a symbolic unit of form and meaning, is a unit of storage based on itsusage. As basic unit of language system,“construction” represents important situationconcerning human experience. The negative emotional system, reflecting humannegative affection, conceives important human experience. We believe that all thoseconstructions which reflect negative attitude towards specific behaviours occurring inspecific contexts can be viewed as “impoliteness construction”. Conventionalizedimpoliteness formula, the formation of which is the entrenchment of negative attitudeonto linguistic structures in a pragmatic conventionalized way, should be considered asone kind of impoliteness constructions. Therefore, we believe that impolitenessconstruction is a symbolic unit which is the storge of such conventionalized informationas negative emotional attitude and negative emotional meaning through subjectificationand intersubjectification. In order to have a better understanding of what inherent impoliteness is, this thesis attempts to make an adequate description and explanation ofimpoliteness constructions in Chinese language by adopting frequency calculation andcase studies of A Dream of Red Mansions from the perspective of socio-cognition withthe framework of Construction Grammar theory, Markendess theory, SemanticGrammar theory and Socio-cognitive theory. The research has the following findings:
Firstly, impoliteness constructions may appear at lexical, syntactic and discoursallevels. Impoliteness constructions at lexical level may be divided into five categoriesbased on swearing themes, which include “God-heaven-ghost-devil”,“sex”,“animaland object”,“disease and death”,“low identity and immorality”. At syntactic level,impoliteness constructions are revealed in the form of reference and mood.“ni zhe+NP”(you+this+NP),“wo ba+ni zhe+NP”(I+give+you+this),“hao ge+NP”(what+a+NP) are the typical constructions of reference, while “shui jiao ni+VP”(who+let+you+NP),“shen me+X”(what+X),“lian+NP+ye/dou+VP”(even+NP+VP),“dou shi+NP”(It is because of+NP) are the main construction types at thelevel of syntax. At discoursal level, impoliteness discourse makers may formimpoliteness constructions which reflect the negative attitudes towards the propositionalcontent and thus causing threatening to other face.“pei”(Pah),“ni+qiao qiao”(look),“he ku lai”(It’s not worth a quarrel) and “su yu”(common sayings) are the mainimpoliteness constructions at discoursal level. Secondly, the impoliteness constructionis a big family. Each family has a stereotypical construction and its members sharesome resemblance. As for constructions at lexical level, morphemes, words, compoundsand idioms together form a whole collection of swearing constructions. At syntacticlevel, the resemblance of construction members lies in their inheritance andmetaphorical extension with their variants against the main construction. Patterns of“lexicalization, exclamation, markedness and constructionization” are dynamicallydemonstrated at discoursal level. The internal structures of common sayings (su yu) arein the form of logic calculus concerning semantic sameness and oppositeness withinsemantic categories and semantic associations across semantic categories. Thirdly,impoliteness constructions and their construction meanings have close connection withspecific social culture and social cognition. The impoliteness constructions in A Dreamof Red Mansions are affected greatly by the social ideology of Confucianism, withswearing markedness at lexical level and contrastive association at common saying (suyu) constructions. NP and VP at syntactic level are greatly influenced by the traditionalsocial ideology of Confucianism. Cognitively speaking, impoliteness constructions in A Dream of Red Mansions are reflections of common cognitive principles of human mind,which include the principles of iconicity, economic principles and the concepts offamily resemblance, etc. Conceptual space, cognitive prominence, subjectivity,intersubjectivity and metaphorical extensions are the main mechanisms of impolitenessconstructions. Fourthly, impoliteness constructions are dynamic. Research shows thatimpoliteness constructions in A Dream of Red Mansions are important components inChinese impoliteness construction system, which depicts the common features ofmodern Chinese impoliteness constructions. It is predicted from our commonconceptions that some constructions in A Dream of Red Mansions are seldom used incurrent mandarin Chinese, such as “xiao tizi”(little hussy, little flirt),“wo ba+ni zhe+NP”(I+give+you+this),“he ku lai”(It’s not worth a quarrel), some are at thebeginning of growth, such as “ta ma de”(fuck),“hao ni ge”(good+you+a), whilesome constructions are still widely used and still gain popularity nowadays, for example,“ni zhe+NP”(you+this+NP),“dou shi+NP”(It’s because of NP) and most majorityof constructions of common sayings. Of course, the diachronic change of impolitenessconstructions should be verified with diachronic data and this is the topic we plan to doin the future research.
引文
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