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打在文明门面上的烙印:广告,人类的乌托邦抑或灾难
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摘要
本文试图从文化研究的大视野出发,用符号学、语言学、社会学、美学等理论话语来审视广告,以期发现电子文化阶段的广告话语方式的特征和运作规律;探讨广告形象乌托邦在当代文化中的作用和地位。
     本文立论的前提之一是,我们的社会已进入了电子文化阶段,而不是口传文化和印刷文化。马克·波斯特从后结构主义基点出发,认定电子文化因交流手段的电子化特点,在某种程度上已成为了新的语言经验,且这种新的语言经验对现代主体进行了重构。他提出了“信息方式”的概念,意指符号交流的结构。当今文化已使得符号交流日益居于社会的中心,“信息方式”暗示,历史可能按符号交流情形中的结构变化被区分为不同时期。信息方式的诸阶段分为:面对面的口头媒介的交换(特征是符号的互应)、印刷的书写媒介的交换(特征是意符的再现)、电子媒介的交换(特征是信息的模拟)。马克·波斯特有两个重要的理论前提,一是语言并非行动的透明工具,二是主体是在交往行动中和交往结构中被构成的。在电子文化阶段,电子交流使得处于理性/想象的自律性的中心地位的笛卡尔主体去中心化、分散化和多元化。
     电视广告是电子交流的典型样式,其话语方式的特征是无语境、独白式和自指性。无语境是指广告取消了现实的会话语境,而重新创造出某种语言情境。独白式是指它的非对话性。自指性意为,广告话语无现实指涉物从而指涉自身。广告话语方式是日常生活美学化的内在机制;当代人有某种泛审美性,即意识的美学化,或称为对现实理解的美学化态度,而这种看待现实的独特态度正是来源于广告话语方式,这在最后一章有述。广告语言的符号学机制表现在广告的欲望修辞上。在这里,商品或商标占据一个词的位置,而广告形象则是该词的所指。进一步,广告形象同时又是一个能指,所指则是我们深藏于无意识中的种种欲望。基于这样的游戏规则,广告创造了一个形象的乌托邦,在当今中国,它是世俗的乌托邦的替代品。而被工具理性摆布,同时又被电子文化去中心化和分散化的当代人,就沉溺于这个形象的乌托邦之中。当代人的意义之网是碎片化的,这样的情形让人无法忍受,于是他们遁身于形象的乌托邦以作为权益之计——普遍的看法是,这样反而加深了这种现代病。
     无论如何,广告为社会提供了一幅未来意义上的图景。这幅图景虽然虚幻,但未见得不能借此预测社会文化的发展倾向,假如仅以古典理性的“真、假”概念来简单地评判广告,是否会象尼采所指出的那样,会使人以安全的名义失去部分宝贵的生命力呢?这是本文遗留的诸多问题中的一个。
From the visual field of culture studies, the paper tries to examine advertising with semiotic, linguistics, sociology, aesthetics etc., to find out the characteristic and law of it and to discuss the effect and position of advertising images. One of the presupposition of the paper is that our society has been into the stage of electric culture but not oral culture or printing culture. From the basic point of post-structuralism, Mark Poster thinks that electric culture has been a new language experience in some degree and the new language experience is reconstructing the modern subject. He puts forward the concept of the mode of information, which means the structure of interchange. The mode of interchange hints that history can be divided into different stages by the structure changes of symbolic interchange of face to face by oral media (symbolic correspondences); the second is interchange by writing media (representation of signs); the last is interchange by electric media (informational simulations). One of Mark Poster's important presuppositions is language is not transparent tool of action, the other is that subject is constructed in the actions and structures of interchange. In the stage of electric culture, electrical interchange makes subject changed from a central position of reason/imagination into a decentered and dispersed state.
    TV advertising is a typical pattern of electrical interchange, the discoursing pattern of which are non-contexts, monologic and self-referential. Non-contexts means that advertising cancels the realitic contexts of conversations but creates some speech situations in the same time. The monologic feature means that advertising is not dialogic. The self-referential feature means that the discourse of advertising has no realitic referential thing butto refer itself. The discoursing pattern of advertising is the internal mechanism of the aestheticism of daily life. The special manner does stem from the discoursing pattern of advertising, which is discussed in the last chapter. The desiring rhetoric of advertising expresses the semiotic mechanism of advertising language. In the language, goods or trade mark occupies a position of a word, and the advertising image is the signified of this word. In the same time, advertising image occupies a position of a signifier, the desire hiding in our unconscious is a signified. On the base, advertising creates a Utopia of images which is a substitution for the secular Utopia in present China. The meaning net of the present people was broken into pieces, which they can endure in no ways.so they indulge in the Utopia of images.
    Anyhow, advertising provides a futural scene for the society. Unreal as the scene is, maybe we could foresee the tendency of the society's progress through it. If we only evaluate advertising by classic concepts of real or false, do or not we will lose some precious life-force for safe's name?
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