毛竹林生态型模式施肥应用研究
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摘要
我国毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)面积386.83万hm2,占全国竹林总面积的71.89%、森林总面积的2.13%,对于南方集体林区的生态建设和“三农"增收有重要的意义,施肥作为毛竹林培育的重要技术措施得到更广泛应用。为探索科学合理的毛竹林施肥技术方法,以浙江安吉、龙泉、遂昌等毛竹主要分布县(市)和福建永安为研究地点,通过外业试验和农户调查的方法,对近年来浙江广泛实践的模式施肥方式开展形态生理和培育的生态效应的研究,并基于浙江毛竹林经营和土壤养分的现状,研究提出经济产出高效、水土保持、土壤质量等主要生态功能优良的毛竹林测土推荐施肥技术方案,验证效果良好。研究取得的主要结论是：
(1)模式施肥后单株叶片数量比对照增加24.0%,并显著提高毛竹林叶面积指数。竹林叶面积指数在稳定状态下,模式施肥处理达到7.67,比对照增加了1.48。模式施肥对毛竹的单叶面积、千叶重和冠层叶片的分布重心无显著影响。叶面积指数增加为通过光合能力增加有机物积累,提高毛竹经济产量奠定了基础。
(2)模式施肥后毛竹竹秆的主要经济性状特征总体变化较小,模式施肥后立竹量提高,胸径增加,因此生物量和经济产量增加。模式施肥对毛竹的秆高、节间数、节间长、尖削度、壁厚影响不显著,对秆重、枝下高的影响显著。模式施肥后秆重下降6.8%,枝下高下降17.3%,同时平均立竹密度提高45.6%,平均胸径增加4.59%,新竹量提高43%。
(3)模式施肥有助于维护土壤生物群落的多样性,从而维持立地生态质量。分析对比长期模式施肥(OM)、按传统施氮肥(CM)、不施肥(UM)三种土地利用方式的土壤养分水平,模式施肥处于总体较高水平。对土壤平板计数的菌群数量的分析表明,土壤细菌数量OM>UM>CM;建立了土壤微生物总DNA的16S rDNA文库,文库的酶切类型多样性顺序是：OM>UM>CM。考察三者Shannon-Wienner指数、Simpson指数、丰富度、均匀度等分析文库的多样性指数结果,模式施肥指标优于另外两个样本。
(4)毛竹林有较好的水土保持能力,模式施肥产生的毛竹林地径流养分流失总量不大,对区域环境不构成影响,但长期施肥经营对区域环境的压力仍然存在。研究表明,不同降雨量、降雨强度、毛竹林密度下产生的林地地表径流有差异,模式施肥的沟施方式产生的养分水土流失大于蔸施,其中,毛竹林径流系数在0.0007-0.001之间,氮的流失量在0.106-0.153kg/hm2之间,磷为0.001-0.002kg/hm2,均处于较低的水平。
(5)浙江毛竹经营技术以经济收入为导向,竹林生态系统负载大。对主要毛竹产区毛竹林土壤养分状况的分析表明,毛竹林土壤pH值处于4.66到5.03之间,有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、有机质和速效钾的含量,各地间差异大,大部分样区土壤需要补充氮和磷,而速效钾的含量普遍较高。同时,对10-30年集约经营毛竹林土壤的养分变异分析表明,施肥时间、施肥量和竹林经营类型等人为经营活动减低了土壤养分的相关性,且因经营活动的不同造成样区内竹林土壤相关性减低程度的不同,但随着经营时间的增加,样区内土壤养分含量的分布趋于均质。
(6)在区域层面实施毛竹林规模化测土推荐施肥,是个标准化、信息化的过程,本文制定了毛竹林测土推荐施肥的原则和技术方案流程,并引入农民参与技术发展途径,以实现提高经济效益并保护地力和环境的目的。经对遂昌县多样点实证研究表明,毛竹测土推荐施肥实施参与发展、综合经营措施,经济收入、化肥减量效益明显,其中,测土推荐施肥和对照相比,投入产出比从1：2.3降低到1：2.99,化肥主要元素(N、P、K)使用量至少降低4-23%,这表明,测土推荐施肥是一种有利于实现毛竹林可持续经营的施肥方式。
ABSTRACT
With the acreage of 3,868,300 hectares making up 71.89% of the national total bamboo forest area or 2.13% of the total national forest acreage, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) has been a significant forest species for the ecological construction and farmer income addition polices in the collective forest areas of southern China and fertilization as a key technical measure of forest management has been practiced on growing scale. To explore improved scientific Moso bamboo fertilization method, field experiments and household surveys were designed in Anji, Longquan, Suichang etc of Zhejiang Province and Yong'an of Fujian Province to study the morphological and silviculture ecology responses of Moso Bamboo to the widely practiced model fertilization methodology to put forward and verify the economically viable and soil ecological performance assured Moso bamboo soil-testing recommended fertilization methodology. The research had the following main conclusions.
(1) After the model fertilization the amount of single-culm leaves of the Moso bamboo forest increased by 24% and the leaf area index (LAI) increased significantly. During the stabilized period, the model fertilization stands had the LAI of 7.67 which was 1.48 higher than the control. Model fertilization did not have significant impact on the single-leaf area, the thousand-leaf weight and the gravity center of the leaf canopy leaves. The added LAI strengthened the photosynthetic capability for higher organic matter accumulation for raised biological output and economic production of Moso bamboo forest.
(2) After the model fertilization, the economic morphological features of Moso bamboo culm changed slightly and the biological output and economic production increased as the result of the raised bamboo stands DBH and density. Model fertilization had insignificant impacts on the morphological features of the culm length, amount of culm inter-node sections, the culm inter-node length, the taper degree and culm wall thickness, and had significant impact on the culm weight and below-branch culm height. Specifically, after the model fertilization, the culm weight decreased by 6.8%, the below-branch culm height decreased by 17.3% while the average bamboo stands density, the average DBH and the young bamboo culm quantity increased significantly by 45.6%,4.59% and 43% respectively.
(3) The model fertilization was helpful for the maintenance of soil biological communities, and thus contributive to maintaining forest land ecological quality. By contrasting the soil nutrient level of three land use types namely the long-term model fertilization (OM), traditional style N fertilization (CM) and no fertilization (UM), the OM was the highest. In addition, the enumerated bacterium quantification of plain plate indicated that the soil bacteria community quantity OM>UM>CM. The established 16S rDNA genomic library of soil microorganism indicated the total DNA enzyme cutting variation levels OM>UM>CM. The study of Shannon-Wienner index, Simpson index, abundance degree and uniformity levels of the total DNA genomic library all showed that the OM was superior in general to other two samples.
(4) The Moso bamboo forest has comparatively higher capability of soil and water conservation. The model fertilization runoff and nutrient of Moso bamboo forest produced an acceptably high runoff amount which did not form regional level negative environmental impact. However, the long-term pressure of applying fertilizer for good regional environment existed. The study showed that the rainfall, rainfall intensity, bamboo forest density affect runoff levels and the ditch style fertilization mode had higher erosion than the hole type fertilization mode by the model fertilization. The measured Moso bamboo forest runoff coefficient was between 0.0007-0.001,with the nitrogen runoff was between 0.106-0.153 kg/hm2;the P between 0.001-0.002 kg/hm2 which were both at comparatively low levels.
(5) The Zhejiang Moso bamboo management technology were economic revenue oriented, which brought about immense ecological pressure to the forest ecosystem. The nutrient condition of bamboo forest soil needed to be improved. The average pH value of Moso bamboo land of the province ranged from 4.66 to 5.03 while the soil nutrients of organic matter, whole nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium had high discrepancies. For most areas, the soil needs supplementation of P and N while the available potassium is generally higher. Meanwhile, by nutrient variation analysis to 10a-30a managed Moso bamboo forest soil, it showed that applying fertilizer as far as the applying time, dosage and operation manners etc were concerned, reduced the correlation of soil nutrient and the reduction degree differed among the forest management activities. Nevertheless, as the managed time went on, the distribution of soil nutrient contents tended to be more uniform.
(6) Application of Moso bamboo soil-testing formulation recommendation fertilization on large scale was a process of technical standardization and informationization. Such technology should have explicit principles, simplified operational procedures and farmer technology development participation arrangements to raise fertilization efficiency preserve land quality and mitigate the environmental risks. The pilot program of soil-testing formulation recommendation fertilization in Suichang County incorporated such participation and integrated management measures. Consequently, the cost-benefit ratio dropped from 1:2.3 to 1:2.99 and the used fertilizer quantity decreased by 4-23%, which proved that the fertilization of the soil-testing formulation fertilization was contributive to social, economic and environmental coordinated sustainable Moso bamboo forest management.
(1)模式施肥后单株叶片数量比对照增加24.0%,并显著提高毛竹林叶面积指数。竹林叶面积指数在稳定状态下,模式施肥处理达到7.67,比对照增加了1.48。模式施肥对毛竹的单叶面积、千叶重和冠层叶片的分布重心无显著影响。叶面积指数增加为通过光合能力增加有机物积累,提高毛竹经济产量奠定了基础。
(2)模式施肥后毛竹竹秆的主要经济性状特征总体变化较小,模式施肥后立竹量提高,胸径增加,因此生物量和经济产量增加。模式施肥对毛竹的秆高、节间数、节间长、尖削度、壁厚影响不显著,对秆重、枝下高的影响显著。模式施肥后秆重下降6.8%,枝下高下降17.3%,同时平均立竹密度提高45.6%,平均胸径增加4.59%,新竹量提高43%。
(3)模式施肥有助于维护土壤生物群落的多样性,从而维持立地生态质量。分析对比长期模式施肥(OM)、按传统施氮肥(CM)、不施肥(UM)三种土地利用方式的土壤养分水平,模式施肥处于总体较高水平。对土壤平板计数的菌群数量的分析表明,土壤细菌数量OM>UM>CM;建立了土壤微生物总DNA的16S rDNA文库,文库的酶切类型多样性顺序是：OM>UM>CM。考察三者Shannon-Wienner指数、Simpson指数、丰富度、均匀度等分析文库的多样性指数结果,模式施肥指标优于另外两个样本。
(4)毛竹林有较好的水土保持能力,模式施肥产生的毛竹林地径流养分流失总量不大,对区域环境不构成影响,但长期施肥经营对区域环境的压力仍然存在。研究表明,不同降雨量、降雨强度、毛竹林密度下产生的林地地表径流有差异,模式施肥的沟施方式产生的养分水土流失大于蔸施,其中,毛竹林径流系数在0.0007-0.001之间,氮的流失量在0.106-0.153kg/hm2之间,磷为0.001-0.002kg/hm2,均处于较低的水平。
(5)浙江毛竹经营技术以经济收入为导向,竹林生态系统负载大。对主要毛竹产区毛竹林土壤养分状况的分析表明,毛竹林土壤pH值处于4.66到5.03之间,有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、有机质和速效钾的含量,各地间差异大,大部分样区土壤需要补充氮和磷,而速效钾的含量普遍较高。同时,对10-30年集约经营毛竹林土壤的养分变异分析表明,施肥时间、施肥量和竹林经营类型等人为经营活动减低了土壤养分的相关性,且因经营活动的不同造成样区内竹林土壤相关性减低程度的不同,但随着经营时间的增加,样区内土壤养分含量的分布趋于均质。
(6)在区域层面实施毛竹林规模化测土推荐施肥,是个标准化、信息化的过程,本文制定了毛竹林测土推荐施肥的原则和技术方案流程,并引入农民参与技术发展途径,以实现提高经济效益并保护地力和环境的目的。经对遂昌县多样点实证研究表明,毛竹测土推荐施肥实施参与发展、综合经营措施,经济收入、化肥减量效益明显,其中,测土推荐施肥和对照相比,投入产出比从1：2.3降低到1：2.99,化肥主要元素(N、P、K)使用量至少降低4-23%,这表明,测土推荐施肥是一种有利于实现毛竹林可持续经营的施肥方式。
ABSTRACT
With the acreage of 3,868,300 hectares making up 71.89% of the national total bamboo forest area or 2.13% of the total national forest acreage, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) has been a significant forest species for the ecological construction and farmer income addition polices in the collective forest areas of southern China and fertilization as a key technical measure of forest management has been practiced on growing scale. To explore improved scientific Moso bamboo fertilization method, field experiments and household surveys were designed in Anji, Longquan, Suichang etc of Zhejiang Province and Yong'an of Fujian Province to study the morphological and silviculture ecology responses of Moso Bamboo to the widely practiced model fertilization methodology to put forward and verify the economically viable and soil ecological performance assured Moso bamboo soil-testing recommended fertilization methodology. The research had the following main conclusions.
(1) After the model fertilization the amount of single-culm leaves of the Moso bamboo forest increased by 24% and the leaf area index (LAI) increased significantly. During the stabilized period, the model fertilization stands had the LAI of 7.67 which was 1.48 higher than the control. Model fertilization did not have significant impact on the single-leaf area, the thousand-leaf weight and the gravity center of the leaf canopy leaves. The added LAI strengthened the photosynthetic capability for higher organic matter accumulation for raised biological output and economic production of Moso bamboo forest.
(2) After the model fertilization, the economic morphological features of Moso bamboo culm changed slightly and the biological output and economic production increased as the result of the raised bamboo stands DBH and density. Model fertilization had insignificant impacts on the morphological features of the culm length, amount of culm inter-node sections, the culm inter-node length, the taper degree and culm wall thickness, and had significant impact on the culm weight and below-branch culm height. Specifically, after the model fertilization, the culm weight decreased by 6.8%, the below-branch culm height decreased by 17.3% while the average bamboo stands density, the average DBH and the young bamboo culm quantity increased significantly by 45.6%,4.59% and 43% respectively.
(3) The model fertilization was helpful for the maintenance of soil biological communities, and thus contributive to maintaining forest land ecological quality. By contrasting the soil nutrient level of three land use types namely the long-term model fertilization (OM), traditional style N fertilization (CM) and no fertilization (UM), the OM was the highest. In addition, the enumerated bacterium quantification of plain plate indicated that the soil bacteria community quantity OM>UM>CM. The established 16S rDNA genomic library of soil microorganism indicated the total DNA enzyme cutting variation levels OM>UM>CM. The study of Shannon-Wienner index, Simpson index, abundance degree and uniformity levels of the total DNA genomic library all showed that the OM was superior in general to other two samples.
(4) The Moso bamboo forest has comparatively higher capability of soil and water conservation. The model fertilization runoff and nutrient of Moso bamboo forest produced an acceptably high runoff amount which did not form regional level negative environmental impact. However, the long-term pressure of applying fertilizer for good regional environment existed. The study showed that the rainfall, rainfall intensity, bamboo forest density affect runoff levels and the ditch style fertilization mode had higher erosion than the hole type fertilization mode by the model fertilization. The measured Moso bamboo forest runoff coefficient was between 0.0007-0.001,with the nitrogen runoff was between 0.106-0.153 kg/hm2;the P between 0.001-0.002 kg/hm2 which were both at comparatively low levels.
(5) The Zhejiang Moso bamboo management technology were economic revenue oriented, which brought about immense ecological pressure to the forest ecosystem. The nutrient condition of bamboo forest soil needed to be improved. The average pH value of Moso bamboo land of the province ranged from 4.66 to 5.03 while the soil nutrients of organic matter, whole nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium had high discrepancies. For most areas, the soil needs supplementation of P and N while the available potassium is generally higher. Meanwhile, by nutrient variation analysis to 10a-30a managed Moso bamboo forest soil, it showed that applying fertilizer as far as the applying time, dosage and operation manners etc were concerned, reduced the correlation of soil nutrient and the reduction degree differed among the forest management activities. Nevertheless, as the managed time went on, the distribution of soil nutrient contents tended to be more uniform.
(6) Application of Moso bamboo soil-testing formulation recommendation fertilization on large scale was a process of technical standardization and informationization. Such technology should have explicit principles, simplified operational procedures and farmer technology development participation arrangements to raise fertilization efficiency preserve land quality and mitigate the environmental risks. The pilot program of soil-testing formulation recommendation fertilization in Suichang County incorporated such participation and integrated management measures. Consequently, the cost-benefit ratio dropped from 1:2.3 to 1:2.99 and the used fertilizer quantity decreased by 4-23%, which proved that the fertilization of the soil-testing formulation fertilization was contributive to social, economic and environmental coordinated sustainable Moso bamboo forest management.
引文
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