石墨、氧化铝及碳纤维增强镁基复合材料的组织和磨损
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摘要
镁合金作为目前可应用的最轻的金属结构材料,具有低密度、高比强度和比刚度等优点,被广泛的应用于汽车、航天和电子领域,但其高温强度低,耐磨性和耐蚀性差,使其应用范围受到很大的限制。通过加入纤维或颗粒制备复合材料可大大提高镁合金的耐磨性。由于复合材料的研究主要集中在硬质颗粒增强方面,对于润滑在摩擦过程中的作用,特别是固体润滑剂对摩擦副的减摩耐磨作用以及润滑膜的形成机制研究较少。因此本论文设计制备自润滑镁基复合材料,研究增强相对复合材料组织和性能的影响,分析复合材料的磨损性能及润滑膜形成机制,从而为自润滑镁基复合材料的发展和应用提供可靠的依据。
对于Gr/Al2O3/AZ91D-Cex复合材料,研究了不同稀土含量、石墨含量和粒度对复合材料组织、显微硬度和磨损性能的影响。分析稀土相的形成机理及Ce对基体组织的细化机理。研究不同载荷和速度下系列复合材料的磨损性能并总分析磨损机制。对于CF /Al2O3/AZ91D-Cex复合材料,研究了不同Ce含量对复合材料的组织、显微硬度、拉伸性能和磨损性能的影响。分析复合材料的断裂机制、亚表层塑性变形和润滑膜的形成机制,确定复合材料由轻微磨损向严重磨损的转变载荷。最后对比颗粒和纤维对复合材料性能的影响。
As the lightest metal structural materials magnesium alloy has low density and high performance in specific strength and stiffness. It is widely used in automobile, aerospace and electric area. But its low strength as increasing the temperature and low resistance in corrosion and wear property limits its application area. One method to solve problem is to make magnesium matrix composite.
Using fibers、particles and whisker as reinforcement fabricating magnesium matrix composite can increase its wear property. Usually the researches force on hard particle like SiC or TiC particles reinforced composites, after adding these reinforcement can increase the strength of the matrix, moreover, increase its wear resistance. But the investigation on lubricating effect during friction and wear process is less, especially the effect of solid lubricant which can decrease friction coefficient and wear loss on friction pair and the form mechanism of lubricating film. This article designs self-lubricating magnesium matrix composite. The composites reinforced by graphite particles and Al2O3 short fibers can be fabricated by combining perform with squeeze-infiltration technique. The effect of reinforcements on microstructure、microhardness、tensile and wear properties of the composites along with wear mechanism is investigated. The research gives the proof of the development and application of self-lubricating magnesium matrix composite.
For graphite/Al2O3/AZ91D-Cex composite, investigates different Ce content, different graphite content and particle size on microstructure and properties of the composite. The results show that:
(1) For Gr/Al2O3/AZ91D-Cex composite with different Ce content, the composite can be fabricated by combining perform with squeeze-infiltration technique. The graphite particle and Al2O3 short fibers combine closely with the matrix and no obviously defect can be found. For the reason of difference in element electronegativity, Ce forms Al11Ce3 with Al. Adding Ce in the matrix can affect the grain size by affecting the nucleation rate of the composite, refine the dendrite and form rare earth phase. The grain size of the composite decreases as increasing Ce content, but microhardness and wear resistance increase as increasing Ce content, and the composite with 1.0% Ce has the best wear resistance. When the wear test load changes the wear loss of the composite increases as increases load, at low load the mechanism is mainly abrasive wear and oxidation wear; at high load it changes to delamination wear. When velocity changes at 0.1m/s the composites have similar wear loss and the wear mechanism is mainly oxidation wear, but as increasing the velocity it changes to abrasive wear along with oxidation wear, at 2.0m/s the wear mechanism of all the composites transform to delaminaiton wear.
(2) For Gr/Al2O3/AZ91D-0.8Ce composite with different graphite content, when the graphite content increases from 5% to 10% the grain size changes less, when the graphite content come up to 15% the grain size becomes less. The graphite particle affects the grain size of the composite by increasing nucleation rate and embarrassing grain size from growing up, so the composite with more graphite content has little grain size. The microhardness decreases as increasing the graphite content, and the wear resistance increases as increasing graphite content, the composite with 20% graphite has the best wear resistance. Analysis the wear loss under different wear test load, at 20N the worn surface has oxidative film mixed with graphite on it which can work as lubricate and decrease wear loss; but as increasing the load the worn surface can form oxidative film and the wear mechanism is abrasive wear and oxidation wear; at high load some broken Al2O3 short fibers are found in the subsurface which decreases the strength of the matrix, so the graphite is easier been peeled of from the worn surface and can’t still work as lubricant, the wear loss increases sharply and the wear mechanism changes to delamination wear.
(3) For Gr/Al2O3/AZ91D-0.8Ce composite with different graphite particle size, as decreasing the graphite particle size the grains become uniform but the grains size changes less and the effect of graphite particle size affect the process of nucleation and growth less. The microhardness decreases as increasing the graphite particle size, but the wear resistance increases as increasing the graphite particle size, the composite with graphite particle size of 240μm has the best wear resistance. When the wear test load changes, the composite with graphite particle size of 240μm has bare graphite on the worn surface which increases the lubricating effect of the friction pair, so its wear loss increases slowly as increasing the load. At low load the wear mechanism is abrasive wear and oxidation wear; at high load except the composite with graphite particle size of 240μm is still abrasive wear and oxidation wear, the wear mechanism of others change to delamination wear.
(4) For CF/Al2O3/AZ91D-Cex composite, the effect of Ce on microstructure、microhardness、tensile and wear properties of the composite are investigated. The results show that: When the Ce content increases from 0.0% to 1.5%, the grain size of the composite decreases at first then increases, and the composite with 1.0% Ce has the less grain size. After adding Ce some rod liked Al11Ce3 are found in the matrix, but when the Ce content increases to 1.5% the shape of rare earth phase changes to block. The microhardness、tensile strength and wear resistance of the composite increase at first then increase as increasing Ce content, the properties of the composite with 1.0% Ce is better than the others. Analysis the fracture surface of the composite, when carbon fibers are pull out some groove are left on the fracture, there are rare earth in the groove which decreases the combination between carbon fibers and matrix. Because the dislocation pile-up can form tiny hole and decrease the tensile strength of the composite. Although adding Ce can increase the toughness of the matrix, the fracture mechanism is still brittle fracture.
When the wear test load changes the wear loss increases as increasing load, and the composite with 1.0% Ce has the best wear resistance but the composite without Ce is the lowest. Choosing these two composite investigate the wear property under different test load and sliding velocity. At low load the oxide film mixed with C element appears on the worn surface of the composite with 1.0% Ce, analysis the formation mechanism of the oxidative film; at high load the worn surface has melting phenomenon along with the wear mechanism of delaminaiton wear. Investigate the effect of test load and velocity on the subsurface of wear specimen and analysis its wear mechanism, the results shows that after adding Ce the changes between mild wear to severe wear is delayed. Finally the effect of properties is compared between graphite and carbon fibers reinforced composites.
对于Gr/Al2O3/AZ91D-Cex复合材料,研究了不同稀土含量、石墨含量和粒度对复合材料组织、显微硬度和磨损性能的影响。分析稀土相的形成机理及Ce对基体组织的细化机理。研究不同载荷和速度下系列复合材料的磨损性能并总分析磨损机制。对于CF /Al2O3/AZ91D-Cex复合材料,研究了不同Ce含量对复合材料的组织、显微硬度、拉伸性能和磨损性能的影响。分析复合材料的断裂机制、亚表层塑性变形和润滑膜的形成机制,确定复合材料由轻微磨损向严重磨损的转变载荷。最后对比颗粒和纤维对复合材料性能的影响。
As the lightest metal structural materials magnesium alloy has low density and high performance in specific strength and stiffness. It is widely used in automobile, aerospace and electric area. But its low strength as increasing the temperature and low resistance in corrosion and wear property limits its application area. One method to solve problem is to make magnesium matrix composite.
Using fibers、particles and whisker as reinforcement fabricating magnesium matrix composite can increase its wear property. Usually the researches force on hard particle like SiC or TiC particles reinforced composites, after adding these reinforcement can increase the strength of the matrix, moreover, increase its wear resistance. But the investigation on lubricating effect during friction and wear process is less, especially the effect of solid lubricant which can decrease friction coefficient and wear loss on friction pair and the form mechanism of lubricating film. This article designs self-lubricating magnesium matrix composite. The composites reinforced by graphite particles and Al2O3 short fibers can be fabricated by combining perform with squeeze-infiltration technique. The effect of reinforcements on microstructure、microhardness、tensile and wear properties of the composites along with wear mechanism is investigated. The research gives the proof of the development and application of self-lubricating magnesium matrix composite.
For graphite/Al2O3/AZ91D-Cex composite, investigates different Ce content, different graphite content and particle size on microstructure and properties of the composite. The results show that:
(1) For Gr/Al2O3/AZ91D-Cex composite with different Ce content, the composite can be fabricated by combining perform with squeeze-infiltration technique. The graphite particle and Al2O3 short fibers combine closely with the matrix and no obviously defect can be found. For the reason of difference in element electronegativity, Ce forms Al11Ce3 with Al. Adding Ce in the matrix can affect the grain size by affecting the nucleation rate of the composite, refine the dendrite and form rare earth phase. The grain size of the composite decreases as increasing Ce content, but microhardness and wear resistance increase as increasing Ce content, and the composite with 1.0% Ce has the best wear resistance. When the wear test load changes the wear loss of the composite increases as increases load, at low load the mechanism is mainly abrasive wear and oxidation wear; at high load it changes to delamination wear. When velocity changes at 0.1m/s the composites have similar wear loss and the wear mechanism is mainly oxidation wear, but as increasing the velocity it changes to abrasive wear along with oxidation wear, at 2.0m/s the wear mechanism of all the composites transform to delaminaiton wear.
(2) For Gr/Al2O3/AZ91D-0.8Ce composite with different graphite content, when the graphite content increases from 5% to 10% the grain size changes less, when the graphite content come up to 15% the grain size becomes less. The graphite particle affects the grain size of the composite by increasing nucleation rate and embarrassing grain size from growing up, so the composite with more graphite content has little grain size. The microhardness decreases as increasing the graphite content, and the wear resistance increases as increasing graphite content, the composite with 20% graphite has the best wear resistance. Analysis the wear loss under different wear test load, at 20N the worn surface has oxidative film mixed with graphite on it which can work as lubricate and decrease wear loss; but as increasing the load the worn surface can form oxidative film and the wear mechanism is abrasive wear and oxidation wear; at high load some broken Al2O3 short fibers are found in the subsurface which decreases the strength of the matrix, so the graphite is easier been peeled of from the worn surface and can’t still work as lubricant, the wear loss increases sharply and the wear mechanism changes to delamination wear.
(3) For Gr/Al2O3/AZ91D-0.8Ce composite with different graphite particle size, as decreasing the graphite particle size the grains become uniform but the grains size changes less and the effect of graphite particle size affect the process of nucleation and growth less. The microhardness decreases as increasing the graphite particle size, but the wear resistance increases as increasing the graphite particle size, the composite with graphite particle size of 240μm has the best wear resistance. When the wear test load changes, the composite with graphite particle size of 240μm has bare graphite on the worn surface which increases the lubricating effect of the friction pair, so its wear loss increases slowly as increasing the load. At low load the wear mechanism is abrasive wear and oxidation wear; at high load except the composite with graphite particle size of 240μm is still abrasive wear and oxidation wear, the wear mechanism of others change to delamination wear.
(4) For CF/Al2O3/AZ91D-Cex composite, the effect of Ce on microstructure、microhardness、tensile and wear properties of the composite are investigated. The results show that: When the Ce content increases from 0.0% to 1.5%, the grain size of the composite decreases at first then increases, and the composite with 1.0% Ce has the less grain size. After adding Ce some rod liked Al11Ce3 are found in the matrix, but when the Ce content increases to 1.5% the shape of rare earth phase changes to block. The microhardness、tensile strength and wear resistance of the composite increase at first then increase as increasing Ce content, the properties of the composite with 1.0% Ce is better than the others. Analysis the fracture surface of the composite, when carbon fibers are pull out some groove are left on the fracture, there are rare earth in the groove which decreases the combination between carbon fibers and matrix. Because the dislocation pile-up can form tiny hole and decrease the tensile strength of the composite. Although adding Ce can increase the toughness of the matrix, the fracture mechanism is still brittle fracture.
When the wear test load changes the wear loss increases as increasing load, and the composite with 1.0% Ce has the best wear resistance but the composite without Ce is the lowest. Choosing these two composite investigate the wear property under different test load and sliding velocity. At low load the oxide film mixed with C element appears on the worn surface of the composite with 1.0% Ce, analysis the formation mechanism of the oxidative film; at high load the worn surface has melting phenomenon along with the wear mechanism of delaminaiton wear. Investigate the effect of test load and velocity on the subsurface of wear specimen and analysis its wear mechanism, the results shows that after adding Ce the changes between mild wear to severe wear is delayed. Finally the effect of properties is compared between graphite and carbon fibers reinforced composites.
引文
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