大豆蛋白源对不同食性鱼类的影响
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摘要
本研究以鲤鱼、埃及胡子鲇、草鱼为试验对象，在相同饲养环境条件下，利用去皮豆粕和分离提纯的大豆抗原蛋白分别进行了两个饲养试验。
试验Ⅰ：
以健康的鲤鱼(体重50．13±0．41g)、埃及胡子鲇(体重22．40±0．30g)、草鱼(体重50．63±0．43g)为试验对象，在三种鱼类幼鱼的饲料中以去皮豆粕分别替代0％、15％、30％、45％、60％的鱼粉蛋白，配制5个等蛋白(鲤鱼36％、埃及胡子鲇40％、草鱼30％)等能(鲤鱼15．2KJ／g、埃及胡子鲇15．8KJ／g、草鱼15．6KJ／g)的半精制饲料。研究去皮豆粕对不同食性鱼类的生长性能及饲料利用、肌肉质量和健康状况、消化性能(消化酶活力、肠道组织)的影响。并寻求大豆蛋白在不同食性鱼类饲料中的适宜替代量。
结果表明：
1对生长性能和饲料利用的影响
在鲤鱼饲料中，当大豆蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白15％、30％、45％时，其特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FER)、蛋白质效率(PER)、蛋白质沉积率(PPV)高于对照组或与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)；但都显著高于60％组(P＜0．05)。因此，本试验条件下，鲤鱼饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的最大替代量为45％。
在埃及胡子鲇的饲料中，15％、30％、45％组的特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率逐渐增加，但都低于对照组，与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)；可是都显著高于60％组(P＜0．05)。因此，本试验条件下，埃及胡子鲇饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的最大替代量为45％。
在草鱼的饲料中，各组之间特定生长率差异不显著(P＞0．05)；随着大豆蛋白替代水平的增加，饲料效率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率逐渐增加，60％组饲料效率、蛋白质效率开始下降，但仍显著高于对照组(P＜0．05)。因此，本试验条件下，草鱼饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的最大替代量为60％。可见，三种鱼类中草鱼对大豆蛋白利用效果最好。此外，不同鱼种对大豆蛋白的利用差异显著(P＜0．05)，鱼种与饲料的互作效应对鱼类生长及饲料利用影响显著(P＜0．05)。
2对肌肉质量和健康状况的影响
饲料中大豆蛋白对不同食性鱼类肌肉中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分含量有显著影响，对灰分和氨基酸含量影响不显著。随着大豆蛋白替代比例的增加，不同食性鱼类肌肉中粗蛋白含量呈下降趋势，鲤鱼60％组粗蛋白含量显著下降(P＜0．05)，埃及胡子鲇和草鱼粗蛋白含量极显著下降(P＜0．01)；鲤鱼肌肉中粗脂肪含量呈下降趋势，60％组与对照组差异显著(P＜0．05)，埃及胡子鲇和草鱼各组之间差异不显著(P＞0．05)；三种鱼类肌肉中水分含量呈上升趋势，鲤鱼45％、60％组与对照组差异极显著(P＜0．01)，埃及胡子鲇、草鱼60％组与对照组差异显著(P＜0．05)。随着大豆蛋白替代水平的增加，鲤鱼和草鱼各组之间的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量差异不显著(P＞0．05)；埃及胡子鲇的氨基酸总量、风味氨基酸总量均呈上升趋势，45％、60％组与对照组差异显著(P＜0．05)，必需氨基酸呈上升趋势，45％组与对照组差异显著(P＜0．05)，60％组与对照组差异极显著(P＜0．01)。
此外，肌肉主要营养成分鱼种之间差异显著(P＜0．05)，鲤鱼和埃及胡子鲇肌肉中粗蛋白含量显著高于草鱼(P＜0．05)。三种鱼类之间粗脂肪含量差异显著(P＜0．05)，鲤鱼最高，草鱼最低。埃及胡子鲇氨基酸含量较高；鱼种与饲料互作效应对肌肉中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量有显著的影响(P＜0．05)。
在本试验条件下，从鱼类血液的主要生化指标来看，在不同食性鱼类的人工配合饲料中，添加一定量的大豆蛋白对鱼类健康无不良影响。不同食性鱼类血液主要生化指标差异显著(P＜0．05)，鱼种与饲料互作对血液中甘油三酯和谷草转氨酶有显著影响(P＜0．05)。
3对消化性能的影响(消化酶活力)
随着大豆蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白比例的增加，鲤鱼的肝胰脏和肠道蛋白酶活力逐渐降低，当大豆蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白45％时，鲤鱼的后肠和肝胰脏蛋白酶活力极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)；后肠淀粉酶活力60％组极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)；而大豆蛋白对鲤鱼肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠脂肪酶活力影响不显著(P＞0．05)。
随着大豆蛋白替代鱼粉比例的增加，埃及胡子鲇胃、肝胰脏、肠道蛋白酶活力逐渐降低，埃及胡子鲇胃大豆蛋白组都极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)，中肠和肝胰脏30％、45％、60％组都极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)；埃及胡子鲇胃、肝胰脏、前肠、中肠各组之间淀粉酶活力差异不显著(P＞0．05)，后肠45％和60％组显著低于对照组(P＜0．05)；大豆蛋白对埃及胡子鲇肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠脂肪酶活力影响不显著(P＞0．05)。
随着大豆蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白的增加，草鱼肝胰脏和肠道蛋白酶活力逐渐降低，60％组与对照组差异显著(P＜0．05)。草鱼肝胰脏淀粉酶活力15％、30％、45％组极显著高于对照组(P＜0．01)，60％组与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)，中肠45％和60％显著低于对照组(P＜0．05)，前肠和后肠大豆蛋白组与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)；而大豆蛋白对草鱼肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠脂肪酶活力影响不显著(P＞0．05)。
此外，从鱼种与饲料的互作效应来看，大豆蛋白对不同种鱼类的肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠蛋白酶活力、淀粉酶活力影响显著(P＜0．05)，对脂肪酶活力影响不显著(P＞0．05)；鱼种与饲料的互作对肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠蛋白酶活力和中肠、后肠淀粉酶活力影响显著(P＜0．05)，对肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠脂肪酶影响不显著(P＞0．05)。
4对消化性能的影响(肠道组织)
当大豆蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白45％、60％时，鲤鱼前肠皱襞高度极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)，中肠皱襞高度45％、60％显著低于对照组(P＜0．05)，后肠皱襞高度60％组显著低于对照组(P＜0．05)。
埃及胡子鲇前肠和后肠皱襞高度30％、45％、60％组极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)；中肠皱襞高度60％组极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)。
草鱼前肠、后肠皱襞高度60％组极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)，中肠60％组显著低于对照组(P＜0．05)。
鲤鱼45％组前肠、60％组后肠，埃及胡子鲇30％组前肠和后肠，草鱼60％组前肠和后肠肠道结构组织完整性被破坏，部分肠绒毛脱落，部分上皮细胞与固有层分离，固有层结缔组织疏松，固有层变宽。
在本试验条件下，鲤鱼、埃及胡子鲇、草鱼之间肠重、肠长、肠体指数、肠长指数、前肠、中肠、后肠皱襞高度差异显著(P＜0．05)，鱼种与饲料互作效应对肠重、前肠、中肠、后肠皱襞高度影响显著(P＜0．05)。
试验Ⅱ：
以健康的鲤鱼(体重31．34±0．29g)、埃及胡子鲇(体重15．14±0．05g)、草鱼(体重50．66±0．26g)为试验对象，以鱼粉和大豆抗原蛋白为蛋白源，每种鱼分别配制3个等蛋白(鲤鱼36％、埃及胡子鲇40％、草鱼30％)等能(鲤鱼15．2KJ／g、埃及胡子鲇15．8KJ／g、草鱼16．0KJ／g)的半精制饲料。其中β-伴大豆球蛋白添加量40mg／g，大豆球蛋白添加量60mg／g，研究大豆抗原蛋白对不同食性鱼类的生长及饲料利用、肌肉质量、消化性能(肠道组织)的影响。
结果表明：
1对生长和饲料利用的影响
鲤鱼β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率低于对照组，但与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)；埃及胡子鲇β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率显著下降(P＜0．05)，蛋白质沉积率极显著下降(P＜0．01)；草鱼β-伴大豆球蛋白组和大豆球蛋白组特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率极显著下降(P＜0．01)。
另外，在本试验条件下，不同食性鱼类生长及饲料利用方面，鱼种之间差异显著(P＜0．05)；鱼种与饲料的互作效应对饲料效率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率影响显著(P＜0．05)，对特定生长率影响不显著(P＞0．05)。
2对肌肉质量的影响
大豆抗原蛋白对不同食性鱼类肌肉中一般营养成分有显著影响，对肌肉中氨基酸含量影响不显著。鲤鱼β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组粗蛋白含量下降，但与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)；粗脂肪和灰分与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)，β-伴大豆球蛋白组的水分增加与对照组差异极显著(P＜0．01)，大豆球蛋白组的水分与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)；β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组组氨基酸总量与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)。
埃及胡子鲇β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组粗蛋白含量极显著下降(P＜0．01)，粗脂肪和灰分与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)，β-伴大豆球蛋白水分含量极显著增加(P＜0．01)，大豆球蛋白组水分含量极显著下降(P＜0．01)。
草鱼β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组粗蛋白含量极显著下降(P＜0．01)，水分、粗脂肪和灰分与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)。
鱼种之间肌肉一般营养成分差异显著(P＜0．05)，鱼种与饲料互作对肌肉中水分和粗蛋白含量的影响显著(P＜0．05)。氨基酸总量鱼种之间差异显著(P＜0．05)，必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量鱼种之间差异不显著(P＞0．05)；鱼种与饲料互作效应对氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量影响不显著(P＞0．05)。
3对消化性能的影响(肠道组织)
鲤鱼和埃及胡子鲇中肠和后肠肠道皱襞高度β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)，而前肠肠道皱襞高度各组之间差异不显著(P＞0．05)；草鱼前肠、中肠、后肠皱襞高度β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)。β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组肠道组织结构完整性被破坏，部分肠道绒毛脱落，部分上皮细胞与固有层分离，固有层变宽。
从鱼种与饲料互作效应来看，本试验条件下，不同种鱼类之间肠重、肠长、肠体指数、肠长指数、前肠、中肠、后肠皱襞高度差异显著(P＜0．05)。鱼种与饲料互作效应对前肠、中肠、后肠皱襞高度和肠长影响显著(P＜0．05)。
To investigate effects of soybean protein source on fishes with different feedinghabits,two growth experiment were conducted on juvenile Cyprinus carpio,Clarias lazera andCtenopharyngondon idellus feeding by semi-purified diets formulated protein source withdehulled soybean meal and the purified soybean antigen,respectively.Growth experimentⅠ:
Juvenile Cyprinus carpio(initial weight 50.13±0.41g),Clarias lazera(initial weight22.40±0.30g)and Ctenopharyngondon idellus(initial weight 50.63±0.43g)were cultured for eightweeks and fed by five isonitrogenous(Cyprinus carpio 36%,Clarias lazera 40%,Ctenopharyngondon idellus 30%) and isoenergetic(Cyprinus carpio 15.2 KJ/g,Clarias lazera 15.8KJ/g,Ctenopharyngondon idellus 15.6KJ/g)diets which formulated with replacement level 0%,15%,30%,45% and 60% dehulled soybean meal for fish meal protein.The effects of differentreplacement level of dehulled soybean on growth performance,feed utilization,meat quality,health condition,digestibility (digestive enzyme activities and intestinal tissue) in differentfeeding habits fishes were determined and optimum replacement level of soybean meal wassuggested.
The results were as follows:
1 Effects on growth performance and feed utilization
The specific growth rate (SGR),feed efficiency rate(FER),protein efficiency rate(PER)andproductive protein value (PPV) in treated groups of Cyprinus carpio were not significantlydifferent from control group(P＞0.05)when the replacement levels of soybean protein were 15%,30 % and 45 % in the diet,but they were significantly higher than that of 60% group(P＜0.05).It suggests that the maximum replacement level of soybean protein for fish meal might be45 % in diet of Cyprinus carpio.
Though SGR,FER,PER and PPV in 15%,30%,45% groups of Clarias lazera graduallyincreased,they were lower than that in control group and no significant differences wereobserved(P＞0.05).SGR,FER,PER and PPV in 15%,30%,45% groups were significantlyhigher than that in 60% group (P＜0.05).This suggests that the maximum replacement level ofsoybean protein for fish meal might also be 45 % in diet of Clarias lazera.
There were no significant differences in SGR of Ctenopharyngondon idellus amongtreatments (P＞0.05).FER、PER in 60% group decreased,but they were significantly higherthan that in control group(P＜0.05).FER,PER,PPV in the other treated groups graduallyincreased concomitantly with increased replacement level of soybean protein.The resultsuggests that the maximum replacement level of soybean protein for fish meal might be 60 % indiet of Ctenopharyngondon idellus and it could be the best one in utilizing soybean protein inthree fish species.Moreover,there were significant(P＜0.05)differences in soybean proteinutilization among fish species.Growth performance and feed utilization in different species.were significantly (P＜0.05)affected by interaction effects between species and feed.
2 Effects on meat quality and health condition
Soybean protein has significant impact on protein content,fat content and water content,but not in the contents of ash and amino acids,in muscle of different feeding habits fishes.Withthe replacement ratio increased,protein content in muscle of different feeding habit fish showeda declining trend and it significantly decreased(P＜0.05)in 60% groups of Cyprinus carpio.protein content in muscle of Clarias lazera and Ctenopharyngondon idellus significantlydecreased(P＜0.01);fat content in muscle of Cyprinus carpio showed a declining trend,therewere significant differences between 60% group and control group(P＜0.05).No significantdifferences among groups of Clarias lazera and Ctenopharyngondon idellus were observed(P＞0.05).Water content in muscle showed a increasing trend in three species,there were significantdifferences in 45%、60% groups compared with control group in Cyprinus carpio(P＜0.01),there were significant differences in 60% groups of Clarias lazera and Ctenopharyngondon idellus compared with control groups(P＜0.05).With increasing of replacement level,nosignificant differences in total amino acids,total essential amino acids and total flavor aminoacids were observed between Cyprinus carpio and Ctenopharyngondon idellus(P＞0.05).Totalamino acids and total flavor amino acids in muscle of Clarias lazera showed an increasing trend,there were significant differences in 45%、60% groups compared with control group(P＜0.05),total essential amino acids in muscle also showed an increasing trend,there were significantdifferences in 45% (P＜0.05)and 60% (P＜0.01)groups compared with control group.
In addition,significant differences in main nutritional component of muscle amongdifferent species were found.The crude protein in muscle of Cyprinus carpio and Clarias lazerawere significantly higher than that of Ctenopharyngondon idellus(P＜0.05).There weresignificant differences in fat content among three species(P＜0.05).The highest fat content wasobserved in muscle of Cyprinus carpio,the lowest fat content was found in muscle ofCtenopharyngondon idellus,higher content of amino acids was found in muscle of Clariaslazera.The crude protein,crude fat,total amino acids,total essential amino acids and totalflavor amino acids were significantly influenced by interaction effects between species andfeed(P＜0.05).
The results of blood biochemical index showed that there was no negative impact on fishheath when a certain amount of soybean protein was added to diets.There were significantdifferences in main biochemical parameters in blood among different fish species(P＜0.05).Triglyceride and GOT in blood of different species were significantly affected by interactioneffects between species and feed(P＜0.05).
3 Effects on digestibility (digestive enzyme activities)
The hepatopancreas and intestinal protease activities gradually declined concomitantly withincreased replacement ratio of soybean protein in Cyprinus carpio.hepatopancreas and posteriorintestine protease activities in 45% group were significantly lower than that in control group(P＜0.01).Amylase activities of posterior intestine in 60 % group were significant lower than thatin control group(P＜0.01);there were no significant differences in lipase activities inhepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine and posterior intestine among treatments inCyprinus carpio.(P＞0.05).
Protease activities in hepatopancreas and intestinal tract of Clarias lazera graduallydeclined concomitantly with increased replacement level of soybean protein.Protease activitiesin stomach of treated groups were significantly lower than that in stomach of control group(P＜ 0.01),and protease activities in mid-intestine and hepatopancreas of 30%,45%and 60%groups were significantly lower than that of control group(P＜0.01).No significant differencesin amylase activities of stomach,hepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine were foundamong treatments(P＞0.05),amylase activities in posterior intestine of 45 %and 60% groupwere significantly lower than that of control group(P＜0.05).There was no significantdifferences in lipase activities in hepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine,posteriorintestine among treatments in Clarias lazera(P＞0.05).
Protease activities in hepatopancreas and intestinal tract of Ctenopharyngondon idellusgradually declined concomitantly with increased replacement level of soybean protein.Therewere significant differences between 60 % group and control group(P＜0.05).Amylase activitiesin hepatopancreasin of 15%,30% and 45% groups were significantly higher than that of controlgroup(P＜0.01),there were no significant differences between 60%group and control group(P＞0.05).Amylase activities in mid-intestine in 45% and 60% groups were significant lower thancontrol group(P＜0.05),there were no significant differences in anterior intestine and posteriorintestine in treated groups compared with control groups(P＞0.05).No significant differences inlipase activities of hepatopancreas、anterior intestine,mid-intestine,posterior intestine wereobserved among treatments(P＞0.05).
The statistical results of interaction effects between species and feed showed that proteaseand amylase activities in hepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine,posterior intestinewere significantly affected by replacement level of soybean protein(P＜0.05),but lipaseactivities were not significantly influenced(P＞0.05);protease activities in hepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine,posterior intestine were significantly influenced by interactioneffects between species and feed(P＜0.05).The interaction effects between species and feedsignificantly affected amylase activities in mid-intestine and posterior intestine(P＜0.05),butdid not affect lipase activities in hepatopancreas、anterior intestine、mid-intestine、posteriorintestine(P＞0.05).
4 Effects on digestibility (intestinal tissue)
The entero-plica height of 45% and 60% groups were significantly lower than that ofcontrol group in anterior intestine(P＜0.01)and in mid-intestine (P＜0.05),and the entero-plicaheight of 60% group was significantly lower than that of control group in posterior intestine(P＜0.05)for three species.
The entero-plica height of anterior intestine in 30%,45% and 60% groups were significantly lower than that in control group in Clarias lazera(P＜0.01);the entero-plica height ofmid-intestine in 60% group was significantly lower than that in control group(P＜0.01);theentero-plica height of posterior intestine in 30%,45% and 60% group were significantly lowerthan that in control group in Clarias lazera(P＜0.01).
The entero-plica height of anterior intestine and posterior intestine in 60% group weresignificantly lower than that in control group(P＜0.01)and the entero-plica height ofmid-intestine in 60% group was significantly lower than that in control group inCtenopharyngondon idellus(P＜0.05).
The structural integrity were damaged in anterior intestine of 45% group of Cyprinus carpio,in posterior intestine of 60% group of Cyprinus carpio,in anterior intestine and posteriorintestine of 30% group of Clarias lazera,and in anterior intestine and posterior intestine of 60%group of Ctenopharyngondon idellus.The part of intestinal villi shed,the part of epithelial cellsand proper layer separated,and the proper layer became wider for three species.
Intestine weight,intestine length,parameters of intestine/body,the entero-plica height ofanterior intestine,mid-intestine and posterior intestine were significantly different among threespecies(P＜0.05).The interaction effects between species and feed significantly affected on theentero-plica height of anterior intestine,mid-intestine and posterior intestine for three species(P＜0.05).
Growth experimentⅡ:
Semi-synthesised diets of three isonitrogenous (Cyprinus carpio 36%,Clarias lazera 40%,Ctenopharyngondon idellus 30%) and isoenergetic (Cyprinus carpio 15.2 KJ/g,Clarias lazera15.8KJ/g,Ctenopharyngondon idellus 15.6KJ/g) diets were formulated with fish meal andsoybean protein as protein.Juvenile Cyprinus carpio(initial weight 31.34±0.29g),Clariaslazera(initial weight 15.14±0.05g)and Ctenopharyngondon idellus (initial weight 50.66±0.26g)were cultured for six weeks and fed by the same semi-purified diets which formulated withpurifiedβ-conglycinin 40mg/g diet and glycinin 60mg/g diet,respectively.The effects ofβ-conglycinin and glycinin on growth performance,feed utilization,meat quality,digestibility(intestinal tissue) in different feeding habits fishes were determined.
The results were as follows:
1 Effects on growth performance and feed utilization
SGR、FER,PER and PPV of Cyprinus carpio treated withβ-conglycinin and glycinin werelower,but not significantly,than control group(P＞0.05);The SGR,FER and PER of Clariaslazera treated withβ-conglycinin and glycinin significantly decreased(P＜0.05),and PPVsignificantly declined(P＜0.01).The SGR,FER,PER,and PPV in Ctenopharyngondon idellustreated withβ-conglycinin and glycinin were significantly decline(P＜0.01).
In addition,growth performance and feed efficiency were significantly affected by differentspecies(P＜0.05);The FER,PER and PPV were significantly influenced by interaction effectsbetween species and feed(P＜0.05),and SGR were not significantly influenced by theinteraction effects for three species(P＞0.05).
2 Effects on meat quality
Main nutritional components in muscle were significantly influenced by soybean antigen,in contrast,the content of amino acids in muscle were not significantly influenced for differentfeeding habits fishes.Protein content in muscle of Cyprinus carpio treated withβ-conglycininand glycinin declined,but there were no significant differences between treated groups andcontrol group(P＞0.05).Comparing with control group,no significant differences were found infat and ash content in treated groups(P＞0.05).The water content significantly increased intreated groups compared to control group(P＜0.01),there were no significant differences inwater content between groups treated with glycinin and control(P＞0.05).Total amino acidscontent of treated groups were not significantly different from control groups in Cyprinuscarpio(P＞0.05).
Protein content of Clarias lazera treated withβ-conglycinin and glycinin significantlydecreased(P＜0.01).Comparing with control groups,no significant differences were observedin fat and ash content in treated groups(P＞0.05).The water content in group treated withβ-conglycinin significantly increased(P＜0.01),but it in group treated with glycininsignificantly decreased in Clarias lazera(P＜0.01).
Protein content of Ctenopharyngondon idellus treated withβ-conglycinin and glycininsignificantly decreased(P＜0.01).The contents of water、fat and ash were not significantlydifferent between treated groups and control groups(P＞0.05).
There were significant differences in main nutritional components of muscle among species(P＜0.05).The contents of water and crude protein in muscle were significantly influenced byinteraction effects between species and feed(P＜0.05).Total amount of amino acids weresignificantly different among species(P＜0.05),but total essential amino acids,total flavor amino acids were not(P＞0.05).The total amino acids,total essential amino acids and totalflavor amino acids were not significantly influenced by interaction effects between species andfeed(P＞0.05).
3 Effects on digestibility (intestinal tissue)
The entero-plica height of mid-intestine and posterior intestine in groups treated withβ-conglycinin or glycinin were significantly lower than that in control group in Cyprinus carpioand Clarias lazera(P＜0.01),but there were no significant differences in entero-plica of anteriorintestine among groups(P＞0.05).The entero-plica height of anterior intestine,mid-intestine andposterior intestine of Ctenopharyngondon idellus in treated groups were significantly lower thanthat in control group.The structural integrity of intestines in different species treated withβ-conglycinin or glycinin was destroyed,parts of intestinal villi shed,parts of epithelial cellsand proper layer separated,and the proper layer became wider.
The statistical results of interaction effects between species and feed showed that intestineweight,intestine length,the parameters of intestine/body weight,the parameters ofintestine/body length,the entero-plica height of anterior intestine,mid-intestine and posteriorintestine were significantly affected(P＜0.05).The interaction effects between species and feedalso significantly affected on anterior intestine,mid-intestine and posterior intestine in differentfeeding habits fishes(P＜0.05).
试验Ⅰ：
以健康的鲤鱼(体重50．13±0．41g)、埃及胡子鲇(体重22．40±0．30g)、草鱼(体重50．63±0．43g)为试验对象，在三种鱼类幼鱼的饲料中以去皮豆粕分别替代0％、15％、30％、45％、60％的鱼粉蛋白，配制5个等蛋白(鲤鱼36％、埃及胡子鲇40％、草鱼30％)等能(鲤鱼15．2KJ／g、埃及胡子鲇15．8KJ／g、草鱼15．6KJ／g)的半精制饲料。研究去皮豆粕对不同食性鱼类的生长性能及饲料利用、肌肉质量和健康状况、消化性能(消化酶活力、肠道组织)的影响。并寻求大豆蛋白在不同食性鱼类饲料中的适宜替代量。
结果表明：
1对生长性能和饲料利用的影响
在鲤鱼饲料中，当大豆蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白15％、30％、45％时，其特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FER)、蛋白质效率(PER)、蛋白质沉积率(PPV)高于对照组或与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)；但都显著高于60％组(P＜0．05)。因此，本试验条件下，鲤鱼饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的最大替代量为45％。
在埃及胡子鲇的饲料中，15％、30％、45％组的特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率逐渐增加，但都低于对照组，与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)；可是都显著高于60％组(P＜0．05)。因此，本试验条件下，埃及胡子鲇饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的最大替代量为45％。
在草鱼的饲料中，各组之间特定生长率差异不显著(P＞0．05)；随着大豆蛋白替代水平的增加，饲料效率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率逐渐增加，60％组饲料效率、蛋白质效率开始下降，但仍显著高于对照组(P＜0．05)。因此，本试验条件下，草鱼饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的最大替代量为60％。可见，三种鱼类中草鱼对大豆蛋白利用效果最好。此外，不同鱼种对大豆蛋白的利用差异显著(P＜0．05)，鱼种与饲料的互作效应对鱼类生长及饲料利用影响显著(P＜0．05)。
2对肌肉质量和健康状况的影响
饲料中大豆蛋白对不同食性鱼类肌肉中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分含量有显著影响，对灰分和氨基酸含量影响不显著。随着大豆蛋白替代比例的增加，不同食性鱼类肌肉中粗蛋白含量呈下降趋势，鲤鱼60％组粗蛋白含量显著下降(P＜0．05)，埃及胡子鲇和草鱼粗蛋白含量极显著下降(P＜0．01)；鲤鱼肌肉中粗脂肪含量呈下降趋势，60％组与对照组差异显著(P＜0．05)，埃及胡子鲇和草鱼各组之间差异不显著(P＞0．05)；三种鱼类肌肉中水分含量呈上升趋势，鲤鱼45％、60％组与对照组差异极显著(P＜0．01)，埃及胡子鲇、草鱼60％组与对照组差异显著(P＜0．05)。随着大豆蛋白替代水平的增加，鲤鱼和草鱼各组之间的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量差异不显著(P＞0．05)；埃及胡子鲇的氨基酸总量、风味氨基酸总量均呈上升趋势，45％、60％组与对照组差异显著(P＜0．05)，必需氨基酸呈上升趋势，45％组与对照组差异显著(P＜0．05)，60％组与对照组差异极显著(P＜0．01)。
此外，肌肉主要营养成分鱼种之间差异显著(P＜0．05)，鲤鱼和埃及胡子鲇肌肉中粗蛋白含量显著高于草鱼(P＜0．05)。三种鱼类之间粗脂肪含量差异显著(P＜0．05)，鲤鱼最高，草鱼最低。埃及胡子鲇氨基酸含量较高；鱼种与饲料互作效应对肌肉中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量有显著的影响(P＜0．05)。
在本试验条件下，从鱼类血液的主要生化指标来看，在不同食性鱼类的人工配合饲料中，添加一定量的大豆蛋白对鱼类健康无不良影响。不同食性鱼类血液主要生化指标差异显著(P＜0．05)，鱼种与饲料互作对血液中甘油三酯和谷草转氨酶有显著影响(P＜0．05)。
3对消化性能的影响(消化酶活力)
随着大豆蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白比例的增加，鲤鱼的肝胰脏和肠道蛋白酶活力逐渐降低，当大豆蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白45％时，鲤鱼的后肠和肝胰脏蛋白酶活力极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)；后肠淀粉酶活力60％组极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)；而大豆蛋白对鲤鱼肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠脂肪酶活力影响不显著(P＞0．05)。
随着大豆蛋白替代鱼粉比例的增加，埃及胡子鲇胃、肝胰脏、肠道蛋白酶活力逐渐降低，埃及胡子鲇胃大豆蛋白组都极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)，中肠和肝胰脏30％、45％、60％组都极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)；埃及胡子鲇胃、肝胰脏、前肠、中肠各组之间淀粉酶活力差异不显著(P＞0．05)，后肠45％和60％组显著低于对照组(P＜0．05)；大豆蛋白对埃及胡子鲇肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠脂肪酶活力影响不显著(P＞0．05)。
随着大豆蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白的增加，草鱼肝胰脏和肠道蛋白酶活力逐渐降低，60％组与对照组差异显著(P＜0．05)。草鱼肝胰脏淀粉酶活力15％、30％、45％组极显著高于对照组(P＜0．01)，60％组与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)，中肠45％和60％显著低于对照组(P＜0．05)，前肠和后肠大豆蛋白组与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)；而大豆蛋白对草鱼肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠脂肪酶活力影响不显著(P＞0．05)。
此外，从鱼种与饲料的互作效应来看，大豆蛋白对不同种鱼类的肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠蛋白酶活力、淀粉酶活力影响显著(P＜0．05)，对脂肪酶活力影响不显著(P＞0．05)；鱼种与饲料的互作对肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠蛋白酶活力和中肠、后肠淀粉酶活力影响显著(P＜0．05)，对肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠脂肪酶影响不显著(P＞0．05)。
4对消化性能的影响(肠道组织)
当大豆蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白45％、60％时，鲤鱼前肠皱襞高度极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)，中肠皱襞高度45％、60％显著低于对照组(P＜0．05)，后肠皱襞高度60％组显著低于对照组(P＜0．05)。
埃及胡子鲇前肠和后肠皱襞高度30％、45％、60％组极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)；中肠皱襞高度60％组极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)。
草鱼前肠、后肠皱襞高度60％组极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)，中肠60％组显著低于对照组(P＜0．05)。
鲤鱼45％组前肠、60％组后肠，埃及胡子鲇30％组前肠和后肠，草鱼60％组前肠和后肠肠道结构组织完整性被破坏，部分肠绒毛脱落，部分上皮细胞与固有层分离，固有层结缔组织疏松，固有层变宽。
在本试验条件下，鲤鱼、埃及胡子鲇、草鱼之间肠重、肠长、肠体指数、肠长指数、前肠、中肠、后肠皱襞高度差异显著(P＜0．05)，鱼种与饲料互作效应对肠重、前肠、中肠、后肠皱襞高度影响显著(P＜0．05)。
试验Ⅱ：
以健康的鲤鱼(体重31．34±0．29g)、埃及胡子鲇(体重15．14±0．05g)、草鱼(体重50．66±0．26g)为试验对象，以鱼粉和大豆抗原蛋白为蛋白源，每种鱼分别配制3个等蛋白(鲤鱼36％、埃及胡子鲇40％、草鱼30％)等能(鲤鱼15．2KJ／g、埃及胡子鲇15．8KJ／g、草鱼16．0KJ／g)的半精制饲料。其中β-伴大豆球蛋白添加量40mg／g，大豆球蛋白添加量60mg／g，研究大豆抗原蛋白对不同食性鱼类的生长及饲料利用、肌肉质量、消化性能(肠道组织)的影响。
结果表明：
1对生长和饲料利用的影响
鲤鱼β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率低于对照组，但与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)；埃及胡子鲇β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率显著下降(P＜0．05)，蛋白质沉积率极显著下降(P＜0．01)；草鱼β-伴大豆球蛋白组和大豆球蛋白组特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率极显著下降(P＜0．01)。
另外，在本试验条件下，不同食性鱼类生长及饲料利用方面，鱼种之间差异显著(P＜0．05)；鱼种与饲料的互作效应对饲料效率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率影响显著(P＜0．05)，对特定生长率影响不显著(P＞0．05)。
2对肌肉质量的影响
大豆抗原蛋白对不同食性鱼类肌肉中一般营养成分有显著影响，对肌肉中氨基酸含量影响不显著。鲤鱼β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组粗蛋白含量下降，但与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)；粗脂肪和灰分与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)，β-伴大豆球蛋白组的水分增加与对照组差异极显著(P＜0．01)，大豆球蛋白组的水分与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)；β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组组氨基酸总量与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)。
埃及胡子鲇β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组粗蛋白含量极显著下降(P＜0．01)，粗脂肪和灰分与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)，β-伴大豆球蛋白水分含量极显著增加(P＜0．01)，大豆球蛋白组水分含量极显著下降(P＜0．01)。
草鱼β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组粗蛋白含量极显著下降(P＜0．01)，水分、粗脂肪和灰分与对照组差异不显著(P＞0．05)。
鱼种之间肌肉一般营养成分差异显著(P＜0．05)，鱼种与饲料互作对肌肉中水分和粗蛋白含量的影响显著(P＜0．05)。氨基酸总量鱼种之间差异显著(P＜0．05)，必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量鱼种之间差异不显著(P＞0．05)；鱼种与饲料互作效应对氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量影响不显著(P＞0．05)。
3对消化性能的影响(肠道组织)
鲤鱼和埃及胡子鲇中肠和后肠肠道皱襞高度β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)，而前肠肠道皱襞高度各组之间差异不显著(P＞0．05)；草鱼前肠、中肠、后肠皱襞高度β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)。β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白组肠道组织结构完整性被破坏，部分肠道绒毛脱落，部分上皮细胞与固有层分离，固有层变宽。
从鱼种与饲料互作效应来看，本试验条件下，不同种鱼类之间肠重、肠长、肠体指数、肠长指数、前肠、中肠、后肠皱襞高度差异显著(P＜0．05)。鱼种与饲料互作效应对前肠、中肠、后肠皱襞高度和肠长影响显著(P＜0．05)。
To investigate effects of soybean protein source on fishes with different feedinghabits,two growth experiment were conducted on juvenile Cyprinus carpio,Clarias lazera andCtenopharyngondon idellus feeding by semi-purified diets formulated protein source withdehulled soybean meal and the purified soybean antigen,respectively.Growth experimentⅠ:
Juvenile Cyprinus carpio(initial weight 50.13±0.41g),Clarias lazera(initial weight22.40±0.30g)and Ctenopharyngondon idellus(initial weight 50.63±0.43g)were cultured for eightweeks and fed by five isonitrogenous(Cyprinus carpio 36%,Clarias lazera 40%,Ctenopharyngondon idellus 30%) and isoenergetic(Cyprinus carpio 15.2 KJ/g,Clarias lazera 15.8KJ/g,Ctenopharyngondon idellus 15.6KJ/g)diets which formulated with replacement level 0%,15%,30%,45% and 60% dehulled soybean meal for fish meal protein.The effects of differentreplacement level of dehulled soybean on growth performance,feed utilization,meat quality,health condition,digestibility (digestive enzyme activities and intestinal tissue) in differentfeeding habits fishes were determined and optimum replacement level of soybean meal wassuggested.
The results were as follows:
1 Effects on growth performance and feed utilization
The specific growth rate (SGR),feed efficiency rate(FER),protein efficiency rate(PER)andproductive protein value (PPV) in treated groups of Cyprinus carpio were not significantlydifferent from control group(P＞0.05)when the replacement levels of soybean protein were 15%,30 % and 45 % in the diet,but they were significantly higher than that of 60% group(P＜0.05).It suggests that the maximum replacement level of soybean protein for fish meal might be45 % in diet of Cyprinus carpio.
Though SGR,FER,PER and PPV in 15%,30%,45% groups of Clarias lazera graduallyincreased,they were lower than that in control group and no significant differences wereobserved(P＞0.05).SGR,FER,PER and PPV in 15%,30%,45% groups were significantlyhigher than that in 60% group (P＜0.05).This suggests that the maximum replacement level ofsoybean protein for fish meal might also be 45 % in diet of Clarias lazera.
There were no significant differences in SGR of Ctenopharyngondon idellus amongtreatments (P＞0.05).FER、PER in 60% group decreased,but they were significantly higherthan that in control group(P＜0.05).FER,PER,PPV in the other treated groups graduallyincreased concomitantly with increased replacement level of soybean protein.The resultsuggests that the maximum replacement level of soybean protein for fish meal might be 60 % indiet of Ctenopharyngondon idellus and it could be the best one in utilizing soybean protein inthree fish species.Moreover,there were significant(P＜0.05)differences in soybean proteinutilization among fish species.Growth performance and feed utilization in different species.were significantly (P＜0.05)affected by interaction effects between species and feed.
2 Effects on meat quality and health condition
Soybean protein has significant impact on protein content,fat content and water content,but not in the contents of ash and amino acids,in muscle of different feeding habits fishes.Withthe replacement ratio increased,protein content in muscle of different feeding habit fish showeda declining trend and it significantly decreased(P＜0.05)in 60% groups of Cyprinus carpio.protein content in muscle of Clarias lazera and Ctenopharyngondon idellus significantlydecreased(P＜0.01);fat content in muscle of Cyprinus carpio showed a declining trend,therewere significant differences between 60% group and control group(P＜0.05).No significantdifferences among groups of Clarias lazera and Ctenopharyngondon idellus were observed(P＞0.05).Water content in muscle showed a increasing trend in three species,there were significantdifferences in 45%、60% groups compared with control group in Cyprinus carpio(P＜0.01),there were significant differences in 60% groups of Clarias lazera and Ctenopharyngondon idellus compared with control groups(P＜0.05).With increasing of replacement level,nosignificant differences in total amino acids,total essential amino acids and total flavor aminoacids were observed between Cyprinus carpio and Ctenopharyngondon idellus(P＞0.05).Totalamino acids and total flavor amino acids in muscle of Clarias lazera showed an increasing trend,there were significant differences in 45%、60% groups compared with control group(P＜0.05),total essential amino acids in muscle also showed an increasing trend,there were significantdifferences in 45% (P＜0.05)and 60% (P＜0.01)groups compared with control group.
In addition,significant differences in main nutritional component of muscle amongdifferent species were found.The crude protein in muscle of Cyprinus carpio and Clarias lazerawere significantly higher than that of Ctenopharyngondon idellus(P＜0.05).There weresignificant differences in fat content among three species(P＜0.05).The highest fat content wasobserved in muscle of Cyprinus carpio,the lowest fat content was found in muscle ofCtenopharyngondon idellus,higher content of amino acids was found in muscle of Clariaslazera.The crude protein,crude fat,total amino acids,total essential amino acids and totalflavor amino acids were significantly influenced by interaction effects between species andfeed(P＜0.05).
The results of blood biochemical index showed that there was no negative impact on fishheath when a certain amount of soybean protein was added to diets.There were significantdifferences in main biochemical parameters in blood among different fish species(P＜0.05).Triglyceride and GOT in blood of different species were significantly affected by interactioneffects between species and feed(P＜0.05).
3 Effects on digestibility (digestive enzyme activities)
The hepatopancreas and intestinal protease activities gradually declined concomitantly withincreased replacement ratio of soybean protein in Cyprinus carpio.hepatopancreas and posteriorintestine protease activities in 45% group were significantly lower than that in control group(P＜0.01).Amylase activities of posterior intestine in 60 % group were significant lower than thatin control group(P＜0.01);there were no significant differences in lipase activities inhepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine and posterior intestine among treatments inCyprinus carpio.(P＞0.05).
Protease activities in hepatopancreas and intestinal tract of Clarias lazera graduallydeclined concomitantly with increased replacement level of soybean protein.Protease activitiesin stomach of treated groups were significantly lower than that in stomach of control group(P＜ 0.01),and protease activities in mid-intestine and hepatopancreas of 30%,45%and 60%groups were significantly lower than that of control group(P＜0.01).No significant differencesin amylase activities of stomach,hepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine were foundamong treatments(P＞0.05),amylase activities in posterior intestine of 45 %and 60% groupwere significantly lower than that of control group(P＜0.05).There was no significantdifferences in lipase activities in hepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine,posteriorintestine among treatments in Clarias lazera(P＞0.05).
Protease activities in hepatopancreas and intestinal tract of Ctenopharyngondon idellusgradually declined concomitantly with increased replacement level of soybean protein.Therewere significant differences between 60 % group and control group(P＜0.05).Amylase activitiesin hepatopancreasin of 15%,30% and 45% groups were significantly higher than that of controlgroup(P＜0.01),there were no significant differences between 60%group and control group(P＞0.05).Amylase activities in mid-intestine in 45% and 60% groups were significant lower thancontrol group(P＜0.05),there were no significant differences in anterior intestine and posteriorintestine in treated groups compared with control groups(P＞0.05).No significant differences inlipase activities of hepatopancreas、anterior intestine,mid-intestine,posterior intestine wereobserved among treatments(P＞0.05).
The statistical results of interaction effects between species and feed showed that proteaseand amylase activities in hepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine,posterior intestinewere significantly affected by replacement level of soybean protein(P＜0.05),but lipaseactivities were not significantly influenced(P＞0.05);protease activities in hepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine,posterior intestine were significantly influenced by interactioneffects between species and feed(P＜0.05).The interaction effects between species and feedsignificantly affected amylase activities in mid-intestine and posterior intestine(P＜0.05),butdid not affect lipase activities in hepatopancreas、anterior intestine、mid-intestine、posteriorintestine(P＞0.05).
4 Effects on digestibility (intestinal tissue)
The entero-plica height of 45% and 60% groups were significantly lower than that ofcontrol group in anterior intestine(P＜0.01)and in mid-intestine (P＜0.05),and the entero-plicaheight of 60% group was significantly lower than that of control group in posterior intestine(P＜0.05)for three species.
The entero-plica height of anterior intestine in 30%,45% and 60% groups were significantly lower than that in control group in Clarias lazera(P＜0.01);the entero-plica height ofmid-intestine in 60% group was significantly lower than that in control group(P＜0.01);theentero-plica height of posterior intestine in 30%,45% and 60% group were significantly lowerthan that in control group in Clarias lazera(P＜0.01).
The entero-plica height of anterior intestine and posterior intestine in 60% group weresignificantly lower than that in control group(P＜0.01)and the entero-plica height ofmid-intestine in 60% group was significantly lower than that in control group inCtenopharyngondon idellus(P＜0.05).
The structural integrity were damaged in anterior intestine of 45% group of Cyprinus carpio,in posterior intestine of 60% group of Cyprinus carpio,in anterior intestine and posteriorintestine of 30% group of Clarias lazera,and in anterior intestine and posterior intestine of 60%group of Ctenopharyngondon idellus.The part of intestinal villi shed,the part of epithelial cellsand proper layer separated,and the proper layer became wider for three species.
Intestine weight,intestine length,parameters of intestine/body,the entero-plica height ofanterior intestine,mid-intestine and posterior intestine were significantly different among threespecies(P＜0.05).The interaction effects between species and feed significantly affected on theentero-plica height of anterior intestine,mid-intestine and posterior intestine for three species(P＜0.05).
Growth experimentⅡ:
Semi-synthesised diets of three isonitrogenous (Cyprinus carpio 36%,Clarias lazera 40%,Ctenopharyngondon idellus 30%) and isoenergetic (Cyprinus carpio 15.2 KJ/g,Clarias lazera15.8KJ/g,Ctenopharyngondon idellus 15.6KJ/g) diets were formulated with fish meal andsoybean protein as protein.Juvenile Cyprinus carpio(initial weight 31.34±0.29g),Clariaslazera(initial weight 15.14±0.05g)and Ctenopharyngondon idellus (initial weight 50.66±0.26g)were cultured for six weeks and fed by the same semi-purified diets which formulated withpurifiedβ-conglycinin 40mg/g diet and glycinin 60mg/g diet,respectively.The effects ofβ-conglycinin and glycinin on growth performance,feed utilization,meat quality,digestibility(intestinal tissue) in different feeding habits fishes were determined.
The results were as follows:
1 Effects on growth performance and feed utilization
SGR、FER,PER and PPV of Cyprinus carpio treated withβ-conglycinin and glycinin werelower,but not significantly,than control group(P＞0.05);The SGR,FER and PER of Clariaslazera treated withβ-conglycinin and glycinin significantly decreased(P＜0.05),and PPVsignificantly declined(P＜0.01).The SGR,FER,PER,and PPV in Ctenopharyngondon idellustreated withβ-conglycinin and glycinin were significantly decline(P＜0.01).
In addition,growth performance and feed efficiency were significantly affected by differentspecies(P＜0.05);The FER,PER and PPV were significantly influenced by interaction effectsbetween species and feed(P＜0.05),and SGR were not significantly influenced by theinteraction effects for three species(P＞0.05).
2 Effects on meat quality
Main nutritional components in muscle were significantly influenced by soybean antigen,in contrast,the content of amino acids in muscle were not significantly influenced for differentfeeding habits fishes.Protein content in muscle of Cyprinus carpio treated withβ-conglycininand glycinin declined,but there were no significant differences between treated groups andcontrol group(P＞0.05).Comparing with control group,no significant differences were found infat and ash content in treated groups(P＞0.05).The water content significantly increased intreated groups compared to control group(P＜0.01),there were no significant differences inwater content between groups treated with glycinin and control(P＞0.05).Total amino acidscontent of treated groups were not significantly different from control groups in Cyprinuscarpio(P＞0.05).
Protein content of Clarias lazera treated withβ-conglycinin and glycinin significantlydecreased(P＜0.01).Comparing with control groups,no significant differences were observedin fat and ash content in treated groups(P＞0.05).The water content in group treated withβ-conglycinin significantly increased(P＜0.01),but it in group treated with glycininsignificantly decreased in Clarias lazera(P＜0.01).
Protein content of Ctenopharyngondon idellus treated withβ-conglycinin and glycininsignificantly decreased(P＜0.01).The contents of water、fat and ash were not significantlydifferent between treated groups and control groups(P＞0.05).
There were significant differences in main nutritional components of muscle among species(P＜0.05).The contents of water and crude protein in muscle were significantly influenced byinteraction effects between species and feed(P＜0.05).Total amount of amino acids weresignificantly different among species(P＜0.05),but total essential amino acids,total flavor amino acids were not(P＞0.05).The total amino acids,total essential amino acids and totalflavor amino acids were not significantly influenced by interaction effects between species andfeed(P＞0.05).
3 Effects on digestibility (intestinal tissue)
The entero-plica height of mid-intestine and posterior intestine in groups treated withβ-conglycinin or glycinin were significantly lower than that in control group in Cyprinus carpioand Clarias lazera(P＜0.01),but there were no significant differences in entero-plica of anteriorintestine among groups(P＞0.05).The entero-plica height of anterior intestine,mid-intestine andposterior intestine of Ctenopharyngondon idellus in treated groups were significantly lower thanthat in control group.The structural integrity of intestines in different species treated withβ-conglycinin or glycinin was destroyed,parts of intestinal villi shed,parts of epithelial cellsand proper layer separated,and the proper layer became wider.
The statistical results of interaction effects between species and feed showed that intestineweight,intestine length,the parameters of intestine/body weight,the parameters ofintestine/body length,the entero-plica height of anterior intestine,mid-intestine and posteriorintestine were significantly affected(P＜0.05).The interaction effects between species and feedalso significantly affected on anterior intestine,mid-intestine and posterior intestine in differentfeeding habits fishes(P＜0.05).
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