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变速恒频风电机组并网故障机理与分析模型研究
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摘要
风力发电是解决全球能源危机和环境问题的战略性选择。随着风电装机容量的快速增长,电力系统的故障运行特性可能发生改变。风电接入形成的新型电力系统暂态特性不明确、故障机理不清晰、故障分析方法不全面等问题,造成继电保护整定计算困难、电气设备安全面临威胁等问题日益突出。本文围绕变速恒频风电机组及其并网电力系统的故障机理与故障电气量计算方法等关键理论问题进行了较为深入、系统的研究,将风电并网电力系统的故障分析从暂态行为特征的仿真研究向故障的机理性分析和计算范畴进行了延伸,从电网对称故障向不对称故障领域进行了扩展,可为新型电力系统规划设计、保护控制的研究和实施提供参考,对于深化风电并网研究、保障电网安全运行具有理论意义和实用价值。
     结合我国风力发电的发展历程、所取得的成果及前景,首先概括了风力发电大规模接入对我国电力系统的影响;阐述了电力系统故障分析的内涵,分析了大规模风电接入对传统电力系统故障分析方法的影响;随后,对风电并网电力系统故障分析的研究进展进行了全面综述,分析了现有研究的特点和存在的问题。
     基于机组的结构特点和物理过程,通过空间多坐标变换,建立了双馈感应发电机的瞬时值模型和空间矢量模型,阐述了模型的理论基础及变换关系;在此基础上,基于空间矢量物理意义清晰的优点,借助于矢量等效变换,利用数学解析的方法对电网对称和非对称故障下的双馈风电机组暂态过程进行了深入分析,明确了在外部电网故障冲击作用下双馈风电机组定、转子故障参量的特性及其产生机理。
     为了解决双馈风电机组转子故障电流的显性表达及计算问题,从计及变流器影响的角度出发,对电网故障下的双馈风电机组转子回路动态耦合特性进行了深入研究。阐述了双馈风电机组变流器控制对转子电流的静态影响机制及动态影响规律;针对双馈风电机组转子电流尚无法直接求解的问题,通过建立包含定子磁链动态过程以及转子侧变流器调控影响的转子回路动态方程,推导了电网对称和不对称故障下双馈风电机组转子电流的时域表达式。
     鉴于双馈风电机组的机端暂态电压同时具备同步发电机和感应发电机的特点,对电网故障下双馈风电机组的定子电压特性进行了研究。采用机网一体化的处理方法,利用发电机数学模型与电网电压、电流的约束关系,推导了稳态运行及电网故障时双馈感应发电机的定子电压表达式;在此基础上,分析了电网发生故障时双馈风电机组定子电压的变化特征以及对电网暂态电压的影响规律。
     针对双馈风电机组的不同故障运行状态和不同的电网故障类型,利用发电机空间矢量模型,详尽推导了双馈风电机组短路电流的表达式,分析了机组输出短路电流的产生机理、组成成份和变化规律等特征;为了解决风电并网系统的故障计算问题,提出了用于电力系统稳态故障计算的双馈风电机组等值模型;通过建立含双馈风电机组的配电网等效电路,分析了双馈风电机组对配电网短路电流影响的多变性特点,借助时域仿真分析了含双馈风电机组的配电网短路电流特性。
     针对电力系统经典模型无法全面反映直驱风电机组运行控制特性的问题,以掌握全功率器件电源与电网在故障过程中的强耦合特性为目标,采用结构保留模型方法,对全功率电源的控制器动态行为进行了详细模拟,通过瞬时功率平衡原理实现子系统模型互联,构建了含全功率器件电源的电力系统动态模型。该模型最大限度地保留了电网结构的完整性,反映了全功率器件电源的动态特性及控制约束关系,可用于建立含全功率器件电源和同步发电机的多机混合电源系统模型,为风电等新能源接入形成的新型电力系统暂态分析提供了模型基础。
Wind generation is a strategic choice to solve the global energy crisis andenvironmental problems. The operation characteristics of power grid during fault maychange against the background of rapid growth of wind power. The problems ofambiguous transient characteristics, indistinct fault mechanism and incompleteanalytical method still exist for the new power system formed by the interconnection ofwind generations. These limitations make it difficult to set and calculate the relayprotection and threaten the safety of electrical equipments. Therefore, the keytheoretical problems about the fault mechanism and fault calculation of windturbine-integrated system are systematically studied in this paper. The fault analysis ofpower system contained wind generation is extended from the existing simulation studyon transient characteristics to the analytical analysis of fault mechanism and the faultcalculation. The research is also been expanded from the domain of symmetric fault toasymmetric fault. This research provides the necessary bases and references for thestudy and implement of power system planning, protection and control. It has importanttheoretical meanings and practical value in deepening the study of wind generation andguaranteeing the safety operation of power system.
     The impacts of large-scale wind generation on power grid are summarized on thebasis of overview about development history, achievement and prospect of wind powerin China. The connotation of power system fault analysis is expounded. The effects ofwind generation on the fault analysis methods are analyzed. The researches progressesof fault analysis about power grid contained wind generation are comprehensivelyreviewed in this paper. The characteristics and deficiency of existing researches are thenanalyzed.
     From the view of physical process and construction features of doubly fedinduction generator (DFIG), the transient models represented by instantaneous valueand space vector are completely built through the methods of coordinate transformationand space vector. The theoretical basis and transformational relation of models are thenelaborated. On the basis, the transient processes of DFIG under symmetrical andasymmetric fault are analyzed in detail by using mathematical analysis. The equivalentconversion of vector is adopted and introduced during the analysis. The characteristicsand changing regularity of electric quantities in stator and rotor winding under impact action of voltage drop are proposed.
     In order to solve and explicitly express the rotor current, the elaborate derivationsand theoretical analyses are conducted with innovation on the dynamic-couple processof rotor winding of DFIG-based wind turbine under grid fault. Consequently, the staticand dynamic impacts of converter controls on rotor current are explored and obtained.According to the existing problem about rotor current calculation, the dynamicalequations of rotor circuit in time fields which embody the transient dynamic of statorflux and control action of rotor-side converter are built. Consequently, the time-domainexpressions of rotor currents under symmetric and asymmetric fault are proposed.
     Considering the terminal transient voltage of DFIG presents common features ofsynchronous generator and induction generator, the characteristics of stator voltage ofDFIG-based wind turbine under grid fault are analyzed. The integrated processing ofgrid and generation are adopted. The stator voltage expression of DFIG understeady-state and fault-state are deduced using the mathematical model of DFIG and thegrid constraint of terminal voltage and current. In this foundation, the changecharacteristics of terminal voltage are further analyzed.
     The expressions of short-circuit current contributed by DFIG-based wind turbineare deduced against different fault types and operation conditions of wind generation.Then the generating mechanism, composition and changing patterns of short-circuitcurrent of DFIG-based wind turbine are presented. In order to solve the fault calculationof power grid, an equivalent model of DFIG-based wind turbine is proposed. Besides,the polytropic effect of DFIG-based wind turbine on short-circuit current of distributionnetwork are analyzed by building an equivalent circuit of distribution network. Thecharacteristics of short-circuit current in distribution network contained DFIG-basedwind turbine are then expounded through simulation.
     Considering the classical model of power system cannot fully reflect the operationcharacteristics of direct-driven wind turbine, the dynamic model of power systemcontained FPD-PS is built to grasp the strongly coupling between interfaced converterand power grid. The controller dynamics of FPD-PS are modeling in detail, and theprinciple of simultaneous power balance is adopted to build the system model accordingto the method of structure-reserved model. This dynamic model reserves the integrity ofsystem structure, perfectly shows the dynamic characteristics and control constraint ofFPD-PS. The method is further used to model the multi-machine power system withhybrid power sources of FPD-PS and synchronous generators. It provides a model basis for the transient analysis for new power system formed by the access of wind power andother renewable energy.
引文
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