国防医学的法律体系探讨
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摘要
本文遵循法学研究路线,以系统论的思想为主要研究方法,结合文献调研、专家咨询、聚类分析、综合归纳、对比分析等方法,提出构建国防医学法律体系的必要性,为国防医学体系的建设提供法理支持,对比分析了我国与发达国家之间在国防医学法律体系方面的差距并提出对策,初步构建了我国国防医学法律体系的理论框架。
研究目的:本研究以国家和军队立法环境为法律背景,以现代国防的医学需求为逻辑起点,以国家和军队现行相关法律、法规为研究基础,以外国(军)国防医学立法的成功经验为借鉴参照,旨在从国家宪法、国防法、国防动员相关法律法规、反恐及应对突发公共卫生事件等相关法规出发,论证国防医学的法律体系,为“国防医学体系”提供法理支持和法律保障。
研究内容:
(1)国防医学法律体系的需求研究。研究国家宪法、国防法、国防动员法等相关法律对国防医学法律体系的逻辑需求;研究我国新的国防观、国家安全观,以及国防白皮书对国防医学法律体系的现实需求。
(2)法理研究。遵循法学研究路线进行国防医学法律体系的法理研究,从而建立国防医学法律体系的法理基础,从法学角度研究国防医学法律体系的原则和原理。
(3)环境研究。分析国家和军队法制化环境,推出国防医学法律体系所处的法律环境和背景。
(4)借鉴研究。调研国外有关国防医学法律体系的内容,以资学习、参考、借鉴。
(5)已有基础研究。调研我国和我军现有的国防相关卫生法律体系,以此作为构建国防医学法律体系的基础。
(6)对比研究。分析国内外国防医学法律体系的异同和差距。
(7)系统性研究。以系统论的思想对国防医学法律体系的系统环境、系统
结构、系统特征、系统功能、系统演化进行考察。
研究方法:
(1)线性研究,即运用文献调研、专家咨询、聚类分析、综合归纳、对比分析等方法,完成对国防医学法律体系的需求研究、法理研究、环境研究、借鉴研究、已有基础研究和对比研究。
(2)系统性研究,即运用系统论研究方法初步构建出“国防医学法律体系”框架。
研究结论:
(1)提出构建国防医学法律体系的必要性和迫切性。在当今崇尚法治的社会大背景下,只有通过法制化的手段才能使“国防医学体系”得到实质性的推进。如果在国防医学体系中存在法律的缺位,那么将使这一体制创新缺乏一把“尚方宝剑”。在任务实施的过程中如果仅仅依靠行政手段,将会大大地弱化国防医学体系的严肃性和运行效率。本文通过国家高位法的逻辑需求,以及新国家安全观、中国国防和国防领导管理体制的现实需求,分析得出构建国防医学法律体系势在必行。
(2)为国防医学法律体系的构建提供了法理支持。构建一个法律体系,必须是在人文科学、社会科学、自然科学发展的大背景下去审视整个体系的发展,那么就不能够轻视法理学研究的价值和意义。本文深入研究了国防医学法律体系的法学原理,探讨了国防医学法律体系的含义和基本特征、法律关系、地位、渊源、立法主体和原则、以及法律的实施等。
(3)分析了我国国防医学法律领域中存在的主要不足。通过对美国等发达国家国防医学法律体系的对比研究得出,我国在国防医学法律领域还存在着一些缺陷,如战争军事行动的卫勤保障法规较不完备;非战争军事行动卫勤保障缺少法律依据;灾害与应急医学救援领域仍存在法律空白;国防职业病的防治领域缺少法律保护;国事安全医学保障的法律问题需要提到议事日程;需尽快建立一个国防卫生动员法律体系等。对比研究还为我们在立法过程中提供了几点启示:首先,我国需要建立一个“名实兼备”的国防医学法律体系。其次,我国需要尽快制定一部《国防卫生动员法》。最后,制定法律时应重点考虑“军民结合,寓军于民”的国防战略,理顺军地职责。
(4)探索了国防医学法律体系建立的发展模式以及构建初期的内容和组成。其中主要内容由“部队卫勤保障法”、“灾害与应急医学救援法”、“国防职业医学法”、“国防卫生动员法”、“国事安全医学法”构筑而成,每一个主体法律又可以派生出各自的分支法律。主要组成分别从纵向和横向两个角度进行分析。纵向组成按照法律效力和发布机关等级划分,横向组成按照按其规范对象的要素性质划分。
创新之处:
(1)首次提出“国防医学法律体系”的概念,并初步构化了其基本框架,为“国防医学体系”奠定了法律基础。本研究不是对一般法律的具体研究,而是着力挖掘与国防医学法律密切关联的内在规律,为国防医学体系的科学化和法制化研究开创了新的思路。
(2)将系统科学的理论运用于国防医学法律问题研究,是多个学科交融的有益尝试。本研究将“国防医学法律体系”视为一个系统,分析了其系统环境、系统结构、系统特征、系统功能和系统演化。一个法律体系包涵着各种复杂的社会关系,运用系统论的研究方法,可以帮助我们从整体上认识和解决问题。
(3)首次进行了有关国防医学法或军队卫生法的法理学研究,构筑了“国防医学法律体系”的法理学框架。本研究属于法律理论研究,自然离不开思辨的哲学。法理学基于对法的原理、原则、制度的研究而推衍至对人类精神演化的思考。构建一个法律体系,并不仅仅在于创建某些法律,还要深入研究法律的道理,只有如此,我们国家的民主与法制建设,才会有一个较好的文化心理条件。
Following the route of law research, this paper puts forward the necessity of establishing a legal system of national defense medical sciences, provides legal principles for national defense medical sciences, compares China with other developed countries in this respect and therefore analyzes disparities, and finds out the corresponding measures, tentatively constructs a theoretical framework for the legal system of national defense medical sciences, by means of systematic theory, bibliography review, expert consultation, similarity analysis, comprehensive induction and comparative analysis, etc.
Objectives: With the legislation environment in China and its Army as the legal background, starting from the logic knot of the needs in modern national defense medical sciences, basing itself on relevant laws and regulations in China and its Army, drawing on the successful experience and practices in legislation by foreign countries (Armies) in national defense medical sciences, the study is designed to verify the legal system of national defense medical sciences from the perspective of relevant laws and regulations including the Constitution, National Defense Law, National Defense Mobilization Law and regulations on anti-terrorism and response to public health emergencies, to provide legal support and guarantee for the legal system of national defense medical sciences.
Research Items:
(1) The needs of legal system of national defense medical sciences. Study the logic needs of relevant laws including the Constitution, National Defense Law and National Defense Mobilization on the legal system of national defense medical sciences. Study the urgent needs of China’s new national defense concept, national security concept and National Defense White Paper on the legal system of national defense medical sciences.
(2) Study from the principle of law. According to the common practice in the study from the principle of law, set up the law foundation for the legal system of national defense medical sciences and study the principles and theories of the legal system of national defense medical sciences from the perspective of law.
(3) Environment study. Analyze legalization environment in China and its Army to get a clear picture of the legal environment and background pertaining to legal system of national defense medical sciences.
(4) Experience study. Draw on foreign legal systems of national defense medical sciences.
(5) Foundation study. Study the health laws and regulations in China and its Army to set up the foundation for legal system of national defense medical sciences.
(6) Comparison study. Analyze the similarities and differences between China and other countries in the legal system of national defense medical sciences.
(7) Systematic study. With the help of systematic theory, study the system environment, system structure, system features, system functions and system evolution of the legal system of national defense medical sciences.
Methodology:
(1) Linear Study. Complete the needs study, study from the principle of law, environment study, experience study, foundation study and comparison study on the legal system of national defense medical sciences by means of bibliography review, expert consultation, similarity analysis, comprehensive induction and comparative analysis, etc.
(2) Systematic study. Construct the framework for the legal system of national defense medical sciences with the application of systematic theory.
Conclusions:
(1) It is imperative to formulate a legal system of national defense medical sciences. Nowadays, against the social background of governing the nation by law, the national defense medical sciences could be realized only by way of legalization. If there is a legal vacancy inside the whole system, the system will be incomplete and hard to be implemented. Administrative management alone will significantly weaken the seriousness and effectiveness of national defense medical sciences. By analyzing the logic needs of high-level national laws as well as the urgent needs of China’s new national defense concept, national security concept and national-defense leadership administrative system, this paper draws a conclusion that constructing a legal system of national defense medical sciences is imperative under the situation.
(2) It provides theory support for the legal system of national defense medical sciences. A legal system should be built upon the basis of a comprehensive environment including human studies, social sciences and natural sciences development, so we can not ignore the value and significance of the law theory. This paper explores the law principles of the legal system of national defense medical sciences, discusses the connotation, basic characteristics, legal relations, status, sources, the main body and principles of legislation and the implementation of laws.
(3) It analyzes the major deficiencies with respect to the legal system of national defense medical sciences of China. Through the comparison with some developed countries such as the United States, we find that we have a lot of weaknesses in the legal area. For example, the health service regulations about military operations in wars are not complete, some laws are absent in the field of non-war military operations, there are still some law deficiencies in the field of medical rescue in disasters and emergencies as well as in national-defense occupational disease preventions, the law of medical care in national security needs an initial study, the national defense health mobilization law system should be established as soon as possible. The comparative study also gives us the following hints: First, China needs to set up a legal system of national defense medical sciences whose name matches the reality. Second, China needs to formulate a National Defense Health Mobilization Law as soon as possible. Third, priorities should be given to the national-defense strategy of cooperation between army and civilian organizations during the legislation, so as to obtain harmonious relations among all parties.
(4) It explores the evolution mode, rudimentary content and levels of constructing national defense medical sciences. The main content consists of five parts, namely, the military health service law, the medical rescue law in disasters and emergencies, the law of national-defense occupational disease, the national defense health mobilization law and the law of medical care in national security. Every major law can have its own derivative sub-laws. The levels of the law system are further probed from both vertical and horizontal perspective. The vertical level is categorized according to force and effect and promulgator, and the horizontal level is categorized according to the characteristics of the subjects being regulated.
Innovations:
(1) It puts forward the concept of "the legal system of national defense medical sciences" for the first time and constructs a tentative framework, laying a legal foundation for the national defense medical sciences. Instead of a specific research on laws, this study aims to dig out the inherent rules relating to national defense medical sciences. It creates a new way of thoughts for the scientific and legal research of the national defense medical sciences.
(2) It is a cross-disciplinary trial to apply the systematic theories to the legal research of national defense medical sciences. Considering the legal system of national defense medical sciences as a whole, this paper analyzes its system environment, structure, characteristics, function and evolvement. Since a legal system contains complicated social relations, we can realize and solve the problems by means of systematic method.
(3) It is the first of its kind to carry out a legal principle research on national defense medical sciences or military medical sciences, and establishes a theoretical framework for the legal system. This research is a theoretical legal study and therefore, can not exist without reasoning philosophy. The nomology is such a study that focuses on the research of principles, norms and institutions of law as well as the research on humanity spirit. During the process of legislation, it is more important to explore the reason of laws than to establish the laws itself. Only in this way can we obtain a better psychological and cultural condition in the democracy and law construction drive in our country.
研究目的:本研究以国家和军队立法环境为法律背景,以现代国防的医学需求为逻辑起点,以国家和军队现行相关法律、法规为研究基础,以外国(军)国防医学立法的成功经验为借鉴参照,旨在从国家宪法、国防法、国防动员相关法律法规、反恐及应对突发公共卫生事件等相关法规出发,论证国防医学的法律体系,为“国防医学体系”提供法理支持和法律保障。
研究内容:
(1)国防医学法律体系的需求研究。研究国家宪法、国防法、国防动员法等相关法律对国防医学法律体系的逻辑需求;研究我国新的国防观、国家安全观,以及国防白皮书对国防医学法律体系的现实需求。
(2)法理研究。遵循法学研究路线进行国防医学法律体系的法理研究,从而建立国防医学法律体系的法理基础,从法学角度研究国防医学法律体系的原则和原理。
(3)环境研究。分析国家和军队法制化环境,推出国防医学法律体系所处的法律环境和背景。
(4)借鉴研究。调研国外有关国防医学法律体系的内容,以资学习、参考、借鉴。
(5)已有基础研究。调研我国和我军现有的国防相关卫生法律体系,以此作为构建国防医学法律体系的基础。
(6)对比研究。分析国内外国防医学法律体系的异同和差距。
(7)系统性研究。以系统论的思想对国防医学法律体系的系统环境、系统
结构、系统特征、系统功能、系统演化进行考察。
研究方法:
(1)线性研究,即运用文献调研、专家咨询、聚类分析、综合归纳、对比分析等方法,完成对国防医学法律体系的需求研究、法理研究、环境研究、借鉴研究、已有基础研究和对比研究。
(2)系统性研究,即运用系统论研究方法初步构建出“国防医学法律体系”框架。
研究结论:
(1)提出构建国防医学法律体系的必要性和迫切性。在当今崇尚法治的社会大背景下,只有通过法制化的手段才能使“国防医学体系”得到实质性的推进。如果在国防医学体系中存在法律的缺位,那么将使这一体制创新缺乏一把“尚方宝剑”。在任务实施的过程中如果仅仅依靠行政手段,将会大大地弱化国防医学体系的严肃性和运行效率。本文通过国家高位法的逻辑需求,以及新国家安全观、中国国防和国防领导管理体制的现实需求,分析得出构建国防医学法律体系势在必行。
(2)为国防医学法律体系的构建提供了法理支持。构建一个法律体系,必须是在人文科学、社会科学、自然科学发展的大背景下去审视整个体系的发展,那么就不能够轻视法理学研究的价值和意义。本文深入研究了国防医学法律体系的法学原理,探讨了国防医学法律体系的含义和基本特征、法律关系、地位、渊源、立法主体和原则、以及法律的实施等。
(3)分析了我国国防医学法律领域中存在的主要不足。通过对美国等发达国家国防医学法律体系的对比研究得出,我国在国防医学法律领域还存在着一些缺陷,如战争军事行动的卫勤保障法规较不完备;非战争军事行动卫勤保障缺少法律依据;灾害与应急医学救援领域仍存在法律空白;国防职业病的防治领域缺少法律保护;国事安全医学保障的法律问题需要提到议事日程;需尽快建立一个国防卫生动员法律体系等。对比研究还为我们在立法过程中提供了几点启示:首先,我国需要建立一个“名实兼备”的国防医学法律体系。其次,我国需要尽快制定一部《国防卫生动员法》。最后,制定法律时应重点考虑“军民结合,寓军于民”的国防战略,理顺军地职责。
(4)探索了国防医学法律体系建立的发展模式以及构建初期的内容和组成。其中主要内容由“部队卫勤保障法”、“灾害与应急医学救援法”、“国防职业医学法”、“国防卫生动员法”、“国事安全医学法”构筑而成,每一个主体法律又可以派生出各自的分支法律。主要组成分别从纵向和横向两个角度进行分析。纵向组成按照法律效力和发布机关等级划分,横向组成按照按其规范对象的要素性质划分。
创新之处:
(1)首次提出“国防医学法律体系”的概念,并初步构化了其基本框架,为“国防医学体系”奠定了法律基础。本研究不是对一般法律的具体研究,而是着力挖掘与国防医学法律密切关联的内在规律,为国防医学体系的科学化和法制化研究开创了新的思路。
(2)将系统科学的理论运用于国防医学法律问题研究,是多个学科交融的有益尝试。本研究将“国防医学法律体系”视为一个系统,分析了其系统环境、系统结构、系统特征、系统功能和系统演化。一个法律体系包涵着各种复杂的社会关系,运用系统论的研究方法,可以帮助我们从整体上认识和解决问题。
(3)首次进行了有关国防医学法或军队卫生法的法理学研究,构筑了“国防医学法律体系”的法理学框架。本研究属于法律理论研究,自然离不开思辨的哲学。法理学基于对法的原理、原则、制度的研究而推衍至对人类精神演化的思考。构建一个法律体系,并不仅仅在于创建某些法律,还要深入研究法律的道理,只有如此,我们国家的民主与法制建设,才会有一个较好的文化心理条件。
Following the route of law research, this paper puts forward the necessity of establishing a legal system of national defense medical sciences, provides legal principles for national defense medical sciences, compares China with other developed countries in this respect and therefore analyzes disparities, and finds out the corresponding measures, tentatively constructs a theoretical framework for the legal system of national defense medical sciences, by means of systematic theory, bibliography review, expert consultation, similarity analysis, comprehensive induction and comparative analysis, etc.
Objectives: With the legislation environment in China and its Army as the legal background, starting from the logic knot of the needs in modern national defense medical sciences, basing itself on relevant laws and regulations in China and its Army, drawing on the successful experience and practices in legislation by foreign countries (Armies) in national defense medical sciences, the study is designed to verify the legal system of national defense medical sciences from the perspective of relevant laws and regulations including the Constitution, National Defense Law, National Defense Mobilization Law and regulations on anti-terrorism and response to public health emergencies, to provide legal support and guarantee for the legal system of national defense medical sciences.
Research Items:
(1) The needs of legal system of national defense medical sciences. Study the logic needs of relevant laws including the Constitution, National Defense Law and National Defense Mobilization on the legal system of national defense medical sciences. Study the urgent needs of China’s new national defense concept, national security concept and National Defense White Paper on the legal system of national defense medical sciences.
(2) Study from the principle of law. According to the common practice in the study from the principle of law, set up the law foundation for the legal system of national defense medical sciences and study the principles and theories of the legal system of national defense medical sciences from the perspective of law.
(3) Environment study. Analyze legalization environment in China and its Army to get a clear picture of the legal environment and background pertaining to legal system of national defense medical sciences.
(4) Experience study. Draw on foreign legal systems of national defense medical sciences.
(5) Foundation study. Study the health laws and regulations in China and its Army to set up the foundation for legal system of national defense medical sciences.
(6) Comparison study. Analyze the similarities and differences between China and other countries in the legal system of national defense medical sciences.
(7) Systematic study. With the help of systematic theory, study the system environment, system structure, system features, system functions and system evolution of the legal system of national defense medical sciences.
Methodology:
(1) Linear Study. Complete the needs study, study from the principle of law, environment study, experience study, foundation study and comparison study on the legal system of national defense medical sciences by means of bibliography review, expert consultation, similarity analysis, comprehensive induction and comparative analysis, etc.
(2) Systematic study. Construct the framework for the legal system of national defense medical sciences with the application of systematic theory.
Conclusions:
(1) It is imperative to formulate a legal system of national defense medical sciences. Nowadays, against the social background of governing the nation by law, the national defense medical sciences could be realized only by way of legalization. If there is a legal vacancy inside the whole system, the system will be incomplete and hard to be implemented. Administrative management alone will significantly weaken the seriousness and effectiveness of national defense medical sciences. By analyzing the logic needs of high-level national laws as well as the urgent needs of China’s new national defense concept, national security concept and national-defense leadership administrative system, this paper draws a conclusion that constructing a legal system of national defense medical sciences is imperative under the situation.
(2) It provides theory support for the legal system of national defense medical sciences. A legal system should be built upon the basis of a comprehensive environment including human studies, social sciences and natural sciences development, so we can not ignore the value and significance of the law theory. This paper explores the law principles of the legal system of national defense medical sciences, discusses the connotation, basic characteristics, legal relations, status, sources, the main body and principles of legislation and the implementation of laws.
(3) It analyzes the major deficiencies with respect to the legal system of national defense medical sciences of China. Through the comparison with some developed countries such as the United States, we find that we have a lot of weaknesses in the legal area. For example, the health service regulations about military operations in wars are not complete, some laws are absent in the field of non-war military operations, there are still some law deficiencies in the field of medical rescue in disasters and emergencies as well as in national-defense occupational disease preventions, the law of medical care in national security needs an initial study, the national defense health mobilization law system should be established as soon as possible. The comparative study also gives us the following hints: First, China needs to set up a legal system of national defense medical sciences whose name matches the reality. Second, China needs to formulate a National Defense Health Mobilization Law as soon as possible. Third, priorities should be given to the national-defense strategy of cooperation between army and civilian organizations during the legislation, so as to obtain harmonious relations among all parties.
(4) It explores the evolution mode, rudimentary content and levels of constructing national defense medical sciences. The main content consists of five parts, namely, the military health service law, the medical rescue law in disasters and emergencies, the law of national-defense occupational disease, the national defense health mobilization law and the law of medical care in national security. Every major law can have its own derivative sub-laws. The levels of the law system are further probed from both vertical and horizontal perspective. The vertical level is categorized according to force and effect and promulgator, and the horizontal level is categorized according to the characteristics of the subjects being regulated.
Innovations:
(1) It puts forward the concept of "the legal system of national defense medical sciences" for the first time and constructs a tentative framework, laying a legal foundation for the national defense medical sciences. Instead of a specific research on laws, this study aims to dig out the inherent rules relating to national defense medical sciences. It creates a new way of thoughts for the scientific and legal research of the national defense medical sciences.
(2) It is a cross-disciplinary trial to apply the systematic theories to the legal research of national defense medical sciences. Considering the legal system of national defense medical sciences as a whole, this paper analyzes its system environment, structure, characteristics, function and evolvement. Since a legal system contains complicated social relations, we can realize and solve the problems by means of systematic method.
(3) It is the first of its kind to carry out a legal principle research on national defense medical sciences or military medical sciences, and establishes a theoretical framework for the legal system. This research is a theoretical legal study and therefore, can not exist without reasoning philosophy. The nomology is such a study that focuses on the research of principles, norms and institutions of law as well as the research on humanity spirit. During the process of legislation, it is more important to explore the reason of laws than to establish the laws itself. Only in this way can we obtain a better psychological and cultural condition in the democracy and law construction drive in our country.
引文
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[2]胡锦涛.在中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会上的报告.国务院新闻办公室,2007年10月15日
[3]王松俊.国防医学体系建设的理论研究[R].军事医学科学院战略研讨会报告,2008年1月
[4]刘桂玲.国防医学立论及其任务体系研究[D].军事医学科学院硕士论文,2008年5月
[5]中华人民共和国宪法[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2004年3月
[6]中华人民共和国国防法[M].北京:法律出版社,1997年3月
[7]吴崇其,达庆东.卫生法学[M].北京:法律出版社,2005年5月
[8]徐柏坚.从严治军与健全军事法规体系研究[J].法制与社会,2006,4:185-186
[9]王德波.坚持依法治军,推进军事变革[N].解放军报,2008年1月15日
[10]曹文献.论国防卫生动员的发展趋势[J].东南国防医药, 2005,7(5): 393-394.
[11]王勇.论中国的新安全观[J].国际政治,1999年第1期
[12]刘土尧,王宇飞.论我国倡导的新国家安全观[J].理论探索,2006年第1期
[13]刘文汇.论国家安全观的衍变[J].求实,2002年第3期
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[18]方宁,李小燕.提高国防建设法制化水平的思考[J].国防, 2003年第4期
[19]王江琦.国防与经济同步调[J].瞭望,2007年第42期
[20]葛洪义.法理学[M].北京:中国法制出版社, 2007年1月
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[30]张玉发.美国伤亡军人救济制度之借鉴[J].西安政治学院学报,2004,18(2):55-58.
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[35]温春娟,黎念青.瑞士医疗卫生体制考察[J].中国卫生资源, 2004年第6期
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[39]黄琳.国防卫生动员研究现状与问题[J].华南国防医学杂志,2002年第4期
[40]吴乐山,孙建中.医学科技管理研究与实践[M].北京:军事医学科学出版社,2004年8月
[41]胡锦涛.江泽民胡锦涛出席中央军委扩大会议并发表重要讲话[N].人民日报,2004年9月21日
[42]李丽芬等.现代高科技战争医疗卫勤保障探析[J].解放军医院管理杂志,2002年第2期
[43]拓展使命:非战争军事行动[EB/OL] http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2008-06/25/content_8435635.htm
[44]冉瑞燕.对制定我国反恐法典的探讨[J].中南民族大学学报, 2008年第1期
[45]朱佳怀.现代高技术战争对军人健康的影响[J].中国医药导报,2007第9期
[46]Yael Benyamini, Zahava Solomon. Combat stress reactions, posttraumatic stress disorder, cumulative life stress, and physical health among Israeli veterans twenty years after exposure to combat [J]. Social Science & Medicine 2005
[47]吴雄杰,王赤才,陈文亮.建立健全军队突发公共卫生事件心理干预体系探讨[J].解放军预防医学杂志,2006第6期
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[49]孙岩.基因工程刑法规制若干问题研究[J].科技与法律, 2008第3期
[50]岳茂兴等.神舟六号飞船主着陆场的医疗卫勤保障[J].中华急诊医学杂志, 2005年第12期
[51]车瑞金.抗击地震灾害对加强国防动员建设的启示[J].国防, 2008年第7期
[52]曹文献.论国防卫生动员的基本领域[J].东南国防医药, 2005年第3期
[53]李喜先等.科学系统论[M].北京:科学出版社,1995年4月
[54]李忠杰.怎样认识和维护我国的国家安全[EB/OL].人民网. http://news.people.com.cn/
[55]中国科协《学科发展研究报告(2007—2008)》, 2008年3月20日
[56]程天民.高技术武器伤害的宏观探讨[J].解放军医学杂志, 2003年第6期
[57]刘治平,罗长坤.军队医药卫生科技成果转化的问题及对策[J].中国科技论坛,2003年第5期
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[59]突发公共卫生事件应急条例[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2003年5月
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[61]中华人民共和国防汛条例[M].北京:法律出版社, 2005年8月
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[63]军队参加抢险救灾条例[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2005年7月
[64]中华人民共和国职业病防治法[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2001年10月
[65]医药卫生法律适用全书[M].北京:中国法制出版社, 2006年11月
[66]伯恩·魏德士(德)著,丁小春,吴越译.法理学[M].北京:法律出版社, 2003年9月
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