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汉英双项式并列短语的词序制约因素研究
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摘要
本文以“汉英双项式并列短语的词序制约因素研究”为题,围绕双项式并列短语(也称“并列二项式”)的可逆性和词序制约因素的词序预测成功率,以语料库检索的方式,定量考察词序制约因素,并对比分析词序制约因素在汉英双项式并列短语中的异同。本研究有三个主要目标:考察词序制约因素的词序预测成功率;预测和说明短语固化的过程;描写和解释词序制约因素在汉英中的表现异同。
     认知语言学的基本观点与假设、范畴的原型观以及标记理论、语言的象似性、概念整合理论以及词汇化和短语固化构成本研究的理论基础。基于语料库的定量研究方法为全面考察词序制约因素在并列二项式词序中的制约力提供了可能。
     制约双项式并列短语词序的主要因素包括语义因素、语音因素和词频因素。语义因素细分为六条次原则:权力、时间、重要性、显著性、积极性、递升原则。
     研究发现,首先,汉语中词序制约因素预测成功率的排序为:语义>语音>词频;各语义因素的词序预测能力由强到弱可排列为:重要性>时间,递升,积极性,权力>显著性。英语中语义因素与其他因素的词序预测成功率层级为:递升>时间(象似性),积极性,重要性>显著性,权力>其他因素;各语义因素的词序预测成功率层级为:递升>时间(象似性),积极性,重要性>显著性,权力。
     其次,预测汉语并列二项式的词序固化或不可逆的语义因素由最主要到最次要的排序为:积极性,权力>时间,递升>显著性,重要性;预测英语并列二项式的词序固化或不可逆的语义因素由最主要到最次要的排序为:权力,递升>显著性,重要性>时间,积极性。
     汉英并列二项式就词序制约因素的制约力而言有相同也有不同。共同点主要有四方面:语义因素占主导作用;时间和递升因素有很高的词序预测成功率;词频因素制约词序的作用不明显;权力是最能预测固化的主要因素。不同点主要有五方面:汉语并列二项式的固化程度总体上低于英语;语义因素对汉语并列二项式词序的制约作用强于英语,语音因素对英语并列二项式词序的制约作用强于汉语;时间顺序原则对汉语并列二项式词序有普遍的制约作用;重要性因素在汉语并列二项式中的词序预测成功率高于英语;权力因素能更好地预测汉语并列二项式的固化。
     语言本体、认知以及民族文化等三方面的特点是造成词序制约因素在汉英并列二项式中表现异同的主要原因。语境制约并列二项式的词序,导致词序突显。
This dissertation, entitled “ordering constraints in Chinese and Englishbinomials”, i.e. coordinated word pairs of the same word class, focuses on orderingconstraints in terms of reversibility of binomials and success rates of orderingconstraints. On a quantitative basis, the present study suggests a clear hierarchy ofconstraints in terms of success rate and makes a comparative analysis in Chinese andEnglish binomials. This research embodies three main objectives: to examine thesuccess rates of ordering constraints; to predict and analyze the freezing process ofbinomials; to describe and interpret the similarities and differences of orderingconstraints in Chinese and English binomials.
     The theoretical grounds are set up on the basis of some relevant views and topicsin cognitive linguistics, including fundamental views and hypotheses in cognitivelinguistics, prototype theory of categories and markedness theory, iconicity, conceptualblending theory, lexicalization and freezing of phrases. A corpus-based approach makesit possible to gain a general picture of ordering constraints and make a profoundcomparative analysis of ordering constraints in Chinese and English binomials.
     Potential ordering constraints that have previously been suggested mainly comefrom the areas of semantics, phonology and word frequency. Semantic constraints aresubdivided into six constraints: power, iconicity, importance, saliency, positivity, andprogressiveness..
     The hierarchies in terms of success rates are clearly found. In Chinese, as to themain ordering constraints the hierarchy is “semantic>phonological>word frequency”;the complete hierarchy for all the specific semantic factors is “importance>iconicity,progressiveness, positivity, power>saliency”. In English, as to the main orderingconstraints the hierarchy is “semantic>phonological>word frequency”; the completehierarchy for all the specific semantic factors is “progressiveness>iconicity, positivity,importance, saliency>power”.
     It is also found that the ranking for the semantic constraints in terms of theirability to determine freezing or irreversibility of binomials in Chinese, from the strongest to the weakest, is "positivity, power>iconicity, progressiveness>saliency,importance". In English, the corresponding ranking is “power, progressiveness>saliency, importance>iconicity, positivity”.
     In terms of ordering constraints and freezing levels, Chinese and Englishbinomials are both similar and different.
     Chinese and English binomials resemble in four aspects. Firstly, semanticconstraints are the most prominent in the ordering of binomials. Secondly, iconicityand progressiveness with relatively high success rates trump the others. Thirdly, wordfrequency is not significant. Finally, power is the most powerful factor leading to thefreezing of binomials, which implies that binomials ordered according to power aremore likely to be frozen. To sum up, semantic factors, with power in particular,increase their predictive success towards the frozen end of the reversibility cline.
     There also exist discrepancies between Chinese and English binomials. Firstly,Chinese binomials are less frozen overall. Secondly, semantic constraints are moreeffective in governing Chinese binomial order, whereas phonological factors are moreinfluential in governing English binomial order. Thirdly, iconicity exhibits a universalordering power in Chinese binomials. Fourthly, success rate of importance in Chinese ishigher. The last but not the least, power better predicts the freezing of Chinesebinomials.
     Language system, cognition, and culture constitute the main reasons for thesimilarities and differences of ordering constraints in Chinese and English binomials.Context exerts some influence upon binomial order, which accounts for theprominence of non-preferred order of binomials.
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