基于土壤水入渗补给的优先流定量研究
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摘要
河北平原是我国最大的农业生产基地之一,属于严重缺水地区。水资源相当缺乏,地下水为主要水源。农业灌溉用水约占总淡水资源开发利用量的72%。目前地下水过度开采已造成了一系列的环境问题,如地下水位下降与降落漏斗扩大、咸淡水界面下移和地面沉降等。造成此问题的根源是缺乏对该地区地下水资源科学合理开采利用与管理,其中土壤水入渗补给地下水是其最核心的科学问题之一。然而目前对土壤入渗补给地下水的认识主要采用活塞均匀入渗理论,与田间实际情况存在很大差异。田间优先流现象普遍存在,是土壤水入渗补给的主要形式。
本文从优先流定义本质出发,分析了不同时间与空间尺度下土壤水入渗补给中优先流激发机制及其定量研究。以中科院栾城试验场土壤水动态长期观测资料、人工示踪剂试验、田间染色试验、室内扰动与原状土柱对比实验以及数值模拟研究为基础,对优先流现象激发机制进行了研究,定量评价了土壤水入渗补给过程中优先流程度。本次研究取得如下主要成果：
(1)优先流现象普遍存在。植物根系与蚯蚓孔洞等优先流通道发育,随深度变化呈指数衰减。优先流主要发生在降雨或灌溉过程中,优先流和基质流分别占整个十壤水入渗补给68.9%和31.1%。总体上,土壤水优先流程度随降雨量或灌溉量和土壤初始含水量增加而增加,但其增加幅度有限。
(2)多区模型认为示踪剂浓度剖面分布是土壤孔隙结构特征对土壤水流作用的结果。栾城和衡水研究区地下水入渗补给量分别为124.3和13.7nmyr-1,而利用传统方法评价结果分别为103.3和0.0mmyr-1,提高了评价精度。对于无溶质峰值的示踪区,多区模型具有较好的适用性。栾城和衡水地区优先流入渗补给量分别为36.05和0.32mmyr-1,其优先流程度分别为28.7和2.3%。秸秆覆盖抑制降雨或灌溉水入渗补给地下水,降低了优先流程度。植被有利于土壤水入渗和优先流形成。优先流程度主要由十壤结构控制,而不是入渗补给总量。
(3)田间染色试验结果表明：优先流具有三维空间变异性。染色百分比总体上随深度增加而减小,其范围为28.2～41.7%,平均值为34.1%。优先流以蚯蚓孔洞大孔隙为主,植物根孔隙不具备明显的优先流导水作用。亮蓝浓度剖面区域明显小于Br-浓度剖面,使通过亮蓝浓度剖面获得的入渗补给量偏小2.69-24.74%。增加入渗量有利于优先流激发,但对优先流程度增加幅度有限。提高土壤初始含水量能有效抑制优先流发育。
(4)饱和导水率实验结果表明：原状土柱饱和导水率明显高于扰动土柱1-3个数量级。土壤大孔隙结构越发育,其饱和导水率相差越大。原状土柱优先流程平均值为87.6%。
(5)室内十柱实验结果表明：原状土柱优先流现象明显,优先流程度为73.00～99.99%。总体上土柱出流速率随灌溉强度减小而减小。在整个土柱剖面范围内,扰动土柱剖面的染色百分比为10～20%；原状土柱剖面的平均染色百分比分别为40.37～74.90%,且优先流程度随染色百分比增加而增加。在灌溉条件下,随深度变化的染色面积百分比的变异系数可以指示原状土柱优先流发育程度,即变异系数越低,其优先流程度越高,但对扰动土柱不适用。
(6)采用HYDURS-1D对栾城田间长序列土壤水动态试验进行数值模拟结果表明：总体上,入渗补给速率具有年际变化规律,在雨季达到最大,然后缓慢减小。年均入渗补给量为220mmyr-1,由优先流引起的入渗补给量为211mmyr-1,占96.3%。
(7)室内原状土柱实验的数值模拟结果表明：原状土柱优先流程度很高,平均值为98.7%。优先流激发情况与降雨/灌溉和初始含水量等条件有关,导致不同条件下模型中土壤水力参数发生变化。因此,室内原状土柱的优先流反演模型参数仅能适用与灌溉条件相同或相近的田间,对于相差较大的田间条件则不适用。
(8)研究成果对地下水资源评估、农业节水与地下水污染风险评价具有重要指导意义。该成果提高了对土壤水入渗补给机制的认识,从非均匀流角度修订了以传统示踪法为主的地下水入渗评价方法。采取秸秆覆盖与间歇性灌溉方式、减少单次灌溉量即增加灌溉量次数和增加十壤翻耕深度与频率均能抑制优先流发育,促进耕作层涵养水分能力,提高降雨或灌溉水利用效率,降低地下水污染风险。
The Hebei Plan is one of the largest bases for agriculture in China, which is suffered shortage of water resource. The groundwater is the mainly source for drinking, irrigation and industry. The percentage of water amount for irrigation accounts for72%of the total water resource. At present, over-exploitation caused a series of environmental problems, e.g., continued declining of the groundwater level, increasing of cones of depression, moving down of interface between fresh and saltine water, and superficial deposit, which were attributed to unreasonable management of groundwater. The soil water infiltration is vital for estimating the groundwater resources. However, the piston model was applied to estimate the groundwater recharge, which doesn't agree with the case of the field, because the preferential flow was common in the filed, the main way for soil water infiltration.
This paper discussed the mechanism of preferential flow on the condition of different time and space scales. The percentage of preferential flow was also estimated when the irrigation and precipitation infiltrated into soil, and even the groundwater. In Luancheng site of Chinese Academy of Science, the soil water content and potential were monitored from2003, April to2013, April, and the Bromine and Tritium tracers'test, and Brilliant Blue dyeing test were conducted. The experimental soil columns and simulated method were also applied to study the preferential flow. The results showed that:
1. The phenomenon of preferential flow was common in the filed. The preferential flow paths, e.g., the plant roots and earthworm holes develop, decreasing exponentially with the depth of soil profile. The preferential flow occurred during the irrigation and rainfall, and percentages of infiltrated water for preferential flow and matrix flow were54.5and45.5%, respectively. In generally, the percentages of preferential flow were larger for more amounts of irrigation or rainfall and higher soil water content, however, the increased extent was limited.
2. The multi-region model considers that the distributions of the tracers'concentrations in the soil profile were attributed to the effect of soil structure on the soil water movement. The annual recharges of Luancheng and Hengshui sites were124.3and13.7mmyr-1for the multi-region model, respectively, however,103.3and0.0mmyr-1for the traditional method, which improved the precision of groundwater recharge, especially for the areas of much lower annual recharges without peaks of tracers'concentration in the soil profile. The annual recharges of preferential and matrix flows were36.05and0.32mmyr-1, respectively, and accounted for28.7and2.3%. The straw mulching restricted preferential flow, and increased the storage of soil water in the plant root zone. Plants improved the infiltration of irrigation and rainfall, increasing preferential flow. The extent of preferential flow was controlled by the soil structure rather than the total amount of infiltration.
3. The results of dyeing test showed that the model of preferential flow varied in three dimensions. The percentages of dyeing area changed from28.2to41.7%, with the average value of34.1%, which decreased with depth in the soil profiles. The earthworm holes were the main preferential flow paths rather than the plant roots. The distributed area of Bromine was larger than Brilliant Blue, which resulted in less2.69to24.74%of infiltration for the Brilliant Blue concentration profile than the Bromine.
4. The results of saturated experiment showed that the saturated hydraulic conductivities of undistributed soil columns were1to3orders of magnitude higher than the distributed. Better growth of macropores or fracture between soil aggregates results in larger difference of saturated hydraulic conductivities between undistributed and distributed. The average percentage of preferential flow for the undistributed soil column was87.6%.
5. Contrastive experiment of undistributed and distributed soil columns showed that the preferential flow of the undistributed soil columns developed well, and the percentages of preferential flow were from73.00to99.99%. In total, the effluent velocity at the bottom of soil columns increased with higher intensity. The percentages of dyeing area in the whole soil profile were10to20%for the distributed, while40.37to74.90%for the undistributed. The extents of preferential flow of undistributed columns were increased with depth. The coefficients of variation for percentages of dyeing area with depth in the soil profile could indicate the extent of preferential flow, i.e., larger coefficients of variation for lower extents of preferential flow, which wasn't suitable for the distributed.
6. The results of modeling for soil water and potential test in Luancheng site showed that the groundwater recharge was largest in the rainy seasons, and then decreased to the dry seasons. The annual recharge was220mmyr-1. The recharge of preferential flow was211mmyr-1, accounting for96.3%of the total recharge.
7. The experiments of undistributed columns showed that the percentages of preferential flow were large, average value of98.7%. The soil hydraulic parameters of the dual-permeability model varied on the different condition at the upper boundary, owing to the stochastic characters of preferential flow. Therefore, the optimizational model could be applied in field with the same or similar irrigation pattern, but couldn't be suitable for the cases which were different from irrigation of the experiment.
8. The results of this thesis could be useful for estimation of groundwater resource, management of agriculture water-saving, and risk evaluation of groundwater suffering contamination, which improved the understanding of soil water infiltration, and modified the traditional method basing on the piston flow model. Water-saving technique, e.g., straw mulch, intermittent irrigation pattern, less per-irrigation (i.e., increasing the number with the same total irrigation), increasing the plowing depth and frequency, could restrain the preferential flow, improve the ability of retaining soil water during the root zone and utilization efficiency of irrigation or rainfall, and cut down the risk of groundwater suffering contamination.
本文从优先流定义本质出发,分析了不同时间与空间尺度下土壤水入渗补给中优先流激发机制及其定量研究。以中科院栾城试验场土壤水动态长期观测资料、人工示踪剂试验、田间染色试验、室内扰动与原状土柱对比实验以及数值模拟研究为基础,对优先流现象激发机制进行了研究,定量评价了土壤水入渗补给过程中优先流程度。本次研究取得如下主要成果：
(1)优先流现象普遍存在。植物根系与蚯蚓孔洞等优先流通道发育,随深度变化呈指数衰减。优先流主要发生在降雨或灌溉过程中,优先流和基质流分别占整个十壤水入渗补给68.9%和31.1%。总体上,土壤水优先流程度随降雨量或灌溉量和土壤初始含水量增加而增加,但其增加幅度有限。
(2)多区模型认为示踪剂浓度剖面分布是土壤孔隙结构特征对土壤水流作用的结果。栾城和衡水研究区地下水入渗补给量分别为124.3和13.7nmyr-1,而利用传统方法评价结果分别为103.3和0.0mmyr-1,提高了评价精度。对于无溶质峰值的示踪区,多区模型具有较好的适用性。栾城和衡水地区优先流入渗补给量分别为36.05和0.32mmyr-1,其优先流程度分别为28.7和2.3%。秸秆覆盖抑制降雨或灌溉水入渗补给地下水,降低了优先流程度。植被有利于土壤水入渗和优先流形成。优先流程度主要由十壤结构控制,而不是入渗补给总量。
(3)田间染色试验结果表明：优先流具有三维空间变异性。染色百分比总体上随深度增加而减小,其范围为28.2～41.7%,平均值为34.1%。优先流以蚯蚓孔洞大孔隙为主,植物根孔隙不具备明显的优先流导水作用。亮蓝浓度剖面区域明显小于Br-浓度剖面,使通过亮蓝浓度剖面获得的入渗补给量偏小2.69-24.74%。增加入渗量有利于优先流激发,但对优先流程度增加幅度有限。提高土壤初始含水量能有效抑制优先流发育。
(4)饱和导水率实验结果表明：原状土柱饱和导水率明显高于扰动土柱1-3个数量级。土壤大孔隙结构越发育,其饱和导水率相差越大。原状土柱优先流程平均值为87.6%。
(5)室内十柱实验结果表明：原状土柱优先流现象明显,优先流程度为73.00～99.99%。总体上土柱出流速率随灌溉强度减小而减小。在整个土柱剖面范围内,扰动土柱剖面的染色百分比为10～20%；原状土柱剖面的平均染色百分比分别为40.37～74.90%,且优先流程度随染色百分比增加而增加。在灌溉条件下,随深度变化的染色面积百分比的变异系数可以指示原状土柱优先流发育程度,即变异系数越低,其优先流程度越高,但对扰动土柱不适用。
(6)采用HYDURS-1D对栾城田间长序列土壤水动态试验进行数值模拟结果表明：总体上,入渗补给速率具有年际变化规律,在雨季达到最大,然后缓慢减小。年均入渗补给量为220mmyr-1,由优先流引起的入渗补给量为211mmyr-1,占96.3%。
(7)室内原状土柱实验的数值模拟结果表明：原状土柱优先流程度很高,平均值为98.7%。优先流激发情况与降雨/灌溉和初始含水量等条件有关,导致不同条件下模型中土壤水力参数发生变化。因此,室内原状土柱的优先流反演模型参数仅能适用与灌溉条件相同或相近的田间,对于相差较大的田间条件则不适用。
(8)研究成果对地下水资源评估、农业节水与地下水污染风险评价具有重要指导意义。该成果提高了对土壤水入渗补给机制的认识,从非均匀流角度修订了以传统示踪法为主的地下水入渗评价方法。采取秸秆覆盖与间歇性灌溉方式、减少单次灌溉量即增加灌溉量次数和增加十壤翻耕深度与频率均能抑制优先流发育,促进耕作层涵养水分能力,提高降雨或灌溉水利用效率,降低地下水污染风险。
The Hebei Plan is one of the largest bases for agriculture in China, which is suffered shortage of water resource. The groundwater is the mainly source for drinking, irrigation and industry. The percentage of water amount for irrigation accounts for72%of the total water resource. At present, over-exploitation caused a series of environmental problems, e.g., continued declining of the groundwater level, increasing of cones of depression, moving down of interface between fresh and saltine water, and superficial deposit, which were attributed to unreasonable management of groundwater. The soil water infiltration is vital for estimating the groundwater resources. However, the piston model was applied to estimate the groundwater recharge, which doesn't agree with the case of the field, because the preferential flow was common in the filed, the main way for soil water infiltration.
This paper discussed the mechanism of preferential flow on the condition of different time and space scales. The percentage of preferential flow was also estimated when the irrigation and precipitation infiltrated into soil, and even the groundwater. In Luancheng site of Chinese Academy of Science, the soil water content and potential were monitored from2003, April to2013, April, and the Bromine and Tritium tracers'test, and Brilliant Blue dyeing test were conducted. The experimental soil columns and simulated method were also applied to study the preferential flow. The results showed that:
1. The phenomenon of preferential flow was common in the filed. The preferential flow paths, e.g., the plant roots and earthworm holes develop, decreasing exponentially with the depth of soil profile. The preferential flow occurred during the irrigation and rainfall, and percentages of infiltrated water for preferential flow and matrix flow were54.5and45.5%, respectively. In generally, the percentages of preferential flow were larger for more amounts of irrigation or rainfall and higher soil water content, however, the increased extent was limited.
2. The multi-region model considers that the distributions of the tracers'concentrations in the soil profile were attributed to the effect of soil structure on the soil water movement. The annual recharges of Luancheng and Hengshui sites were124.3and13.7mmyr-1for the multi-region model, respectively, however,103.3and0.0mmyr-1for the traditional method, which improved the precision of groundwater recharge, especially for the areas of much lower annual recharges without peaks of tracers'concentration in the soil profile. The annual recharges of preferential and matrix flows were36.05and0.32mmyr-1, respectively, and accounted for28.7and2.3%. The straw mulching restricted preferential flow, and increased the storage of soil water in the plant root zone. Plants improved the infiltration of irrigation and rainfall, increasing preferential flow. The extent of preferential flow was controlled by the soil structure rather than the total amount of infiltration.
3. The results of dyeing test showed that the model of preferential flow varied in three dimensions. The percentages of dyeing area changed from28.2to41.7%, with the average value of34.1%, which decreased with depth in the soil profiles. The earthworm holes were the main preferential flow paths rather than the plant roots. The distributed area of Bromine was larger than Brilliant Blue, which resulted in less2.69to24.74%of infiltration for the Brilliant Blue concentration profile than the Bromine.
4. The results of saturated experiment showed that the saturated hydraulic conductivities of undistributed soil columns were1to3orders of magnitude higher than the distributed. Better growth of macropores or fracture between soil aggregates results in larger difference of saturated hydraulic conductivities between undistributed and distributed. The average percentage of preferential flow for the undistributed soil column was87.6%.
5. Contrastive experiment of undistributed and distributed soil columns showed that the preferential flow of the undistributed soil columns developed well, and the percentages of preferential flow were from73.00to99.99%. In total, the effluent velocity at the bottom of soil columns increased with higher intensity. The percentages of dyeing area in the whole soil profile were10to20%for the distributed, while40.37to74.90%for the undistributed. The extents of preferential flow of undistributed columns were increased with depth. The coefficients of variation for percentages of dyeing area with depth in the soil profile could indicate the extent of preferential flow, i.e., larger coefficients of variation for lower extents of preferential flow, which wasn't suitable for the distributed.
6. The results of modeling for soil water and potential test in Luancheng site showed that the groundwater recharge was largest in the rainy seasons, and then decreased to the dry seasons. The annual recharge was220mmyr-1. The recharge of preferential flow was211mmyr-1, accounting for96.3%of the total recharge.
7. The experiments of undistributed columns showed that the percentages of preferential flow were large, average value of98.7%. The soil hydraulic parameters of the dual-permeability model varied on the different condition at the upper boundary, owing to the stochastic characters of preferential flow. Therefore, the optimizational model could be applied in field with the same or similar irrigation pattern, but couldn't be suitable for the cases which were different from irrigation of the experiment.
8. The results of this thesis could be useful for estimation of groundwater resource, management of agriculture water-saving, and risk evaluation of groundwater suffering contamination, which improved the understanding of soil water infiltration, and modified the traditional method basing on the piston flow model. Water-saving technique, e.g., straw mulch, intermittent irrigation pattern, less per-irrigation (i.e., increasing the number with the same total irrigation), increasing the plowing depth and frequency, could restrain the preferential flow, improve the ability of retaining soil water during the root zone and utilization efficiency of irrigation or rainfall, and cut down the risk of groundwater suffering contamination.
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