西北过渡地区城乡协调发展研究
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摘要
甘青宁三省区是西北民族之间、地区之间、农牧业之间的交汇处,有相似的发展历史、自然条件、气候特征、人文风情,且呈明显的过渡性色彩。建立西北过渡地区多民族经济开发区,使其城乡协调发展,在由内地到西部边疆的通道上发挥传输动力的良好功能,对本地区乃至全国社会经济的发展是十分必要的。
通过研究发现,西北过渡地区从自身经济发展的基础上自然形成的城市较少,更多的城市是在外力作用下迅速形成的,城乡发展易于形成各自的封闭系统,城乡呈弱联系状态;形成基于西北历史、自然与文化背景之上的特色城乡协调与发展观念,并从制度设计、经济支持和社会构建等方面完善“珠串式”城市布局,形成由公路、铁路、航空将散落于优良生态农区中的一座座城市连接起来的城乡协调发展态势。论文还提出多民族地区协调发展的社会构建思想,认为多民族地区的城乡协调发展应发掘宗教与民族文化中促进安定团结的因子,引导各民族投入和睦共处,共同富裕的新农村建设中。
论文具体从五个方面论述西北过渡地区城乡的协调发展:
一、西北过渡地区城乡格局形成的历史与城乡关系的演进
西北过渡地区聚族而居的农村与军事特征鲜明的城市天生具有较强的封闭性,形成各自循环系统,城乡分割。从城市起源到现在,城乡关系发展经历了城乡一体、城乡分离、城乡对立三个阶段,大规模的国家工业化运动形成许多专业性城市和传统农村各自封闭发展,呈现出典型的二元结构。
二、西北过渡地区城乡非协调发展关系的特征表现
西北过渡地区,一方面由于城市的封闭性强、总体水平低、密度小、结构不合理,使城市体系的传导机制、扩散机制难以到位,对农村的聚集与辐射力弱。另一方面分散性农村提高了向城市聚集的成本,单一的传统农业结构难以形成农、工、商、服务业统一有机体,贫困而且文化素质低的劳动力向城市转移困难,这些都成为制约城乡协调发展的不利因素。这样,城市和农村在居民收入、社会保障和教育等方面呈现出典型的二元结构关系。
三、西北过渡地区非协调性城乡关系的成因
西北过渡地区自然地域特征导致阻遏性城乡分离,一方面人们出行的时间长、费用高、安全系数低,另一方面道路修建成本高,技术难度大,投入高而产出低。该地区资源开发的分散性与城市的聚集性存在矛盾,企业产业链短且在区域外延伸,福利制度在企业内封闭运行,也使得产业旁侧影响远未到位,弱化了与周边农村的联系。过渡地区少数民族信仰、习俗、宗教促进民族特性的提升,在不同民族之间造成分化,使社会关系处于弱联系状态。过渡地区市领导县的城乡合一行政体制、阻碍人力资源流动的户籍制度、支农乏力的财政体制和向城市倾斜金融体制,也都是强化城乡差距的制度障碍。
五、西北过渡地区城乡协调发展的基本思路
城市的形成原因可归结为运输成本,集聚优势来源于生产和交易集中所带来的运输成本节省。目前该地区交通运输总体水平低下,有干线,无网络,运输方式严重滞后。城市要建立铁路、公路、民航等立体式综合交通网络,加速城市联网,将自身的优势辐射出去;资源型城市的发展应逐渐从静态资源优势的拥有者转变为创造性动态比较优势的拥有者,适时调整单一的产业结构,拉长资源产业链条,加强与周边地区、与农村联系;旅游城市要积极开发相关产业,包括交通、电信业、旅游商品业、特色饮食、住宿等产业,形成多层次的产业群,与农村协调发展,共同形成一个功能齐备、经济多元的有机系统。
宜农区、宜牧区和沙区的新农村建设,是该地区有特色的新农村建设。在宜农区大力发展绿洲农业,为城乡提供粮食安全,是城乡协调发展的基础;畜牧业下联种植业,上联加工工业,沙产业本身就是高投入、高科技的工业式农业。因此,大力发展绿洲农业、畜牧业和沙产业,将强化工农业联系。还应通过新农村建设改善农村环境,吸引社会各种要素投入新农村建设,形成良性循环,缩小城乡差距。
珠串布局,连通城乡。西北过渡地区有大力发展交通、资源、旅游等产业的先机,有发展绿洲农业、畜牧业和沙产业的优势,生态移民,还自然以草木。由此所形成的城市布局,必然不同于东部的“城市群”、“城市带”布局模式,而应是“珠串式”布局模式,城市是由公路、铁路、航空连接起来的散落于生态优良的农区中的一颗颗明珠。
六、西北过渡地区城乡协调发展对策
城乡协调的制度设计。改革户籍制度,建立城乡统一的劳动力市场;改革社会保障制度,使全社会更加趋向公平;改革教育制度,提升劳动力素质,使城乡劳动力共同获得较强的就业能力。近年来各项制度改革已取得了很大成就,各项管理将制度加大城乡差距的势头也将逐步减缓,应继续积极探索适用于该地区实际情况的制度创新形式,使城乡优势互补协调发展。
城乡协调发展的经济支持。通过城乡之间产业结构的调整、金融资源的配置、人力资源的合理流动来支持城乡经济的协调发展。最后,通过加强城乡关联,促进城乡文化整合,使多民族、多元宗教特征保持与融合,为该地区各民族间和睦相处,共同繁荣,创造条件。
The three provinces of Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia are the joint between regions ,nations and livestock husbandries in northwest, They have similar history of development, natural condition, climate character and humanity culture and they all show the character of transition, To establish multi-national economic development zone, it not only can make city and country develop harmoniously, but also can give play to the function of transmission from interior to the frontier region of northwest, It is basic and possible to research into the northwest transitional regions combined by Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia provinces.
By research, I find that the development of northwest transitional regions is very likely to form a close system of internal cycles and city and country are in a weakly related condition. On the basis of a deep analysis on the char outer and reason of the non-coordination development between city and country, I put forward the concrete thought and the way to deal with the situation of coordination development between city and country. I’ll improve the city arrangement which is similar to pearls strung together from the aspect of rule designing, economic support and social structure and try to make the cities in the transitional regions into a number of bright pearls scattered in fertile ecological region related by highway, railway and airline.
In this paper I’ll discuss the coordination development of northwest transitional regions from the following five aspects.
I . The formation history of city and country in transitional region. City and country in transitional region form systems of respectively internal cycles, which lies the factor of born non-coordination development, From the origin of the city to now, the development of city and country experienced three periods of whit, separation and opposition of city and country. The large-scale industrialism of our country makes many professional cities, isolated cities and tranditional country develop closely and show a stylistic structure of duality.
II. Show of character of non-coordination development relationship between city and country in northwest transitional regions.
In northwest transitional regions, the cities have strong closeness, low whole level, small density and irreasonable systematic structure, which leads in hard arrival of transmission mechanism and extension mechanism and weak collection and radiation to countries. On the other hand, scattered countries make a high cost in the collection of cities. Single traditional agricultural structure makes it difficult to form an organic unity of agriculture, industry and commerce service. Poor labor with low cultural quality is very difficult to transfer into city, All those mentioned above are malignant factors which hinder the coordinational development between city and country.
In the aspect of the disparity between the income of resident, social insurance, the level of medicine and health, education and the enjoyment of social provision to resident, city and country show a stylistic structure of duality.
III. The formational reason of inordinate relationship between city and country in northwest transitional regions.
In northwest transitional regions ecological environment is very weak and terrain is intricate. People spend long time and much money on journey with a low quality of safety, high cost and investment but low production. The character of natural zone leads in the desperate separation of city and country There is a rich research in northwest transitional region, but an imbalanced arrangement of land, water, organisms and other agricultural resource, the catered exploitation of the enterprise resource, the short chain of industry but extension into external region close run system which benefits itself all make the bounding influence of the industry out of place and weaken the connection of the related countries. Minority in the transitional region is arranged scattered. Belief, custom and religion improve the quality of nations, separate the nations and make the social relation in the condition of weak connection The political organism which is fun of stress, census register which hinders the movement of human resource, poor treasure organism and financial organism with tendency to city all strengthen the extensive tendency of disparity between city and country.
IV. The basic thought of coordination development in northwest transitional regions. Transportation plays an important role in Northwest transitional region, Nowadays, the whole level of transportation is low, There are rail lines, but no network and the way of transportation is completely out of step, we should establish the cubic comprehensive transportation network of railway, highway, airlines and so on in the city, in order to fasten the link between cities and relate the advantage of ours ewes, The development of resource-city should try to change the owner of static advantages of resources into the owner of dynamic comprehensive advantages, and regulate the single industry structure, prolong the chain of resource industry, strengthen the relation with connected regions and countries and the city of travel should develop, the related industry creatively, including transportation, telecommunication, tourist business, distinctive food, accommodation and so on, to form the industries with various levels, develop with the country coordination ally and shape an organic system with full functions and multi-economy.
New country structure of good country region, good livestock husbandry, desert region are all the stylistic new country structure. In the good country region the development of oasis agriculture may provide safety in the aspect of grain. On prairie the livestock husbandry is related with plant and process industry, sand industry itself is industrial agriculture with high cost and technology. So in northwest transitional region new country structure accelerating country environment structure, improving the quality of numerous social factor are the basic requirement of continuous development of agriculture and industry.
The arrangement of pearls strung together connects city and country There obvious opportunities to develop traffic, resource, tourism and other industries and there is advantage to develop oasis agriculture, livestock husbandry and sand industry Ecological emigrant can make nature full of trees. Thus the formation of the city arrangement must be different from the arrangement of cities in the east. The arrangement of cities is like the pearls strung together, which means that cities are a number of bright pearls scattered on the prairie combined by highway, railway and airline.
V. The way to deal with the situation of coordination development in northwest transitional region.
Government should draw out the rules for coordination development between city and country, reform the rules of census register and establish an integrate human resource between city and country, In order to make the society just, it is necessary to reform social insurance. The formation of education rules can improve the quality of human resource and give human resource in city and country the equal opportunity to receive education From the year of 2006, the region has put forward the policy of“two free and one complementary”during the period of compulsory. The condition of education is improving quickly and the disparity between city and country which result from education will weaken gradually. By adjustment of industrial structure between city and country, rearrangement of financial resource, reasonable movement of human resource, We can support the balanced development of economy between city and country Finally, by strengthening the connection between city and country, promoting the cultural integration of city and country, we can make the character of multi-nation and multi-religion maintained and integrated and we can create conditions that multi-nations lieu in harmony and tam prosperous in peace.
通过研究发现,西北过渡地区从自身经济发展的基础上自然形成的城市较少,更多的城市是在外力作用下迅速形成的,城乡发展易于形成各自的封闭系统,城乡呈弱联系状态;形成基于西北历史、自然与文化背景之上的特色城乡协调与发展观念,并从制度设计、经济支持和社会构建等方面完善“珠串式”城市布局,形成由公路、铁路、航空将散落于优良生态农区中的一座座城市连接起来的城乡协调发展态势。论文还提出多民族地区协调发展的社会构建思想,认为多民族地区的城乡协调发展应发掘宗教与民族文化中促进安定团结的因子,引导各民族投入和睦共处,共同富裕的新农村建设中。
论文具体从五个方面论述西北过渡地区城乡的协调发展:
一、西北过渡地区城乡格局形成的历史与城乡关系的演进
西北过渡地区聚族而居的农村与军事特征鲜明的城市天生具有较强的封闭性,形成各自循环系统,城乡分割。从城市起源到现在,城乡关系发展经历了城乡一体、城乡分离、城乡对立三个阶段,大规模的国家工业化运动形成许多专业性城市和传统农村各自封闭发展,呈现出典型的二元结构。
二、西北过渡地区城乡非协调发展关系的特征表现
西北过渡地区,一方面由于城市的封闭性强、总体水平低、密度小、结构不合理,使城市体系的传导机制、扩散机制难以到位,对农村的聚集与辐射力弱。另一方面分散性农村提高了向城市聚集的成本,单一的传统农业结构难以形成农、工、商、服务业统一有机体,贫困而且文化素质低的劳动力向城市转移困难,这些都成为制约城乡协调发展的不利因素。这样,城市和农村在居民收入、社会保障和教育等方面呈现出典型的二元结构关系。
三、西北过渡地区非协调性城乡关系的成因
西北过渡地区自然地域特征导致阻遏性城乡分离,一方面人们出行的时间长、费用高、安全系数低,另一方面道路修建成本高,技术难度大,投入高而产出低。该地区资源开发的分散性与城市的聚集性存在矛盾,企业产业链短且在区域外延伸,福利制度在企业内封闭运行,也使得产业旁侧影响远未到位,弱化了与周边农村的联系。过渡地区少数民族信仰、习俗、宗教促进民族特性的提升,在不同民族之间造成分化,使社会关系处于弱联系状态。过渡地区市领导县的城乡合一行政体制、阻碍人力资源流动的户籍制度、支农乏力的财政体制和向城市倾斜金融体制,也都是强化城乡差距的制度障碍。
五、西北过渡地区城乡协调发展的基本思路
城市的形成原因可归结为运输成本,集聚优势来源于生产和交易集中所带来的运输成本节省。目前该地区交通运输总体水平低下,有干线,无网络,运输方式严重滞后。城市要建立铁路、公路、民航等立体式综合交通网络,加速城市联网,将自身的优势辐射出去;资源型城市的发展应逐渐从静态资源优势的拥有者转变为创造性动态比较优势的拥有者,适时调整单一的产业结构,拉长资源产业链条,加强与周边地区、与农村联系;旅游城市要积极开发相关产业,包括交通、电信业、旅游商品业、特色饮食、住宿等产业,形成多层次的产业群,与农村协调发展,共同形成一个功能齐备、经济多元的有机系统。
宜农区、宜牧区和沙区的新农村建设,是该地区有特色的新农村建设。在宜农区大力发展绿洲农业,为城乡提供粮食安全,是城乡协调发展的基础;畜牧业下联种植业,上联加工工业,沙产业本身就是高投入、高科技的工业式农业。因此,大力发展绿洲农业、畜牧业和沙产业,将强化工农业联系。还应通过新农村建设改善农村环境,吸引社会各种要素投入新农村建设,形成良性循环,缩小城乡差距。
珠串布局,连通城乡。西北过渡地区有大力发展交通、资源、旅游等产业的先机,有发展绿洲农业、畜牧业和沙产业的优势,生态移民,还自然以草木。由此所形成的城市布局,必然不同于东部的“城市群”、“城市带”布局模式,而应是“珠串式”布局模式,城市是由公路、铁路、航空连接起来的散落于生态优良的农区中的一颗颗明珠。
六、西北过渡地区城乡协调发展对策
城乡协调的制度设计。改革户籍制度,建立城乡统一的劳动力市场;改革社会保障制度,使全社会更加趋向公平;改革教育制度,提升劳动力素质,使城乡劳动力共同获得较强的就业能力。近年来各项制度改革已取得了很大成就,各项管理将制度加大城乡差距的势头也将逐步减缓,应继续积极探索适用于该地区实际情况的制度创新形式,使城乡优势互补协调发展。
城乡协调发展的经济支持。通过城乡之间产业结构的调整、金融资源的配置、人力资源的合理流动来支持城乡经济的协调发展。最后,通过加强城乡关联,促进城乡文化整合,使多民族、多元宗教特征保持与融合,为该地区各民族间和睦相处,共同繁荣,创造条件。
The three provinces of Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia are the joint between regions ,nations and livestock husbandries in northwest, They have similar history of development, natural condition, climate character and humanity culture and they all show the character of transition, To establish multi-national economic development zone, it not only can make city and country develop harmoniously, but also can give play to the function of transmission from interior to the frontier region of northwest, It is basic and possible to research into the northwest transitional regions combined by Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia provinces.
By research, I find that the development of northwest transitional regions is very likely to form a close system of internal cycles and city and country are in a weakly related condition. On the basis of a deep analysis on the char outer and reason of the non-coordination development between city and country, I put forward the concrete thought and the way to deal with the situation of coordination development between city and country. I’ll improve the city arrangement which is similar to pearls strung together from the aspect of rule designing, economic support and social structure and try to make the cities in the transitional regions into a number of bright pearls scattered in fertile ecological region related by highway, railway and airline.
In this paper I’ll discuss the coordination development of northwest transitional regions from the following five aspects.
I . The formation history of city and country in transitional region. City and country in transitional region form systems of respectively internal cycles, which lies the factor of born non-coordination development, From the origin of the city to now, the development of city and country experienced three periods of whit, separation and opposition of city and country. The large-scale industrialism of our country makes many professional cities, isolated cities and tranditional country develop closely and show a stylistic structure of duality.
II. Show of character of non-coordination development relationship between city and country in northwest transitional regions.
In northwest transitional regions, the cities have strong closeness, low whole level, small density and irreasonable systematic structure, which leads in hard arrival of transmission mechanism and extension mechanism and weak collection and radiation to countries. On the other hand, scattered countries make a high cost in the collection of cities. Single traditional agricultural structure makes it difficult to form an organic unity of agriculture, industry and commerce service. Poor labor with low cultural quality is very difficult to transfer into city, All those mentioned above are malignant factors which hinder the coordinational development between city and country.
In the aspect of the disparity between the income of resident, social insurance, the level of medicine and health, education and the enjoyment of social provision to resident, city and country show a stylistic structure of duality.
III. The formational reason of inordinate relationship between city and country in northwest transitional regions.
In northwest transitional regions ecological environment is very weak and terrain is intricate. People spend long time and much money on journey with a low quality of safety, high cost and investment but low production. The character of natural zone leads in the desperate separation of city and country There is a rich research in northwest transitional region, but an imbalanced arrangement of land, water, organisms and other agricultural resource, the catered exploitation of the enterprise resource, the short chain of industry but extension into external region close run system which benefits itself all make the bounding influence of the industry out of place and weaken the connection of the related countries. Minority in the transitional region is arranged scattered. Belief, custom and religion improve the quality of nations, separate the nations and make the social relation in the condition of weak connection The political organism which is fun of stress, census register which hinders the movement of human resource, poor treasure organism and financial organism with tendency to city all strengthen the extensive tendency of disparity between city and country.
IV. The basic thought of coordination development in northwest transitional regions. Transportation plays an important role in Northwest transitional region, Nowadays, the whole level of transportation is low, There are rail lines, but no network and the way of transportation is completely out of step, we should establish the cubic comprehensive transportation network of railway, highway, airlines and so on in the city, in order to fasten the link between cities and relate the advantage of ours ewes, The development of resource-city should try to change the owner of static advantages of resources into the owner of dynamic comprehensive advantages, and regulate the single industry structure, prolong the chain of resource industry, strengthen the relation with connected regions and countries and the city of travel should develop, the related industry creatively, including transportation, telecommunication, tourist business, distinctive food, accommodation and so on, to form the industries with various levels, develop with the country coordination ally and shape an organic system with full functions and multi-economy.
New country structure of good country region, good livestock husbandry, desert region are all the stylistic new country structure. In the good country region the development of oasis agriculture may provide safety in the aspect of grain. On prairie the livestock husbandry is related with plant and process industry, sand industry itself is industrial agriculture with high cost and technology. So in northwest transitional region new country structure accelerating country environment structure, improving the quality of numerous social factor are the basic requirement of continuous development of agriculture and industry.
The arrangement of pearls strung together connects city and country There obvious opportunities to develop traffic, resource, tourism and other industries and there is advantage to develop oasis agriculture, livestock husbandry and sand industry Ecological emigrant can make nature full of trees. Thus the formation of the city arrangement must be different from the arrangement of cities in the east. The arrangement of cities is like the pearls strung together, which means that cities are a number of bright pearls scattered on the prairie combined by highway, railway and airline.
V. The way to deal with the situation of coordination development in northwest transitional region.
Government should draw out the rules for coordination development between city and country, reform the rules of census register and establish an integrate human resource between city and country, In order to make the society just, it is necessary to reform social insurance. The formation of education rules can improve the quality of human resource and give human resource in city and country the equal opportunity to receive education From the year of 2006, the region has put forward the policy of“two free and one complementary”during the period of compulsory. The condition of education is improving quickly and the disparity between city and country which result from education will weaken gradually. By adjustment of industrial structure between city and country, rearrangement of financial resource, reasonable movement of human resource, We can support the balanced development of economy between city and country Finally, by strengthening the connection between city and country, promoting the cultural integration of city and country, we can make the character of multi-nation and multi-religion maintained and integrated and we can create conditions that multi-nations lieu in harmony and tam prosperous in peace.
引文
① 《周礼·地官》
② 《史记·秦本记》
③ 《后汉书·西羌传》
④ 《史记·平准书》
⑤ 《史记·平准书》
⑥ 《晋书·赫连勃勃转》(卷 30)
⑦ 《嘉靖宁夏新志·拓拨夏考证》(卷 6)
11 2005 年甘肃省统计年鉴、2005 年青海省统计年鉴、2005 年宁夏省统计年鉴.
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② 《史记·秦本记》
③ 《后汉书·西羌传》
④ 《史记·平准书》
⑤ 《史记·平准书》
⑥ 《晋书·赫连勃勃转》(卷 30)
⑦ 《嘉靖宁夏新志·拓拨夏考证》(卷 6)
11 2005 年甘肃省统计年鉴、2005 年青海省统计年鉴、2005 年宁夏省统计年鉴.
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