用户名: 密码: 验证码:
四个常绿树种在不同季节的耗水规律及抗旱性研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
以盆栽控水的方法,在陕西杨凌研究了女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)、小蜡
    (Ligustrum sinense)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)
    等四个典型常绿树种在持续干旱胁迫条件下的生长、耗水动态变化以及抗旱
    生理学特性。试验设两个水分处理,即适宜水分条件和严重干旱胁迫条件,
    前者为田间最大持水量的 70%,后者为田间最大持水量的 30%。试验获得的
    主要结果如下:
     1、严重的干旱胁迫使树苗成活率下降,其中油松受影响最大,伸长生长
    速率、叶面积和针叶长度的增大受到强烈的抑制,叶绿素受到的影响较小;
    严重的干旱胁迫,对四个常绿树种的干物质积累、分配产生了很大的影响,
    总体表现为,叶干重比例下降,根的干重增加,但是这在针叶树种的表现不
    显著;两个阔叶树种在严重的干旱胁迫下,无论对枝条的总长度还是总数量
    都造成了大幅度的下降,分枝数量下降,尤其表现在冠层外的枝条数量减少
    最为明显。
     2、四个常绿树种在一年中的绝大部分时间里,适宜水分条件下的日耗水
    量都显著高于严重干旱胁迫条件下的日耗水量,各树种的日耗水量,阔叶树
    种比针叶树种易受天气情况的影响,严重干旱条件下各树种的日耗水量变幅
    受天气情况的影响较小;四个树种的月耗水量分布也主要集中在生长季,即
    6~9 月,适宜水分条件下小蜡的月耗水量最大值出现在 7 月份,其它三种出
    现在 6 月份,严重干旱条件下四个树种均出现在 6 月,耗水量最少的月份集
    中在冬季的 12~2 月;白天的不同时间段耗水量变化有季节和树种的差异;严
    重干旱造成昼夜耗水量比值增大,春秋两季的比值高于夏季。
     3、严重的干旱胁迫使植物的水分生理生化特征也发生了很大的变化,呈
    现出不同的阶段性和季节特征,抵御干旱胁迫的能力因树种和外界的环境变
    化而变化,针叶树种比阔叶树种抗逆性强,其中女贞比小蜡耐旱,但在冬季
    低温的情况下小蜡比女贞好;渗透调节能力的变化幅度和灵敏度研究表明,
    针叶树种要强于阔叶树种,但是脯氨酸、可溶性糖的绝对含量不如阔叶树种
    高,钾离子的含量树种间差异不明显,可溶性糖是常绿树种抵御外界不良环
    境的有效调节物质,在冬季脯氨酸含量下降,它不是有效的抗寒保护物质,
    钾离子的变化规律性不强;在冬季严寒的情况下,叶绿素含量增加,而类胡
    
    
    萝卜素含量保持相对稳定;SOD、POD 的活性主要在春季萌发和秋季降温的
    过程中活性较高,SOD 在冬季和夏季的活性水平都不高,冬季尤为低下;POD
    的活性变化与 SOD 不同,冬季活性增大,而生长季相对低一些;夏季阔叶树
    种的含量高于针叶树种的含量,而在冬季油松的含量最高。
    最后,利用常绿树种的生理活动规律,提出了一些合理化的建议。
The growth development and water consumption and drought
    resistance of four evergreen tree species ( Ligustrum lucidum , Pinus
    tabulaeformis , Ligustrum sinense , Platycladus orientalis)were studied by
    potted-plant in Yangling China. Two water treatments were set by artificially
    controlling soil moisture. One was normal water supply (70%θf), and the other
    was severe water deficit (30%θf). The results showed that different water
    supplies significantly affected the survival ratio, lengthening growth rate, leaf
    characteristic, branching pattern, biomass and their distribution of the four tree
    species. On severe water deficit condition, the survival ratio decreased notably,
    especially Pinus tabulaeformis. The growth of leaves area and length of
    needle-leaves was obviously hampered on drought stress. The common
    characteristic of four species about biomass was reduced than normal soil water
    content. The leaf biomass dry weight decreased, in contrast to the root biomass
    dry weight increased, especially the two broad-leaves tree species. The situation
    of branch of two broad-leaves evergreen tree species was greatly worse. Both total
    branch number and total branch length were decreased. And their bifurcation ratio
    was decreased too. Very important to photosynthesis, outer branches number
    notably descended and length become short. Different soil water content had
    affected water consumption character of four evergreen tree species. The
    maximum amount of daily and monthly water consumption both emerged in
    growth season. The maximum consumption amount time was ahead of that of
    normal soil water content one month. The other hand, the minimum amount
    emerged in winter from December to February the next year. The daily amount of
    water consumption on normal water content was easier to fluctuate according to
    the weather condition than that on sever drought stress. The fluctuant range of
    water consumption on stress condition was smaller than that on normal soil
    moisture. Because of sever drought stress, the water consumption amount of day
    and night ratio decreased. And the ratio of day and night in summer was lower
    than that of in spring and autumn. There were greatly changes of mechanism of
    leaves water physiology and biochemistry due to severe soil water deficit. The
    changes had period or season regular character. With the season turning, the
    
    
    capacity of resistance hard environment was different, strengthening or weakening.
    From whole view, this capacity of two needle-leaves tree species was better than
    that of two broad-leaves tree species. The ability of resistance drought stress had
    difference between two broad-leaves tree species. This ability of Ligustrum
    sinense was lower than Ligustrum lucidum, but this situation was reversed in
    winter. This phenomenon illuminated the ability of resistance chilling or freezing
    the former was better than that of the latter. Different soil water content had
    obviously affected on osmotic adjustment substance and photosynthetic pigment
    content of four evergreen tree species. The range and sensitive of osmotic
    adjustment capacity of the needle-leaves evergreen tree species were better than
    those of osmotic adjustment capacity of the broad-leaves evergreen tree species.
    But the absolute content of proline and soluble sugar of the needle-leaves
    evergreen tree species was lower than that of the broad-leaves evergreen tree
    species. The content of K+ had no obvious difference among four evergreen tree
    species. The soluble sugar was the effective osmotic adjustment substance used to
    resist the hard environment stress on the four evergreen tree species respectively.
    Different soil moisture had obviously affected on protective enzyme system
    activities. At the beginning, the activities increased, but a little time later,
    decreased and kept stable. Their activities had season variation irregular on four
    evergreen tree species. Contrasted the content of photosynthetic pigment and
    osmotic adjustment substance and hormone ABA and the activities of prote
引文
[1] 李 吉 跃 , 翟 洪 波 . 木 本 植 物 水 力 结 构 与 抗 旱 性 [J]. 应 用 生 态 学
     报,2000,11(2):301~305
    [2] 韦公远.如何选栽保护环境的花木[J]. 绿化与生活,2000:20
    [3] 于汝元. 防风滞尘的好树种[J]. 中国减灾,2000,10(1):46~49
    [4] 吴中能,于一苏,边艳霞.合肥主要绿化树种滞尘效应研究初报[J]. 安徽农业科
     学,2001,29(6):780~783
    [5] 吴春华. 浅谈几种观赏植物的药用价值[J].中国林副特产,2003,第 3 期:10
    [6] 郭连生,田有亮. 运用 PV 技术对华北常见造林树种耐旱性评价的研究[J]. 内
     蒙古林学院学报,1998,20(3):1~8
    [7] 李吉跃,张建国. 北京主要造林树种耐旱机理及其分类模型的研究(I)-苗木
     叶水势与土壤含水量的关系及分类[J]. 北京林业大学学报,1993,15(3):
     1~11
    [8] 蒋进. 八种荒漠珍稀濒危植物的抗旱性研究[J]. 干旱区研究,1991,(2):
     39~43
    [9] 刘淑明,陈海滨,孙长忠,孙丙寅. 黄土高原主要造林树种的抗旱性研究[J].
     西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(4):149~153
    [10] 汤章城. 植物对水分胁迫的反应和适应性[J]. 植物生理学通讯,1983,(4):
     1~7
    [11] 于同泉,秦岭,王有年. 渗透胁迫对板栗苗可溶性糖的累积及组分变化的研
     究[J]. 北京农学院学报,1996,11(6):43~47
    [12] 顾振瑜,胡景江,文建雷 等. 元宝枫对干旱适应性的研究[J]. 西北林学院
     学报,1999,14(2):1~6
    [13] 阎秀峰,李晶,祖元刚. 干旱胁迫对红松幼苗保护酶活性及脂质过氧化作用
     的影响[J]. 生态学报,1999,19(6):850~854
    [14] 李丽霞,梁宗锁. 干旱胁迫下沙棘膜脂过氧化、保护酶体系及渗透物质研究
     [J]. 林业科学,2001,37(5):35~40
    [15] 胡景江,顾振瑜,文建雷 等.水分胁迫对元宝枫膜脂过氧化作用的影响[J].
     西北林学院学报,1999,14(2):7~11
    [16] 夏新莉,郑彩霞,尹伟伦. 土壤干旱胁迫对樟子松针叶膜脂过氧化、膜脂成
     分和乙烯释放的影响[J]. 林业科学,2000,36(3):8~12
    [17] 韩蕊莲,李丽霞,梁宗锁. 干旱胁迫下沙棘叶片细胞膜透性与渗透调节物质
    
    
    58 四个常绿树种在不同季节的耗水规律及抗旱性研究
     研究[J]. 西北植物学报,2003,23(1):23~27
    [18] 王洪春,植物生理学专题讲座[M]. 北京: 科学出版社,1987 , 336~341
    [19] 赵可夫. 曲阜师范学院学报,植物抗盐生理专刊,1984,34~39
    [20] 王建华,刘鸿先,徐同. 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)在植物逆境和衰落中的作
     用[J]. 植物生理学通讯,1989,(1):1~7
    [21] 蒋明义,郭绍川. 水分亏缺诱导的氧化胁迫和植物的抗氧化作用[J]. 植物生
     理学通讯,1996,(2):144~145
    [22] 王孟本,冯彩平,李洪建,柴宝峰,武冬梅. 树种保护酶活性与 PV 曲线水
     分参数变化的关系[J]. 生态学报,2000,20(1):173~176
    [23] 蒋明义,郭绍川. 渗透胁迫下稻苗中铁催化的膜脂过氧化作用[J]. 植物生理
     学报,1996,22(1):6~12
    [24] 许长成,樊继莲,邹琦. 水稻对百草枯和一些环境胁迫的交叉抗性[J]. 作物
     学报,1996,22:358~361
    [25] 黄益民,虞欣,赵辉. Fenton 体系、H2O2 损伤红细胞膜分子流动的机理的比
     较研究[J]. 生物物理学报,1998,14(3):521~528
    [26] 尹田夫. 干旱对大豆线粒体膜脂磷脂和膜脂组分的影响[J]. 植物生理学通
     讯,1989,4:16~18
    [27] 申卫军,彭少麟,张硕新. 三个耐旱树种木质部栓塞化的脆弱性及其恢复能
     力[J]. 生态学杂志,2000,19(6):1~6
    [28] 韩蕊莲,梁宗锁,侯庆春,邹厚远. 黄土高原适生树种苗木的耗水特性[J]. 应
     用生态学报,1994,5(2):210~213
    [29] 余健普 等. 泡桐蒸腾作用的初步研究[J]. 林业科学,1982,18(4):417~421
    [30] 李丽霞,梁宗锁,韩蕊莲. 土壤干旱对沙棘苗木生长及水分利用的影响[J].
     西北植物学报,2002,22(2):296~302
    [31] 杨建伟,韩蕊莲,魏宇昆,孙群,梁宗锁. 不同土壤水分状况对杨树、沙棘
     水分关系及生长的影响[J]. 2002,22(3):579~586
    [32] 李洪建,柴宝峰,王孟本. 北京杨水分生理生态特性研究[J]. 生态学报,
     2000,20(3)417~422
    [33] 曾小平,赵平,彭少麟,余作岳,蔡锡安. 三种松树的生理生态特性研究[J].
     应用生态学报,1999,10(3):275~278
    [34] 王韶唐. 植物的水分利用效率和旱地农业生产[J]. 干旱地区农业研究,
     1987,(2):67~80
    [35] 山 仑. 植物水分亏缺和半干旱地区农业生产中的植物水分问题[J]. 植物
     生理生化进展,1983,(2):108~119
    
    
    参考文献 59
    [36] 李玉山. 黄土区土壤水分循环特征及其对陆地水分循环的影响[J]. 生态学
     报,1983,3(2):91~101
    [37] 王孟本,李洪建,柴宝峰,冯彩平. 树种蒸腾作用、光合作用和蒸腾效率的
     比较研究[J]. 植物生态学报,1999,23(5)401~410
    [38] 赵文智,常学礼. 樟子松针叶气孔运动与蒸腾强度关系研究[J]. 中国沙漠,
     1995,15(3):241~243
    [39] 董学军,陈仲新,阿拉腾宝,等. 毛乌素沙漠沙地柏的水分生态初步研究[J].
     植物生态学报,1999,23(4):311~319
    [40] 蒋 进. 极端气候条件下胡杨的水分状况及其与环境的关系[J]. 干旱区研
     究,1991,(2):35~38
    [41] 韩德儒,杨文斌,杨茂仁. 干旱半干旱沙地灌(乔)木种水分动态关系及其
     应用[M]. 北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996
    [42] 赵文智. 奈曼沙区樟子松生长状况与水分关系[J]. 中国沙漠,1992,12(1):
     64~70
    [43] 张国盛,王林和,董智,等. 毛乌素沙地几种植物蒸腾速率的季节变化特征
     [J]. 内蒙古林学院学报,1998,20(1):7~12
    [44] 周海燕,黄子琛. 不同时期毛乌素沙区主要植物光合作用和蒸腾作用的变化
     [J]. 植物生态学报,1996,20(2):120~131
    [45] 王淼,代力民,姬兰柱,李秋荣,郭玉强. 土壤水分状况对长白山阔叶红松
     林主要树种叶片生理生态特征的影响[J]. 生态学杂志,2002,21(1):1~5
    [46] 曾小平,赵平,彭少麟. 鹤山人工马占相思林水分生态研究[J]. 植物生态学
     报,2000,24(1)69~73
    [47] 刘淑明,孙丙寅,孙长忠. 油松蒸腾速率与环境因子关系的研究[J]. 西北林
     学院学报,1999,14(4):27~30
    [48] 蒋明义,荆家海,王韶唐. 水分胁迫与植物膜脂过氧化[J]. 西北农业大学学
     报,1991,19(2):88~94
    [49] 聂华堂,陈竹生,等. 水分胁迫下柑橘的生理生化变化与抗旱性的关系[J].
     中国农业科学,1991,24(4):14~18
    [50] 徐世建,安黎哲,冯虎元,等. 两种沙生植物抗旱生理指标的比较研究[J]. 西
     北植物学报,2000,20(2):224~228
    [51] 李军,卫发兴,陈风顺. 从六个核桃无性系叶的形态解剖比较其抗旱性[J].
     河南林业科技,1997,17(3):9~11
    [52] 戴建良,董源,陈晓阳. 不同种源侧柏鳞叶解剖构造及其与抗旱性的关系[J].
     北京林业大学学报,1999,21(1):26~31
    
    
    60 四个常绿树种在不同季节的耗水规律及抗旱性研究
    [53] 李广毅,高中雄,尹忠东. 灰毛滨藜叶解剖结构与抗逆性研究[J]. 西北林
     学院学报,1995,10(1):48~51
    [54] 王均明,孟丽,孙金花. 林木抗旱性与其根次生构造关系的研究[J]. 中国水
     土保持,1999,6:20~22
    [55] 王海珍. 黄土高原四个乡土树种耗水规律与抗旱特性的研究[D]. 杨凌:西北
     农林科技大学,2003
    [56] 程维新,赵家义. 关于灌溉农田作物耗水量问题[J]. 水利学报,1983(4)
    [57] 肖春旺,周广胜,马风云. 施水量变化对毛乌素沙地优势植物形态与生长的
     影响[J]. 植物生态学报,2002,26(1)69~76
    [58] 高俊凤 主编.植物生理学实验技术[M].西安:世界图书出版公司,2000.
     101~103,58~59,198~201,192
    [59] 李吉跃. 太行山区主要造林树种耐旱特性的研究(IV)——蒸腾作用与气孔
     调节[J]. 北京林业大学学报,1991,13(增刊 2):240~250
    [60] 西北农业大学 主编.基础生物化学实验指导[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版
     社,1986,第 1 版 16~18
    [61] 鲍士旦 主编.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000,第 3 版 270~271
    [62] 周平,李吉跃,招礼军. 北方主要造林树种苗木蒸腾耗水特性研究[J]. 北京
     林业大学学报,2002,24(5/6):50~55
    [63] 李吉跃,周平,招礼军. 干旱胁迫对苗木蒸腾耗水的影响[J]. 生态学报,
     2002,22(9):1380~1386
    [64] 马履一,王华田,林平. 北京地区几个造林树种耗水性比较研究[J]. 北京林
     业大学学报,2003,25(2):1~7
    [65] 招礼军,李吉跃,于界芬 等. 干旱胁迫对苗木蒸腾日变化的影响[J]. 北京
     林业大学学报,2003,25(3):42~47
    [66] 黄华,梁宗锁,韩蕊莲 等. 干旱胁迫条件下油松幼苗生长及抗旱性的研究
     [J]. 西北林学院学报,2004,19(2):1~4
    [67] 常杰,刘珂,葛滢 等. 杭州石荠的光合特性及其对土壤水分的响应[J]. 植
     物生态学报,1999,23(1):62~70
    [68] 李吉跃 等. 多重复干旱循环对苗木气体交换和水分利用效率的影响[J]. 北
     京林业大学学报,1999,21(3):1~8
    [69] 李玫,陈桂珠 等.含油废水对秋茄幼苗的几个生理生态指标的影响[J]. 生态
     学报,2000,20(3):528~532
    [70] 戴新宾,翟虎渠,张红生 等. 土壤干旱对水稻叶片光合速率和碳酸酐酶活
     性的影响[J]. 植物生理学报,2000,26(2):133~135
    
    
    参考文献 61
    [71] Kramer, P. J. Water Relation of Plants [M]. Academic Press, New York and
     London, 1983,489
    [72] Hanson, A D. et al. Capacity for proline accumulation during water stress in
     barely and its implications for breeding for drought resistance [J]. Crop Sci.
     1979,19:489~493
    [73] Hanson, A D, Rathinasabapathi B, Rivoal J et al. Osmoprotective compounds in
     the plumbaginacee: A natural experiment in metabolic engineering of stress
     tolerance [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994,91:306~310
    [74]Seel WE , Hendry GAF, Lee J A. Effect of desiccation on some activate oxygen
     procession enzymes and anti-oxidants in mosses[J].Exp.
     Bot.,1992,43:1031~1035
    [75] Mishra NP, Singal GS. Changes in the activates of antioxidant enzymes during
     exposure of intact wheat leaves of strong visible light at different temperature in
     the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors [J]. Plant
     Physiol. ,1993,102:903~906
    [76] Malan C, Greyling MM, Gresss J . Correlation-between Cu and Zn superoxide is
     mutate and glutathione reductase and xenobiotic stress tolerance in maize inbreds
     [J].Plant Sci.,1990,69:157~166
    [77] Bowler C ,Van Moutagu M, Inze D. Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance
     [J]. Anu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. ,1992,43:83~116
    [78] Barry H , susanna C . Lipid superoxidation : its mechanism , measurement , and
     significance [J]. Am . J. Clin. Nutr. ,1993,57(suppl):7158~7258
    [79] Lo Gullo , MA et al.Drought avoidance strategy in Ceratonia siligua L., a
     mesomorphic-leaved tree in the xeric Mediterranean area[J]. Ann.
     Bot.,1986,58:745~756
    [80] Sperry ,J.S. ,Tyree, M.T. Mechanism of water stress –induced xylem embolism[J].
     Plant Physiol.,1988,88:581~587
    [81] Sperry ,J.S. ,Tyree, M.T. Water-stress-induced xylem embolism in three species
     of conifers[J]. Plant, Cell and Environment,1990,13:127~436
    [82] Cochard ,H. Vulnerability of several conifers to air embolism[J]. Tree Physiology,
     1992,11:73~83
    [83] Gardner ,H.R. Soil properties and efficient water use: evaporation of water from
     bara soil .In H.M. Tayler, W. R. Jordan, T.R. Sinclair (ed). Limitation of efficient
    
    
    62 四个常绿树种在不同季节的耗水规律及抗旱性研究
     water use in crop production. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, 1983, 65~71
    [84] Brown, W. H. , Mathews, D. M. Philippine diplerocarp forests [J]. Philipp. J.
     Sci. ,1914,A9:413~561
    [85] Fischer , R.A.& Turner ,N.C. Plant productivity in the arid and semiarid zones[J].
     Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. , 1978, 29:277~317
    [86] Cutler JM. et al. 1980. Crop. Sci. 20:314~318
    [87] Hsiao TC. et al. 1976. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 273:479~500
    [88] Hisao TC. 1984. Plant Physiol. 75:338~341
    [89] Nuccio M.L. Rhodes D.R., Mcneil S.D. et al . Metabolic engineering of plants
     for osmotic stress resistance. Current Opinion Plant Biol, 1999,2:128~134
    [90] Smimoff N. Plant resistance to environmental stress . Current Opinion Biotech,
     1998,9:214~219
    [91] Bohnert H.J.,Nelson D.E. Adaptations to environmental stress. The Plant
     Cell,1995,7:1099~1111
    [92] Bohnert H.J., Jensen R.G. Strategies for engineering water-stress tolerance in
     plants, Trends in Biotechnology , 1996, 14:89~97
    [93] Chen Kai , Meng Shijie . Change of photosynthetic rate and response to low
     water potential of evergreen tree species in the process of hibernation. SCIENTIA
     SILVAE SINICAE , 1991,27(5):541~544
    [94] Dong Li ,Lu Yanhong, Huang Yigong, Su Xuehen. Changes of water content and
     starch grain in the leaves of evergreen broad-leaf plants during
     overwintering .Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2002,24(5/6):76~80
    [95] Halliwell, B. Superoxide dismutase ,catalase and glutathinone peroxides
     solutions to the problems of living with oxygen. Photochemistry , 1974,73:
     1075~1086
    [96] Wang R.F. The kinds of plant hardiness criteria and their application . Plant
     Physiology Communications ,1987,23(3):49~55
    [97] Lin, M. X. Plant chilling injury & cell –physiology . Xiamen University
     Press .Xiamen:73

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700