贵州森林生态旅游资源分类、综合评价及开发模式研究
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摘要
为全面了解贵州省森林旅游资源状况并做出科学评价,同时探索出不同类型森林旅游区资源保护性开发模式,于2006年3月至2008年7月,对贵州省21个国家级森林公园与7个自然保护区共计2,741个旅游资源单体进行了调查和资料收集,在进行资源分类与区划的基础上,用“三三六”评价法、专家打分结合层次分析法对资源进行了定性与定量评价,并对不同类型旅游区的保护性开发模式进行了实例研究。研究表明:
1、贵州主要森林旅游区自然景观类资源单体共计1338个,人文旅游资源类共计1403个,分属于8个主类、29个亚类、124个基本类型。分别占全国旅游资源的100%、93.55%、80%。在8大亚类中,各种类型所占全国比例均达到或超过50%,其中,地文景观与生物景观均占到60%以上,森林公园中生物景观类型甚至占到90%,表明风景景观资源丰富多样是贵州森林旅游资源的显著特点;旅游商品类和人文活动类资源中,各种基本类型均有分布,说明贵州森林旅游资源不仅以风景资源见长,同时人文资源也颇为丰富。在类型的多样性上,保护区与森林公园差异不大(T=-1.607,P=0.130＞0.05,f=14),但保护区资源单体数量较森林公园差异较大(T=31.438,P=0.000＜0.05,f=14),主要是因为保护区数量相对较少,开发面积受资源保护制约程度大等原因。
2、依据地形、气候及资源特点,贵州森林旅游区可区划为6个一类区,包括:Ⅰ西部高原、高中山高寒温凉喀斯特生态旅游区,Ⅱ西南、南部低山河谷温热春干喀斯特生态旅游区,Ⅲ中部中低山温润城郊休闲避暑生态旅游区,Ⅳ北部低热河谷及中山峡谷温热温润生态旅游区,Ⅴ梵净山、雷公山高山温暖湿润生态旅游区和Ⅵ东部、东南部中低山温暖湿润生态旅游区,和10个二类区,主要包括:Ⅰ_1毕节喀斯特森林、洞穴、百里杜鹃生态旅游带,Ⅰ_2六盘水避暑休闲夜郎文化生态旅游带,Ⅱ_1喀斯特峰林、屯堡文化生态旅游带,Ⅱ_2黔南绿色喀斯特森林、水族风情生态旅游带,Ⅳ_1赤水竹海、桫椤、瀑布及丹霞地貌生态旅游带,Ⅳ_2喀斯特森林、红军长征、酒文化人文生态旅游带,Ⅴ_1梵净山、麻阳河原生林及珍稀动物生态旅游带,V_2雷公山森林景观及苗族村寨风情旅游带,Ⅵ_1东部潕阳河流域生态旅游带和Ⅵ_2黔东南原生态苗侗风情旅游带。
3、贵州森林旅游资源定量评价模型包括目的层(A层):贵州森林旅游资源评价;准则层(B层):自然景观资源、生态环境资源、人文资源、旅游条件、奇特景观和知名度;指标层(C层):山体、水体、植被、动物等共25个具体评价指标;结果表明,贵州森林旅游自然景观、旅游条件和知名度在B层所占权重很大,显然,好的自然旅游资源、方便便捷的交通条件和知名度的高低决定贵州森林旅游的前景。其次,C层评价指标中大气质量和旅游舒适度指标较好,两者是贵州森林旅游资源的一大品牌优势。评价指标权重的确定有益于指导贵州省森林旅游业的合理规划与开发。
4、资源定量评价结果表明:自然保护区以茂兰和梵净山得分最高,为69.89和66.83,主要在于其有较高的森林覆盖率、丰富的动植物资源、很高的知名度和奇特度等;但是仍然存在一些不足,如地理位置比较偏僻,水体和天象资源开发不够等。在以后的开发建设中应适当结合当地少数民族风情,开发出与众不同的天象旅游产品和水资源旅游产品。森林公园森林旅游资源评价结果表明,百里杜鹃、竹海得分最高,分别是72.93和68.54,位于前列的森林公园其森林覆盖率、知名度、奇特度等方面总体情况较好,但动物、植物精气、历史古迹、宗教等方面相对较低,在以后的开发中,要充分利用森林公园的动植物旅游资源和知名度优势,挖掘各个景区少数民族独有的民俗风情。
5、基于资源保护与开发需求差异,针对不同类型森林旅游区提出不同的资源保护性基本开发模式。自然保护区:基于资源综合特点的产品深层次开发模式、区内旅游与区外服务结合开发模式、集中开发与联合开发模式;森林公园:城郊型开发模式、自然人文生态综合型开发模式和森林资源单一型开发模式;公益林场:近郊休闲游憩型开发模式。分别以茂兰喀斯特森林自然保护区、长坡岭、雷公山和百里杜鹃森林公园、龙里林场为例,对基本开发模式进行了实例研究。
通过本研究,掌握了贵州省主要森林旅游资源的类型分类与基本特点,并建立了符合贵州实际的资源评价体系,对资源进行了科学评价与区划,同时针对不同类型森林旅游区特点,提出了基于资源保护的基本开发模式。研究对推动贵州森林旅游业规划发展及贵州高原森林旅游的理论与实践研究都有着重要意义。
From the March of 2006 to July of 2008,2,741 objects of forest-tourism in 21 National Forest Parks and Nature Reserves in Guizhou province were censused through field survey and information collection for exploring the conservation-based development patterns and evaluating the value of tourism resources reasonably.Based on the resources classification and regionalization, "336" Aualitative Evaluation Method and Expert Scoring jointed Analytic Hierarchy Process Method were used to evaluate the resources qualitatively and quantitatively,and the resources conservation-based development also was discussed through Empirical Study.The results showed:
1.There are 1338 objects of tourism resources belonged to class of natural sight and 1403 objects belonged to Class of humanities and culture sight,which can be divided into 8 main classes,29 sub-classes and 124 fundamental types,and reached to 100%,93.55%and 80%of demostic total respectively.At the level of sub-classes,the proportions of all 8 sub-classes have reached or exceeded 50%comparing with national levels.Sub-classes of geographical and biological sight both reach to 60% in general,and even to 90%toward Forest Parks,which indicated that the high-level of abundance and diversity of resources types can be served as an important feature to forest tourism of Guizhou.In additional,there are all fundamental types of sub-classes of tourism products and humanities & cultures in Guizhou forest tourism resources.Comparing National Nature Reserves and National Forest Parks, there are not significant difference(T=-1.607,P=0.130＞0.05,f=14) about the diversity of fundamental types,but the number difference of objects of resources are significant(T=31.438,P=0.000＜0.05,f=14) because the National Nature Reserves have less amount and more resources conservation restriction to the Forest Parks in Guizhou.
2.According to the features of topography,climate and tourism resources,Guizhou province can be divided into 6 main zones and 10 sub-zones of forest tourism,list as follow:ⅠWestern plateau & high and mid-mountain ecotourism zone with puna or cool climate,ⅡSouthwestern & Southern lower mountain or valley Karst ecotourism zone with warm & dry spring climate,ⅢCentral mid & lower mountain leisure & summer vacation ecotourism zone with moderate climate,ⅣNorthern hot lower valley & mid-mountain ravine ecotourism zone with moderate hot & moist climate,ⅤFanjing Mountain & Leigong Mountain ecotourism zone with warm and moist climate,ⅥEastern & Southeastern mid-low-mountain ecotourism zone with warm and moist climate.Sub-zones includingⅠ_1 Bijie ecotourism belt featured with Karst forest,caves and azalea area,Ⅰ_2 Liupanshui ecotourism belt featured with summer vacation resort & Yelang culture,Ⅱ_1 ecotourism belt featured with Karst hoodoo & Tunpu culture,Ⅱ_2 Qiannan ecotourism belt featured with green Karst forest & folk-custom sight of Shui people,Ⅳ_1 Chishui ecotourism belt featured with bamboo sea,Cyatheaceae plants,falls & Danxia landform,Ⅳ_2 ecotourism belt featured with Karst forest,Long Marches & Wine culture,Ⅴ_1 Fanjing Mountain & Mayang River ecotourism belt featured with precious primary forest & animals,Ⅴ_2 Leigong Mountain ecotourism belt featured with primary forest & folk-custom of Miao people,Ⅵ_1 Wuyang River ecotourism belt andⅥ_2 Qiandongnan ecotourism belt featured with indigenous folk custom of Miao & Dong people.
3.According to the actual situation of forest-tourism resources of Guizhou,a quantitative evaluation model was built which including Goal Layer(Layer A,evaluation of forest ecotourism resources),Criterion Layer(Layer B,including natural sight resources,eco-environment resources, humanities and culture resources,traveling conditions,peculiarity and popularity) and Index Layer (Layer C,including 25 indexes such as mountain,water,vegetation and animal etc.).The results of model application showed that natural sight,traveling condition and reorganization accounted for more proportion in Layer B,and,air quality and traveling comfort were more important in Layer C.And all of this is helpful to guide the planning and development of forest ecotourism of Guizhou.
4.Maolan and Fanjing Mountain National Nature Reserves both had high scores in quantitative evaluation of resources within National Nature Reserves of Guizhou,which were 69.89 and 66.83 points respectively and the indexes of forest coverage rate,plant and animals,reorganization and peculiarity of resources contributed to it positively,but some weakness still existed such as upstate location,extensive development of water and astronomical phenomena resources and so on.Bailidujuan and Zhuhai National Forest Parks ranked in first list with 72.93 and 69.54 points within Forest Parks of Guizhou province in quantitative evaluation of resources.The evaluation results indicated that the forest coverage rate,popularity and peculiarity of resources contributed the top-ranking Forest Parks positively and the factors of animals,essential oil of plants,historical relics and religion performed negatively.So it is important to take advantages of animals & plants tourism resources,popularity of resources and folk-custom of ethnic minorities in Forest Parks for the further development of forest ecotourism.
5.Based on the difference of resources conservation and development,four kinds of conservation-based fundamental development patterns were put forward according to different types of forest ecotourism area listed as follows.Nature Reserves:deep development patterns based on comprehensive traits of resources,internal traveling joined with external service development pattern, concentrated and united development patterns.Forest Parks:outskirt-type pattern,nature and humanities resources integrated-type pattern,and resources single-type pattern.Public Welfare Forest Farm:suburb recreation site pattern.And,the Maolan Nature Reserve,Changpoling,Leigong Mountain and Bailidujuan National Forest Parks were taken as case studies to illustrate these patterns.
Through this research,the fundamental types,classification and features of main forest tourism resources of Guizhou province were clear and the quantitative evaluation system was set up according to the practical situation of Guizhou forest ecotourism and then was applied to evaluate the tourism resources of 7 National Natural Reserves and 21 Forest Parks.Obviously,this study has the important significances in practically and theoretically to promote the development of forest ecotourism in Guizhou province,especially to the planning of forest ecotourism industry.
1、贵州主要森林旅游区自然景观类资源单体共计1338个,人文旅游资源类共计1403个,分属于8个主类、29个亚类、124个基本类型。分别占全国旅游资源的100%、93.55%、80%。在8大亚类中,各种类型所占全国比例均达到或超过50%,其中,地文景观与生物景观均占到60%以上,森林公园中生物景观类型甚至占到90%,表明风景景观资源丰富多样是贵州森林旅游资源的显著特点;旅游商品类和人文活动类资源中,各种基本类型均有分布,说明贵州森林旅游资源不仅以风景资源见长,同时人文资源也颇为丰富。在类型的多样性上,保护区与森林公园差异不大(T=-1.607,P=0.130＞0.05,f=14),但保护区资源单体数量较森林公园差异较大(T=31.438,P=0.000＜0.05,f=14),主要是因为保护区数量相对较少,开发面积受资源保护制约程度大等原因。
2、依据地形、气候及资源特点,贵州森林旅游区可区划为6个一类区,包括:Ⅰ西部高原、高中山高寒温凉喀斯特生态旅游区,Ⅱ西南、南部低山河谷温热春干喀斯特生态旅游区,Ⅲ中部中低山温润城郊休闲避暑生态旅游区,Ⅳ北部低热河谷及中山峡谷温热温润生态旅游区,Ⅴ梵净山、雷公山高山温暖湿润生态旅游区和Ⅵ东部、东南部中低山温暖湿润生态旅游区,和10个二类区,主要包括:Ⅰ_1毕节喀斯特森林、洞穴、百里杜鹃生态旅游带,Ⅰ_2六盘水避暑休闲夜郎文化生态旅游带,Ⅱ_1喀斯特峰林、屯堡文化生态旅游带,Ⅱ_2黔南绿色喀斯特森林、水族风情生态旅游带,Ⅳ_1赤水竹海、桫椤、瀑布及丹霞地貌生态旅游带,Ⅳ_2喀斯特森林、红军长征、酒文化人文生态旅游带,Ⅴ_1梵净山、麻阳河原生林及珍稀动物生态旅游带,V_2雷公山森林景观及苗族村寨风情旅游带,Ⅵ_1东部潕阳河流域生态旅游带和Ⅵ_2黔东南原生态苗侗风情旅游带。
3、贵州森林旅游资源定量评价模型包括目的层(A层):贵州森林旅游资源评价;准则层(B层):自然景观资源、生态环境资源、人文资源、旅游条件、奇特景观和知名度;指标层(C层):山体、水体、植被、动物等共25个具体评价指标;结果表明,贵州森林旅游自然景观、旅游条件和知名度在B层所占权重很大,显然,好的自然旅游资源、方便便捷的交通条件和知名度的高低决定贵州森林旅游的前景。其次,C层评价指标中大气质量和旅游舒适度指标较好,两者是贵州森林旅游资源的一大品牌优势。评价指标权重的确定有益于指导贵州省森林旅游业的合理规划与开发。
4、资源定量评价结果表明:自然保护区以茂兰和梵净山得分最高,为69.89和66.83,主要在于其有较高的森林覆盖率、丰富的动植物资源、很高的知名度和奇特度等;但是仍然存在一些不足,如地理位置比较偏僻,水体和天象资源开发不够等。在以后的开发建设中应适当结合当地少数民族风情,开发出与众不同的天象旅游产品和水资源旅游产品。森林公园森林旅游资源评价结果表明,百里杜鹃、竹海得分最高,分别是72.93和68.54,位于前列的森林公园其森林覆盖率、知名度、奇特度等方面总体情况较好,但动物、植物精气、历史古迹、宗教等方面相对较低,在以后的开发中,要充分利用森林公园的动植物旅游资源和知名度优势,挖掘各个景区少数民族独有的民俗风情。
5、基于资源保护与开发需求差异,针对不同类型森林旅游区提出不同的资源保护性基本开发模式。自然保护区:基于资源综合特点的产品深层次开发模式、区内旅游与区外服务结合开发模式、集中开发与联合开发模式;森林公园:城郊型开发模式、自然人文生态综合型开发模式和森林资源单一型开发模式;公益林场:近郊休闲游憩型开发模式。分别以茂兰喀斯特森林自然保护区、长坡岭、雷公山和百里杜鹃森林公园、龙里林场为例,对基本开发模式进行了实例研究。
通过本研究,掌握了贵州省主要森林旅游资源的类型分类与基本特点,并建立了符合贵州实际的资源评价体系,对资源进行了科学评价与区划,同时针对不同类型森林旅游区特点,提出了基于资源保护的基本开发模式。研究对推动贵州森林旅游业规划发展及贵州高原森林旅游的理论与实践研究都有着重要意义。
From the March of 2006 to July of 2008,2,741 objects of forest-tourism in 21 National Forest Parks and Nature Reserves in Guizhou province were censused through field survey and information collection for exploring the conservation-based development patterns and evaluating the value of tourism resources reasonably.Based on the resources classification and regionalization, "336" Aualitative Evaluation Method and Expert Scoring jointed Analytic Hierarchy Process Method were used to evaluate the resources qualitatively and quantitatively,and the resources conservation-based development also was discussed through Empirical Study.The results showed:
1.There are 1338 objects of tourism resources belonged to class of natural sight and 1403 objects belonged to Class of humanities and culture sight,which can be divided into 8 main classes,29 sub-classes and 124 fundamental types,and reached to 100%,93.55%and 80%of demostic total respectively.At the level of sub-classes,the proportions of all 8 sub-classes have reached or exceeded 50%comparing with national levels.Sub-classes of geographical and biological sight both reach to 60% in general,and even to 90%toward Forest Parks,which indicated that the high-level of abundance and diversity of resources types can be served as an important feature to forest tourism of Guizhou.In additional,there are all fundamental types of sub-classes of tourism products and humanities & cultures in Guizhou forest tourism resources.Comparing National Nature Reserves and National Forest Parks, there are not significant difference(T=-1.607,P=0.130＞0.05,f=14) about the diversity of fundamental types,but the number difference of objects of resources are significant(T=31.438,P=0.000＜0.05,f=14) because the National Nature Reserves have less amount and more resources conservation restriction to the Forest Parks in Guizhou.
2.According to the features of topography,climate and tourism resources,Guizhou province can be divided into 6 main zones and 10 sub-zones of forest tourism,list as follow:ⅠWestern plateau & high and mid-mountain ecotourism zone with puna or cool climate,ⅡSouthwestern & Southern lower mountain or valley Karst ecotourism zone with warm & dry spring climate,ⅢCentral mid & lower mountain leisure & summer vacation ecotourism zone with moderate climate,ⅣNorthern hot lower valley & mid-mountain ravine ecotourism zone with moderate hot & moist climate,ⅤFanjing Mountain & Leigong Mountain ecotourism zone with warm and moist climate,ⅥEastern & Southeastern mid-low-mountain ecotourism zone with warm and moist climate.Sub-zones includingⅠ_1 Bijie ecotourism belt featured with Karst forest,caves and azalea area,Ⅰ_2 Liupanshui ecotourism belt featured with summer vacation resort & Yelang culture,Ⅱ_1 ecotourism belt featured with Karst hoodoo & Tunpu culture,Ⅱ_2 Qiannan ecotourism belt featured with green Karst forest & folk-custom sight of Shui people,Ⅳ_1 Chishui ecotourism belt featured with bamboo sea,Cyatheaceae plants,falls & Danxia landform,Ⅳ_2 ecotourism belt featured with Karst forest,Long Marches & Wine culture,Ⅴ_1 Fanjing Mountain & Mayang River ecotourism belt featured with precious primary forest & animals,Ⅴ_2 Leigong Mountain ecotourism belt featured with primary forest & folk-custom of Miao people,Ⅵ_1 Wuyang River ecotourism belt andⅥ_2 Qiandongnan ecotourism belt featured with indigenous folk custom of Miao & Dong people.
3.According to the actual situation of forest-tourism resources of Guizhou,a quantitative evaluation model was built which including Goal Layer(Layer A,evaluation of forest ecotourism resources),Criterion Layer(Layer B,including natural sight resources,eco-environment resources, humanities and culture resources,traveling conditions,peculiarity and popularity) and Index Layer (Layer C,including 25 indexes such as mountain,water,vegetation and animal etc.).The results of model application showed that natural sight,traveling condition and reorganization accounted for more proportion in Layer B,and,air quality and traveling comfort were more important in Layer C.And all of this is helpful to guide the planning and development of forest ecotourism of Guizhou.
4.Maolan and Fanjing Mountain National Nature Reserves both had high scores in quantitative evaluation of resources within National Nature Reserves of Guizhou,which were 69.89 and 66.83 points respectively and the indexes of forest coverage rate,plant and animals,reorganization and peculiarity of resources contributed to it positively,but some weakness still existed such as upstate location,extensive development of water and astronomical phenomena resources and so on.Bailidujuan and Zhuhai National Forest Parks ranked in first list with 72.93 and 69.54 points within Forest Parks of Guizhou province in quantitative evaluation of resources.The evaluation results indicated that the forest coverage rate,popularity and peculiarity of resources contributed the top-ranking Forest Parks positively and the factors of animals,essential oil of plants,historical relics and religion performed negatively.So it is important to take advantages of animals & plants tourism resources,popularity of resources and folk-custom of ethnic minorities in Forest Parks for the further development of forest ecotourism.
5.Based on the difference of resources conservation and development,four kinds of conservation-based fundamental development patterns were put forward according to different types of forest ecotourism area listed as follows.Nature Reserves:deep development patterns based on comprehensive traits of resources,internal traveling joined with external service development pattern, concentrated and united development patterns.Forest Parks:outskirt-type pattern,nature and humanities resources integrated-type pattern,and resources single-type pattern.Public Welfare Forest Farm:suburb recreation site pattern.And,the Maolan Nature Reserve,Changpoling,Leigong Mountain and Bailidujuan National Forest Parks were taken as case studies to illustrate these patterns.
Through this research,the fundamental types,classification and features of main forest tourism resources of Guizhou province were clear and the quantitative evaluation system was set up according to the practical situation of Guizhou forest ecotourism and then was applied to evaluate the tourism resources of 7 National Natural Reserves and 21 Forest Parks.Obviously,this study has the important significances in practically and theoretically to promote the development of forest ecotourism in Guizhou province,especially to the planning of forest ecotourism industry.
引文
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