台阶爆破效果评价及爆破参数优化研究
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摘要
台阶爆破广泛应用于固体矿床的开采和水利水电、交通、建筑等各个工程领域。台阶爆破效果直接影响到后续工艺的效率。而台阶爆破效果的表征量众多,例如块度分布、松散系数、根底率、爆堆尺寸、后裂距离、爆破震动、飞石距离、冲击波、噪声和毒气等指标,台阶爆破效果又与矿岩性质、地质条件、爆破参数及爆破工艺等影响因素密切相关,不同的爆破对象和爆破参数,将会得到不同的爆破效果。本文以贵州省科技计划项目为依托,针对台阶爆破效果评价及基于台阶爆破效果评价的爆破参数优化展开研究并取得相应成果。
首先,对爆破效果表征量进行量化分级,根据层次分析法建立层次结构图,确定各评价指标的权重及隶属函数,充分利用模糊理论解决不确定问题的优势,建立了基于模糊数学方法的台阶爆破效果评价模型,有效地克服了传统评价过程中依靠评价人员主观判断的主观性和随意性。并将该评价模型应用于贵州遵义石灰石爆破工程中进行台阶爆破效果评价,评价结果为良好,与实际情况相吻合。
其次,对台阶爆破效果影响因素进行了深入地分析研究,并根据各个因素的影响程度的大小,对影响因素进行排序,确定各个影响因素的相对地位。研究结果表明,炸药单耗、岩石硬度、起爆顺序、岩石完整性、炮孔单孔负担面积等因素对爆破效果有着重要影响,为爆破参数优化提供依据。
最后,针对贵州实际工程现有的爆破质量问题,结合现场收集的数据以及基于模糊综合评判的台阶爆破效果评价结果,利用BP人工神经网络建立爆破参数优化模型,对爆破参数进行优化,达到了改善爆破效果的目的。
Blasting technology is widely used in mining engineering, hydraulic and hydro-power engineering, transportation and other excavation engineering. Bench blasting effect directly affects the efficiency of follow-up technological processes. And bench blasting effect has numerous characteristics, such as the size distribution of fragmented rock, rate of toe rock, shape and size of blasting muckpile, looseness coefficient, overbreak, blasting vibration, flyrock distance, airblast, noise, toxic or harmful gases, which is closely related to the properties of rock, geological conditions, blasting parameters and blasting technology. Different blasting objects or blasting parameters will lead to different blasting effect. The evaluation of bench blasting effect and the blasting parameters optimization according to the evaluation were studied in this thesis, supported by the science and technology plan in Guizhou province.
Firstly, the characteristics of blasting effect was analyzed and classified quantitatively, and the weight of each evaluation indexes was calculated according to the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). And a bench blasting effect evaluation model based on fuzzy mathematics was built, which overcomes the subjectivity and limitation of the traditional evaluation. The model was applied to a real blasting engineering project in Guizhou, China, and the results were consistent with the reality.
Secondly, the influencing factors were analyzed further and ordered according to the influence level of each indexes. The results showed that explosive consumption, rock hardness, ignition order, rock integrality, and single-arch burden area of blasting hole affected the blasting effect significantly, which provided the basis to blasting parameters optimization.
At last, according to the results of blasting effect evaluation of a blasting project in Guizhou, a blasting parameters optimization system based on BP neural network was built, and the results showed that the blasting parameters optimization method was very effective.
首先,对爆破效果表征量进行量化分级,根据层次分析法建立层次结构图,确定各评价指标的权重及隶属函数,充分利用模糊理论解决不确定问题的优势,建立了基于模糊数学方法的台阶爆破效果评价模型,有效地克服了传统评价过程中依靠评价人员主观判断的主观性和随意性。并将该评价模型应用于贵州遵义石灰石爆破工程中进行台阶爆破效果评价,评价结果为良好,与实际情况相吻合。
其次,对台阶爆破效果影响因素进行了深入地分析研究,并根据各个因素的影响程度的大小,对影响因素进行排序,确定各个影响因素的相对地位。研究结果表明,炸药单耗、岩石硬度、起爆顺序、岩石完整性、炮孔单孔负担面积等因素对爆破效果有着重要影响,为爆破参数优化提供依据。
最后,针对贵州实际工程现有的爆破质量问题,结合现场收集的数据以及基于模糊综合评判的台阶爆破效果评价结果,利用BP人工神经网络建立爆破参数优化模型,对爆破参数进行优化,达到了改善爆破效果的目的。
Blasting technology is widely used in mining engineering, hydraulic and hydro-power engineering, transportation and other excavation engineering. Bench blasting effect directly affects the efficiency of follow-up technological processes. And bench blasting effect has numerous characteristics, such as the size distribution of fragmented rock, rate of toe rock, shape and size of blasting muckpile, looseness coefficient, overbreak, blasting vibration, flyrock distance, airblast, noise, toxic or harmful gases, which is closely related to the properties of rock, geological conditions, blasting parameters and blasting technology. Different blasting objects or blasting parameters will lead to different blasting effect. The evaluation of bench blasting effect and the blasting parameters optimization according to the evaluation were studied in this thesis, supported by the science and technology plan in Guizhou province.
Firstly, the characteristics of blasting effect was analyzed and classified quantitatively, and the weight of each evaluation indexes was calculated according to the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). And a bench blasting effect evaluation model based on fuzzy mathematics was built, which overcomes the subjectivity and limitation of the traditional evaluation. The model was applied to a real blasting engineering project in Guizhou, China, and the results were consistent with the reality.
Secondly, the influencing factors were analyzed further and ordered according to the influence level of each indexes. The results showed that explosive consumption, rock hardness, ignition order, rock integrality, and single-arch burden area of blasting hole affected the blasting effect significantly, which provided the basis to blasting parameters optimization.
At last, according to the results of blasting effect evaluation of a blasting project in Guizhou, a blasting parameters optimization system based on BP neural network was built, and the results showed that the blasting parameters optimization method was very effective.
引文
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[5]ZEKI A. A fuzzy AHP-based simulation approach to concept evaluation in a NPD environment[J]. HE Transactions (Institute of Industrial Engineer,2005(37):827-842.
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[8]邹卒,余娟.层次分析法在企业参展决策中的运用[J].财经界(学术版),2010(8)：44-45.
[9]邹定祥.爆破块度分布的摄影—图象分析方法的研究[J].爆破,1988(1)：5-11.
[10]段宗银,施发伍,张良贵.爆破块度分布与控制的模拟试验研究[J].爆破,2010(2)：45-48,83.
[11]曾世奇.露天矿爆堆破岩质量电铲监测研究[J].金属矿山,1997(4)：13-17.
[12]赵国炎,黄治成,刘高,等.中深孔爆破效果的AHP_模糊综合评价方法[J].矿业研究与开发,2010,30(2)：106-108.
[13]蒲传金,肖正学,郭学彬.爆破效果综合评价的模糊层次分析法模型[J].矿业快报,2004(11)：11-12,15.
[14]胡新华,杨旭升.基于灰色关联分析的爆破效果综合评价[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版),2008(S1)：142-144.
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[16]付少君,王常红,张京穗FMODM法在梯段爆破参数优化中的应用研究[J].武汉水利电力大学(宜昌)学报,1999(04)：302-305.
[17]陈武谨,陈代良,金李.遗传算法在隧洞开挖爆破参数优化中的应用[J].湖北水力发电,2008(3)：62-65.
[18]康金箭.应用模糊数学原理优化金属非金属矿山安全评价体系[J].广东建材,2008(8)：25-27.
[19]SUBHI K M. Application of the AHP in project management[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2001(19):19-27.
[20]YE Hai-wang, WU Kai, WANG Jin. Stability analysis about slope of open pit mine based on fuzzy synthetic evaluation[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2012(396/398): 2370-2374.
[21]YE Hai-wang, LIU Fang. Underground mining method selecting system based on fuzzy theory[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2012(402):631-635.
[22]WANG Hai, QIAN Gang, FENG Xiang-qian. An intuitionistic fuzzy AHP based on synthesis of eigenvectors and its application[J]. Information Technology Journal,2011(10): 1850-1866.
[23]陈少雄.综合运用层次分析法和模糊数学方法对我国研究生培养模式进行评价[J].高教探索,2005(3)：91-93.
[24]许英霞,甘德清.多层次多级模糊数学在金属矿山地质灾害评估中的应用[J].河北理工学院学报,2005,27(1)：146-151.
[25]ZEKI A, OZDEMIR R G. A fuzzy AHP approach to evaluating machine tool alternatives[J]. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,2006(17):179-190.
[26]吴凯.基于模糊综合评判的金堆城露天矿边坡安全评价[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2011.
[27]刘颖芬,占济舟FAHP中的一致性与标度[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版),2010(2)：27-30.
[28]宋光兴,杨德礼.模糊判断矩阵的一致性检验及一致性改进方法[J].系统工程,2003(1)：110-116.
[29]YU Yong-qiang, YAN Zong-ling, QIU Xian-de, et al. A fuzzy mathematical model of comprehensive evaluation on blasting effect and its application[J]. Proceedings in Mining Science and Safety Technolog,2003(3):259-263.
[30]VERAKIS C H, LOBB E T. An analysis of blasting accidents in mining operations[J]. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Explosives,2003(2):119-129.
[31]D'ANDREA V D. Bureau of mines surface mine blasting research[J]. Information Circular-United States, Bureau of MI,1987(1):2-5.
[32]王玉杰.爆破工程[M].武汉：武汉理工大学出版社,2007.
[33]WU Zu-song, CHEN G, ZEN K, et al. Effect of blasting on the adjacent underground tunnels[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2011(90/93):1870-1878.
[34]郭明.爆破块度主要影响因素的灰色关联分析[J].矿业研究与开发,2000,20(6)41-43.
[35]刘殿中.工程爆破实用手册[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1999.
[36]谭臻,李广悦,李长山,等.爆破参数对爆破块度效果影响的灰色关联分析[J].矿业工程,2003(6)：41-43.
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