基于数字水印的图像认证技术研究
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摘要
在付出了昂贵的代价之后，人们才发现一个环节的滞后往往会导致整个产业举步维艰。计算机网络为多媒体信息交流和交易提供了平台，却没有提供有效的安全保障，网络信息特别是多媒体信息的安全已成为阻碍网络持续发展不可绕过的绊脚石。数字水印技术通过嵌入算法将具有特殊作用的水印信息隐藏在多媒体信息中，用于多媒体信息的版权保护和内容认证，已引起学术界和产业界的广泛关注，并得到广泛的研究与应用。
本论文将主要研究如何构造基于数字水印技术的图像认证系统。首先介绍了数字水印技术的起源、分类、应用领域以及鲁棒性水印、易损水印和半易损水印的研究现状和发展趋势，同时介绍了基于数字水印的图像认证系统的特征、原理、设计以及性能评估，重点研究如何构造可满足不同需要和要求的图像认证系统，主要工作可概括为以下五个方面：
1．研究了二值图像的内容认证问题，提出了两种针对二值图像认证算法。第一种算法将水印信息隐藏在二值图像的外边缘和内边缘中对二值图像视觉质量影响较小的像素点中，避免二值图像在隐藏水印时发生明显的失真；第二种方法通过构造基于人类视觉特性的失真度量矩阵度量水印嵌入过程所引入的视觉失真，使嵌入算法以最小的视觉失真将水印隐藏于图像中。以上两种方法相对于经典算法具有失真小、容量大、定位和检测篡改能力强等优点。
2．研究了基于易损水印的完全图像认证问题，提出了两种基于易损水印的图像认证算法。第一种算法通过原始密钥和图像特征构造合成密钥，增强密钥的图像依赖性和多样性，进而消除独立分块水印算法的密钥资源数量限制，并在此基础上对原始的独立分块算法进行改进并提出等价类动态变化算法、嵌入信息动态变化算法和子块相关算法，增强了独立分块水印方法抵抗Hollman攻击的能力。第二种算法将原始图像的色调处理图像作为认证信息，置乱后通过误差扩散算法将认证信息隐藏于原始图像之中，由此所构造的图像认证算法不仅可以检测和定位篡改，而且可近似地修复篡改。
3．研究了基于半易损水印的鲁棒图像认证问题。提出了三种鲁棒性图像认证算法。首先对SCS算法的鲁棒性进行深入分析，然后给出基于SCS算法的鲁棒水印、半易损水印、易损水印的构造原则，并以图像子块特征系数二进制表示的主要比特作为认证信息，进而给出一种基于SCS方法的图像认证算法，同时深入分析了认证信息构造算法的鲁棒性以及认证算法的漏警概率和
摘要
虚警概率。由于观察者和攻击者对图像的不同区域感兴趣程度不同，所以在
认证时的要求也不尽相同，因而第二种算法在构造认证信息时，针对不同类
型的区域构造了具有不同属性和作用的认证信息，对于包含感兴趣区域的图
像子块认证信息包含两部分:认证签名和修复签名。认证签书的作用在于认
证图像子块内容的可信性和完整性，被自隐藏在感兴趣图像子块中，修复签
名的作用在于当感兴趣区域被篡改，修复篡改，被隐藏在非感兴趣图像子块
中，而对于没有包含感兴趣区域的图像子块认证信息仅包含认证签名。在第
三种算法中，为了提高Lin认证算法的篡改定位能力和安全性，用来构造签
名的两个系数其中一个来自于当前图像子块DCT变换矩阵，另一个基于密
钥随机构造，在认证时，根据边界区域一致性和内部区域一致性的差别判断
图像是否被JPEG压缩，并采用最大似然法估计量化步长，改进后的Lin认
证算法对恶意篡改具有较强的定位能力，同时可区分恶意篡改和偶然操作。
4.研究基于鲁棒签名的图像认证问题，提出了一种改进的AM人C签名认证算
法。基于给出的最低不变比特定理，以图像子块的直流系数和低频系数相对
于千扰强度闽值的所有不变比特作为图像子块特征比特，并由此构造具有层
次结构的AMAC图像签名，定位篡改时采用逐步求精定位算法，改进算法
避免了原始签名算法的安全缺陷、降低了算法的虚警概率和漏普概率，最后
分析了改进算法对JPEG压缩、AWGN噪声等偶然操作抵抗能力，证明其有
效性和可行性。
5.研究了基于无损水印的图像认证问题，提出了两种基于无损水印的图像认证
算法。第一种算法基于提升Hara小波变换，分别通过插入和无损压缩来隐
藏认证信息，为了增大算法的水印容量和避免溢出误差，给出两种预处理算
法。最后给出一种基于图像直方图的无损水印算法，充分利用图像中零出现
的灰度值，并通过对颜色等于峰点相邻灰度的像素点扰动来无损嵌入水印信
息，并将它用于无损图像认证，预处理算法可明显增加水印的容量，其优点
在于容量大、失真小、可精确重建且对恶意篡具有较强的检测和定位能力。
关键词:网络安全、数字水印、数字签名、图像认证、二值文档图像、色调处理、
图像边缘、恶意攻击、偶然操作、感兴趣区域、可逆信息隐藏、灰度直
方图、提升小波变换。
西安电子科技大学博士学位论文
After paying out a painful expense, people then realize that only one link delaying will result the whole industry standstill. How to protect the information being transferred through the network has become a stumbling block of the sustained development of network technique, especially the security of multimedia information. The watermark with a special function is embedded into the multimedia information to protect the copyright of the original author and authenticate the integrity and authenticity of the multimedia information. The watermark technique has become one focus of researcher.The attention of dissertation is focused on how to construct the IAS (image authentication system) based on the watermark and signature. In this dissertation, a systematical introduction of the origin, applications, classification and background of information hiding is given first, then the principles of IAS are described with their characteristics and designing requirements and limitations, before the ways of performance evaluation, attacks and countermeasures are introduced. The work is focused on the investigation of the IAS in different cases and requirement and can be summarized as follows:1. The IAS of binary image is studied and two IAS based on watermark are proposed. In the first algorithm, the watermark is embedded into the inside and outside edge of the binary text document image to avoid the visual distortion during embedding, and in the second technique, a weight matrix is constructed to evaluate the distortion of text image during watermark embedding, then the watermark is embedded into the document image with a least imperceptibility distortion.2. The IAS based on the fragile watermark scheme is studied particularly and two IAS based on the fragile watermark are proposed. In the first algorithm a composite key is constructed based on the one and only original key K and the different image feature F for different image to avoid the limitations of key resource of the block-wise independent invisible watermark schemes, and then three improved scheme, dynamic equivalent set, dynamic watermark and block-dependent scheme are proposed to prevent the counterfeiting attack. In the second scheme, the halftone image of original image is looked upon as watermark and embedded into the
original image with error diffusion scheme. The advantage of this kind scheme is that when the image encounters a local malicious modification, the change can be located and recovered based on the watermark hidden in the modified image.3. The IAS based on the semi-fragile watermarking is studied and three effective robust image authentication schemes are proposed. First based on the particular analysis of the relation between the probability of extraction error watermark and the embedding parameter, the Scalar Costa Scheme is used to authenticate the integrity and authenticity of the image. Because different observers and assailants have a different interest of a same image, so the same image in different application encounters different malicious manipulation and incidentally manipulation. Thus, in the second scheme, the signature information constructed from the image block including ROI (the region of interest) of user is composed of two parts, one part is authentication information to authenticate the integrity and authenticity of the image block and is self embedded into the image block, the second part is recovering information to rebuilt the region modified maliciously and is embedded into the image block without the ROI. Lastly, an improved Lin scheme is proposed. One of the parameters to construct signature come from the DCT coefficient matrix of image block, the second is generated based on the key and variance of DCT coefficients at the same location. When the image embedded signature is transferred, the receiver can first judge whether the received image is compressed by JPEG based on the consistency of boundary region and interior region of image block, then based on the DCT coefficients of received image block, the ste
本论文将主要研究如何构造基于数字水印技术的图像认证系统。首先介绍了数字水印技术的起源、分类、应用领域以及鲁棒性水印、易损水印和半易损水印的研究现状和发展趋势，同时介绍了基于数字水印的图像认证系统的特征、原理、设计以及性能评估，重点研究如何构造可满足不同需要和要求的图像认证系统，主要工作可概括为以下五个方面：
1．研究了二值图像的内容认证问题，提出了两种针对二值图像认证算法。第一种算法将水印信息隐藏在二值图像的外边缘和内边缘中对二值图像视觉质量影响较小的像素点中，避免二值图像在隐藏水印时发生明显的失真；第二种方法通过构造基于人类视觉特性的失真度量矩阵度量水印嵌入过程所引入的视觉失真，使嵌入算法以最小的视觉失真将水印隐藏于图像中。以上两种方法相对于经典算法具有失真小、容量大、定位和检测篡改能力强等优点。
2．研究了基于易损水印的完全图像认证问题，提出了两种基于易损水印的图像认证算法。第一种算法通过原始密钥和图像特征构造合成密钥，增强密钥的图像依赖性和多样性，进而消除独立分块水印算法的密钥资源数量限制，并在此基础上对原始的独立分块算法进行改进并提出等价类动态变化算法、嵌入信息动态变化算法和子块相关算法，增强了独立分块水印方法抵抗Hollman攻击的能力。第二种算法将原始图像的色调处理图像作为认证信息，置乱后通过误差扩散算法将认证信息隐藏于原始图像之中，由此所构造的图像认证算法不仅可以检测和定位篡改，而且可近似地修复篡改。
3．研究了基于半易损水印的鲁棒图像认证问题。提出了三种鲁棒性图像认证算法。首先对SCS算法的鲁棒性进行深入分析，然后给出基于SCS算法的鲁棒水印、半易损水印、易损水印的构造原则，并以图像子块特征系数二进制表示的主要比特作为认证信息，进而给出一种基于SCS方法的图像认证算法，同时深入分析了认证信息构造算法的鲁棒性以及认证算法的漏警概率和
摘要
虚警概率。由于观察者和攻击者对图像的不同区域感兴趣程度不同，所以在
认证时的要求也不尽相同，因而第二种算法在构造认证信息时，针对不同类
型的区域构造了具有不同属性和作用的认证信息，对于包含感兴趣区域的图
像子块认证信息包含两部分:认证签名和修复签名。认证签书的作用在于认
证图像子块内容的可信性和完整性，被自隐藏在感兴趣图像子块中，修复签
名的作用在于当感兴趣区域被篡改，修复篡改，被隐藏在非感兴趣图像子块
中，而对于没有包含感兴趣区域的图像子块认证信息仅包含认证签名。在第
三种算法中，为了提高Lin认证算法的篡改定位能力和安全性，用来构造签
名的两个系数其中一个来自于当前图像子块DCT变换矩阵，另一个基于密
钥随机构造，在认证时，根据边界区域一致性和内部区域一致性的差别判断
图像是否被JPEG压缩，并采用最大似然法估计量化步长，改进后的Lin认
证算法对恶意篡改具有较强的定位能力，同时可区分恶意篡改和偶然操作。
4.研究基于鲁棒签名的图像认证问题，提出了一种改进的AM人C签名认证算
法。基于给出的最低不变比特定理，以图像子块的直流系数和低频系数相对
于千扰强度闽值的所有不变比特作为图像子块特征比特，并由此构造具有层
次结构的AMAC图像签名，定位篡改时采用逐步求精定位算法，改进算法
避免了原始签名算法的安全缺陷、降低了算法的虚警概率和漏普概率，最后
分析了改进算法对JPEG压缩、AWGN噪声等偶然操作抵抗能力，证明其有
效性和可行性。
5.研究了基于无损水印的图像认证问题，提出了两种基于无损水印的图像认证
算法。第一种算法基于提升Hara小波变换，分别通过插入和无损压缩来隐
藏认证信息，为了增大算法的水印容量和避免溢出误差，给出两种预处理算
法。最后给出一种基于图像直方图的无损水印算法，充分利用图像中零出现
的灰度值，并通过对颜色等于峰点相邻灰度的像素点扰动来无损嵌入水印信
息，并将它用于无损图像认证，预处理算法可明显增加水印的容量，其优点
在于容量大、失真小、可精确重建且对恶意篡具有较强的检测和定位能力。
关键词:网络安全、数字水印、数字签名、图像认证、二值文档图像、色调处理、
图像边缘、恶意攻击、偶然操作、感兴趣区域、可逆信息隐藏、灰度直
方图、提升小波变换。
西安电子科技大学博士学位论文
After paying out a painful expense, people then realize that only one link delaying will result the whole industry standstill. How to protect the information being transferred through the network has become a stumbling block of the sustained development of network technique, especially the security of multimedia information. The watermark with a special function is embedded into the multimedia information to protect the copyright of the original author and authenticate the integrity and authenticity of the multimedia information. The watermark technique has become one focus of researcher.The attention of dissertation is focused on how to construct the IAS (image authentication system) based on the watermark and signature. In this dissertation, a systematical introduction of the origin, applications, classification and background of information hiding is given first, then the principles of IAS are described with their characteristics and designing requirements and limitations, before the ways of performance evaluation, attacks and countermeasures are introduced. The work is focused on the investigation of the IAS in different cases and requirement and can be summarized as follows:1. The IAS of binary image is studied and two IAS based on watermark are proposed. In the first algorithm, the watermark is embedded into the inside and outside edge of the binary text document image to avoid the visual distortion during embedding, and in the second technique, a weight matrix is constructed to evaluate the distortion of text image during watermark embedding, then the watermark is embedded into the document image with a least imperceptibility distortion.2. The IAS based on the fragile watermark scheme is studied particularly and two IAS based on the fragile watermark are proposed. In the first algorithm a composite key is constructed based on the one and only original key K and the different image feature F for different image to avoid the limitations of key resource of the block-wise independent invisible watermark schemes, and then three improved scheme, dynamic equivalent set, dynamic watermark and block-dependent scheme are proposed to prevent the counterfeiting attack. In the second scheme, the halftone image of original image is looked upon as watermark and embedded into the
original image with error diffusion scheme. The advantage of this kind scheme is that when the image encounters a local malicious modification, the change can be located and recovered based on the watermark hidden in the modified image.3. The IAS based on the semi-fragile watermarking is studied and three effective robust image authentication schemes are proposed. First based on the particular analysis of the relation between the probability of extraction error watermark and the embedding parameter, the Scalar Costa Scheme is used to authenticate the integrity and authenticity of the image. Because different observers and assailants have a different interest of a same image, so the same image in different application encounters different malicious manipulation and incidentally manipulation. Thus, in the second scheme, the signature information constructed from the image block including ROI (the region of interest) of user is composed of two parts, one part is authentication information to authenticate the integrity and authenticity of the image block and is self embedded into the image block, the second part is recovering information to rebuilt the region modified maliciously and is embedded into the image block without the ROI. Lastly, an improved Lin scheme is proposed. One of the parameters to construct signature come from the DCT coefficient matrix of image block, the second is generated based on the key and variance of DCT coefficients at the same location. When the image embedded signature is transferred, the receiver can first judge whether the received image is compressed by JPEG based on the consistency of boundary region and interior region of image block, then based on the DCT coefficients of received image block, the ste
引文
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