可移动式风蚀风洞设计及其空气动力学性能研究
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摘要
本文在分析回顾风蚀研究与风蚀风洞国内外发展现状的基础上,论述了研发可移动式风蚀风洞的必要性,通过分析风蚀实验研究对大气边界层模拟的相似性要求和对风蚀风洞测试功能的要求,提出了可移动式风蚀风洞设计的空气动力学准则和设计条件。根据所提出的设计准则,进行了可移动式风蚀风洞的设计制造及配套测试装置的设计研究。最后进行了整体性能和功能部件性能的校验测试和评估。
所设计的风蚀风洞的全长为 11.8m, 其中试验段长 7.2m;截面宽为 1.0m, 高为1.2m;收缩段长 1.2m, 收缩比为 1.7;稳定段长为 0.41m, 宽为 1.16m, 高为 1.76m,内置不锈钢正六边形蜂窝器和一层 18 目不锈钢纱网;配套风机为 1.4m 直径、型号为BK-57 型的轴流风机,由型号为 40G 型的 40KW 发电机组驱动;配套的测试装置包括由皮托管、微差压变送器、模数转换模块和计算机所组成的压力、风速测试系统、风速廓线仪和旋风式集沙仪;配置的辅助功能部件有加沙器和人工套大气边界层模拟装置。风洞的风速在 0～20m/s 风速范围内连续可调。风洞各段之间易于连接和分离,实现了野外测试时便于移动和运输的功能。
经试运行和机动性能试验,风洞总体机械性能达到了设计要求,各功能部件均实现了预定的功能。经性能测试,在空洞条件下的各项空气动力学指标均符合设计要求;人工大气边界层调节装置能能将边界层厚度从 10 ㎝增厚至 96 ㎝左右,并能将风速廓线调节至所需的形状,实现了气流边界层的增厚和风速廓线的调节功能;研制配置的加沙装置能使风洞模拟不同挟沙程度的挟沙风。多旋风分离器式集沙仪对于 0.076mm以上粒径的土壤悬浮颗粒的收集效率可达 97%以上。
本研究为风蚀研究提供了一个具有大气边界层模拟和风速廓线调节功能、既能用于野外又能用于实验室内进行风蚀实验研究的良好的研究工具,为可移动式风蚀风洞的理论研究奠定了基础。
Based on the review and analysis of wind erosion and wind erosion tunnel researches over the world, the paper expounded the necessity for developing the movable wind erosion tunnels, and put forward some aerodynamic criteria and design conditions for designing the wind erosion tunnels through analyzing the requirements of the similarities for the atmospheric boundary simulation and the function requirements of experiments for the functions of the wind tunnels. According to the criteria and the conditions posed by the study, a portable wind erosion tunnel was designed and a complete set of its accessory measurement system was formed, and lastly the study took the performance validation and evaluations for the integer wind erosion tunnel and the functional components.
The total length of the portable wind erosion tunnel developed is about 11.8m, and the length of the working section composed of three subsections is about 7.2m; the cross section the of the working section is 1.0m wide and 1.2m high; the contraction section is 1.2m long and the contraction ratio is 1.70; the settling chamber is 0.41m long and the cross section is 1.16m wide and 1.76m high, a stainless steel hexagon honeycomb and a 18 mesh stainless steel screen embedded inside the settling chamber; The wind is produced by a BK-57 model axial fan which is driven by the 40KW generator unit modeled with 40GF. The measurement apparatus collocated includes pressure and velocity measuring systems composed of Pitot tubes, deferential pressure transducers ,AD modulus and a computer , wind profiler and cyclone type sand collector. The auxiliary functional equipment includes a sand feeder and a artificial equipment for simulating the near surface atmospheric boundary layer and for adjusting the wind profile. The wind speed can be adjusted smoothly by a frequency actiyator within the speed range of 0～20m/s. The assembly and disassembly of the tunnel components are easy to perform. It realized the functions of moving and transporting while using in the fields.
By the test run and the maneuverability test, the collectivity mechanical properties
meet with the design requirements and each functional component realizes the scheduled functions. By the performance testing, each aerodynamic guideline accords with the design requirements; the artificial adjusting equipment of atmospheric boundary layer can realize the functions of thickening the boundary layer and adjusting the tunnel wind profile. The sand feeder developed can make the movable wind erosion tunnel simulate the wind with different extent of entrapped blown sand. The collecting efficiency of the sand sampler composed of multiple cyclone deduster for those particles with diameters being lager than 0.076mm can reach above 97%.
The study provides a research tool, which has the functions of simulating the near surface atmospheric boundary layer and adjusting the wind profile, and can be used for wind erosion studies both in fields and in laboratory. The study established a theoretical base for the design of movable wind erosion tunnels.
所设计的风蚀风洞的全长为 11.8m, 其中试验段长 7.2m;截面宽为 1.0m, 高为1.2m;收缩段长 1.2m, 收缩比为 1.7;稳定段长为 0.41m, 宽为 1.16m, 高为 1.76m,内置不锈钢正六边形蜂窝器和一层 18 目不锈钢纱网;配套风机为 1.4m 直径、型号为BK-57 型的轴流风机,由型号为 40G 型的 40KW 发电机组驱动;配套的测试装置包括由皮托管、微差压变送器、模数转换模块和计算机所组成的压力、风速测试系统、风速廓线仪和旋风式集沙仪;配置的辅助功能部件有加沙器和人工套大气边界层模拟装置。风洞的风速在 0～20m/s 风速范围内连续可调。风洞各段之间易于连接和分离,实现了野外测试时便于移动和运输的功能。
经试运行和机动性能试验,风洞总体机械性能达到了设计要求,各功能部件均实现了预定的功能。经性能测试,在空洞条件下的各项空气动力学指标均符合设计要求;人工大气边界层调节装置能能将边界层厚度从 10 ㎝增厚至 96 ㎝左右,并能将风速廓线调节至所需的形状,实现了气流边界层的增厚和风速廓线的调节功能;研制配置的加沙装置能使风洞模拟不同挟沙程度的挟沙风。多旋风分离器式集沙仪对于 0.076mm以上粒径的土壤悬浮颗粒的收集效率可达 97%以上。
本研究为风蚀研究提供了一个具有大气边界层模拟和风速廓线调节功能、既能用于野外又能用于实验室内进行风蚀实验研究的良好的研究工具,为可移动式风蚀风洞的理论研究奠定了基础。
Based on the review and analysis of wind erosion and wind erosion tunnel researches over the world, the paper expounded the necessity for developing the movable wind erosion tunnels, and put forward some aerodynamic criteria and design conditions for designing the wind erosion tunnels through analyzing the requirements of the similarities for the atmospheric boundary simulation and the function requirements of experiments for the functions of the wind tunnels. According to the criteria and the conditions posed by the study, a portable wind erosion tunnel was designed and a complete set of its accessory measurement system was formed, and lastly the study took the performance validation and evaluations for the integer wind erosion tunnel and the functional components.
The total length of the portable wind erosion tunnel developed is about 11.8m, and the length of the working section composed of three subsections is about 7.2m; the cross section the of the working section is 1.0m wide and 1.2m high; the contraction section is 1.2m long and the contraction ratio is 1.70; the settling chamber is 0.41m long and the cross section is 1.16m wide and 1.76m high, a stainless steel hexagon honeycomb and a 18 mesh stainless steel screen embedded inside the settling chamber; The wind is produced by a BK-57 model axial fan which is driven by the 40KW generator unit modeled with 40GF. The measurement apparatus collocated includes pressure and velocity measuring systems composed of Pitot tubes, deferential pressure transducers ,AD modulus and a computer , wind profiler and cyclone type sand collector. The auxiliary functional equipment includes a sand feeder and a artificial equipment for simulating the near surface atmospheric boundary layer and for adjusting the wind profile. The wind speed can be adjusted smoothly by a frequency actiyator within the speed range of 0～20m/s. The assembly and disassembly of the tunnel components are easy to perform. It realized the functions of moving and transporting while using in the fields.
By the test run and the maneuverability test, the collectivity mechanical properties
meet with the design requirements and each functional component realizes the scheduled functions. By the performance testing, each aerodynamic guideline accords with the design requirements; the artificial adjusting equipment of atmospheric boundary layer can realize the functions of thickening the boundary layer and adjusting the tunnel wind profile. The sand feeder developed can make the movable wind erosion tunnel simulate the wind with different extent of entrapped blown sand. The collecting efficiency of the sand sampler composed of multiple cyclone deduster for those particles with diameters being lager than 0.076mm can reach above 97%.
The study provides a research tool, which has the functions of simulating the near surface atmospheric boundary layer and adjusting the wind profile, and can be used for wind erosion studies both in fields and in laboratory. The study established a theoretical base for the design of movable wind erosion tunnels.
引文
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3. Chepil W S. Dynamics of wind erosion: 1.Nature of movement of soil by wind, Soil Science, 1945,60:305-320.
4. 刘贤万. 实验风沙物理与风沙工程学, 科学出版社,1995.1-3.
5. D. Pietersma, L D. Stetler, K E Saxton. Design and aerodynamics of a portable wind tunnel for Soil erosion and fugitive dust research, Transactions of The ASAE, 1996, 39(6): 2075-2083.
6. Raupach M R., J F Leys. Aerodynamics of a portable wind erosion tunnel for measuring soil erodibilty by wind , Australian Journal of Soil Research. 1990, 28:177～191.
7. Gillette D. Tests with a portable wind tunnel for determining wind erosion threshold velocities, Atmosphere Environment,1978,12:2309-2313.
8. Leys,J F and Raupach M R. Soil flux measurements using a portable wind erosion tunnel, Australian Journal of Soil Research, 1991,29:533-552.
9. Nickling W G and Gillies J A. Dust emission and transport in Mali, West Africa.Sedimentology,1993,40:859—868
10.朱俊凤 朱震达.中国沙漠化防治,北京: 中国林业出版社,1999.85-86.
11.贺大良,凌裕泉. 风沙现象研究的重要设备—沙风洞。中国沙漠,1981,1(1):49-51.
12.贺大良,刘贤万. 地理研究,1983,4:99-105.
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