用于高速网络的流量控制技术分析及研究
摘要
高速网主要分为两种：1、宽带综合业务数字网(B-ISDN)，ATM为B-ISDN的主要传输模式。2、宽带IP网。
本论文主要分析和研究用于ATM网络的ABR流量控制技术以及用于宽带IP网的流量控制技术。
在ATM网络中，存在CBR、r.t-VBR、n.r.t-VBR、ABR和UBR等5种类别的业务。在这5项业务中，ABR业务类型具有广泛的应用前景，但在流量控制中也存在更多的难题。ABR业务采用的是一种反馈式的闭环控制。对ABR流量控制算法进行性能分析及改进是一项重要的工作。目前对ABR流量控制算法的性能分析基本上都是通过仿真，然后根据经验改进算法，一直缺乏一套有效的理论来指导。所以建立一套系统的理论来有效地分析、设计ABR流量控制算法是难点。在本文中，我们尝试从理论上对算法性能进行分析、改进，取得了一些成果。在ABR流量控制算法中具有代表性的算法有：APRCA、EPRCA、DMRCA、CAPCA和ERICA+等。在本文中，主要对这几种算法进行分析和改进。本文首次对自适应比例控制算法(APRCA)的稳定性作了研究。一些文献认为它具有比EPRCA更好的性能。但本文的研究结果表明APRCA在某些情况下是不稳定的。本文提出了对APRCA的改进，称为APRCA_QT并且给出了稳定性分析。在本文中我们还提出了增强APRCA_QT算法，它增加了一个最小方差预测器，它具有比APRCA_QT更好的性能。在本文中，我们采用相同的方法继续对另外两种ABR流量控制算法进行分析，它们是增强比例控制算法(EPRCA)和动态最大速率控制算法(DMRCA)，这两种算法是基于速率并且基于排队长度的ABR流量控制算法。经过分析，我们发现EPRCA在某些情况下是不稳定的而DMRCA是边缘稳定的。在本文中我们分析了CAPCA的性能(稳定性，敏感性，收敛性)。通过分析，我们发现CAPCA是边缘稳定的，并且对许多参数敏感。本文对CAPCA作了改进，仿真结果表明，改进后的CAPCA是稳定的。在本文中我们采用时延微分方程的稳定性理论对ERICA+算法的稳定性作了研究，结果表明这种算法在某些情况下是不稳定的，本文给出了稳定条件。在本文中，我们使用小波来建模MPEG-2传输流。此外，我们对改进后的APRCA、改进后的CAPCA和ERICA+
There are mainly two kinds of high-speed network: 1. B-ISDN. 2. Broadband IP network
In this paper, we analysis and study ABR flow control technology for ATM network and flow control technology for broadband IP network.
In ATM network, there are five kinds of services, i.e., CBR, r.t-VBR, n.r.t-VBR, ABR and UBR. Among these five kinds of services, ABR has been widely used, but has more difficulty in flow control. ABR service use closed-loop control. Performance analysis and modification for ABR flow control is an important job. So far, the analysis of ABR flow control algorithms are mostly based on simulation and depend on empiric to improve algorithm, so it is important and difficult to build a systemic theory to analysis and design ABR flow control algorithm. There are several representative ABR flow control algorithms: APRCA, EPRCA, DMRCA, CAPCA, and ERICA+. In this paper, we will analysis these algorithms. In this paper, we analysis the stability of APRCA for the first time. Some work shows it has better performance than EPRCA. But in this paper, we show that this protocol is unstable in some conditions.. In this paper, improvement of APRCA referred to as APRCA_QT is presented. Furthermore, APRCA_QT augmented with a Minimum Variance Predictor has better performance man APRCAQT is proposed. With the same method proposed by this paper, we continue to analysis two other important ABR flow control algorithms, i.e., EPRCA and DMRCA. Both of them are ER-based and queue-length based. Through analysis, we found that EPRCA is unstable in some conditions and DMRCA is marginally stable. In this paper, we study performance (stability, sensitivity, convergence) of CAPCA. We will show that CAPCA is marginally stable and is sensitivity to many parameters. This paper presents improvement of CAPCA also. Through simulation, the improved version of CAPCA is stable. The network topology used in this paper is in general. In this paper, we study the stability of ERICA+ by using the theory of time-delay differential equation. The result shows that this algorithm is unstable in some conditions. Stable condition is proposed in
本论文主要分析和研究用于ATM网络的ABR流量控制技术以及用于宽带IP网的流量控制技术。
在ATM网络中，存在CBR、r.t-VBR、n.r.t-VBR、ABR和UBR等5种类别的业务。在这5项业务中，ABR业务类型具有广泛的应用前景，但在流量控制中也存在更多的难题。ABR业务采用的是一种反馈式的闭环控制。对ABR流量控制算法进行性能分析及改进是一项重要的工作。目前对ABR流量控制算法的性能分析基本上都是通过仿真，然后根据经验改进算法，一直缺乏一套有效的理论来指导。所以建立一套系统的理论来有效地分析、设计ABR流量控制算法是难点。在本文中，我们尝试从理论上对算法性能进行分析、改进，取得了一些成果。在ABR流量控制算法中具有代表性的算法有：APRCA、EPRCA、DMRCA、CAPCA和ERICA+等。在本文中，主要对这几种算法进行分析和改进。本文首次对自适应比例控制算法(APRCA)的稳定性作了研究。一些文献认为它具有比EPRCA更好的性能。但本文的研究结果表明APRCA在某些情况下是不稳定的。本文提出了对APRCA的改进，称为APRCA_QT并且给出了稳定性分析。在本文中我们还提出了增强APRCA_QT算法，它增加了一个最小方差预测器，它具有比APRCA_QT更好的性能。在本文中，我们采用相同的方法继续对另外两种ABR流量控制算法进行分析，它们是增强比例控制算法(EPRCA)和动态最大速率控制算法(DMRCA)，这两种算法是基于速率并且基于排队长度的ABR流量控制算法。经过分析，我们发现EPRCA在某些情况下是不稳定的而DMRCA是边缘稳定的。在本文中我们分析了CAPCA的性能(稳定性，敏感性，收敛性)。通过分析，我们发现CAPCA是边缘稳定的，并且对许多参数敏感。本文对CAPCA作了改进，仿真结果表明，改进后的CAPCA是稳定的。在本文中我们采用时延微分方程的稳定性理论对ERICA+算法的稳定性作了研究，结果表明这种算法在某些情况下是不稳定的，本文给出了稳定条件。在本文中，我们使用小波来建模MPEG-2传输流。此外，我们对改进后的APRCA、改进后的CAPCA和ERICA+
There are mainly two kinds of high-speed network: 1. B-ISDN. 2. Broadband IP network
In this paper, we analysis and study ABR flow control technology for ATM network and flow control technology for broadband IP network.
In ATM network, there are five kinds of services, i.e., CBR, r.t-VBR, n.r.t-VBR, ABR and UBR. Among these five kinds of services, ABR has been widely used, but has more difficulty in flow control. ABR service use closed-loop control. Performance analysis and modification for ABR flow control is an important job. So far, the analysis of ABR flow control algorithms are mostly based on simulation and depend on empiric to improve algorithm, so it is important and difficult to build a systemic theory to analysis and design ABR flow control algorithm. There are several representative ABR flow control algorithms: APRCA, EPRCA, DMRCA, CAPCA, and ERICA+. In this paper, we will analysis these algorithms. In this paper, we analysis the stability of APRCA for the first time. Some work shows it has better performance than EPRCA. But in this paper, we show that this protocol is unstable in some conditions.. In this paper, improvement of APRCA referred to as APRCA_QT is presented. Furthermore, APRCA_QT augmented with a Minimum Variance Predictor has better performance man APRCAQT is proposed. With the same method proposed by this paper, we continue to analysis two other important ABR flow control algorithms, i.e., EPRCA and DMRCA. Both of them are ER-based and queue-length based. Through analysis, we found that EPRCA is unstable in some conditions and DMRCA is marginally stable. In this paper, we study performance (stability, sensitivity, convergence) of CAPCA. We will show that CAPCA is marginally stable and is sensitivity to many parameters. This paper presents improvement of CAPCA also. Through simulation, the improved version of CAPCA is stable. The network topology used in this paper is in general. In this paper, we study the stability of ERICA+ by using the theory of time-delay differential equation. The result shows that this algorithm is unstable in some conditions. Stable condition is proposed in
引文
1．林尚平，贾世楼，ATM网络的可用比特率业务。电信科学，1998年第3期，pp．29-31。
2．唐俊华，诸鸿文，顾尚杰，ATM网络中ABR业务及其反馈流量控制。通信技术，1998年第2期，pp．18-22。
3．钱炜宏，李乐民，ATM业务量管理及其对ATM交换初设计的影响。电路与系统学报，1998年6月，pp．56-61。
4. T.M. Chen, S.S. Liu, "The available bit rate service for data in ATM networks." IEEE Communications Magazine. May, 1996, pp.56-71.
5. Sathaye. ATM Forum traffic management specification version 4.0. ATM Forum: af-tm-0056.000.
6. A. Chamy, D. Clark, and R. Jain, "Congestion Control with Explicit Rate Indication," Proc.ICC95, June 1995.
7. S. Muddu et al., "Max-Min Rate Control Algorithm for Available Bit Rate Service in ATM Networks," Proc ICC' 96,June 1996.
8. Chiussi, Y. Xia, and V.P. Kumar, "Dynamic Max Rate Control Algorithm for Available Bit Rate Service in ATMNetworks," GLOBECOM' 96, 1996.
9. A.W. Bamhart, "Explicit Rate Performance Evaluations," ATM Forum cont. 94-0983, Sept. 1994.
10. R. Jain S. Kalyanaraman, and R. Viswanathan, "Sample Switch Algorithm," ATM Forum cont. 95-0178R, Feb. 1995..
11. L. Kalampoukas, A. Varma, and K.K. Ramakrishnan, "An Efficient Rate Allocation Algorithm for ATM Networks Providing Max-Min Fairness," Proc. IFIP Int. Conf. High Performance Networking, Sept. 1995, pp. 143-54.
12. H. Ohsaki, et al, "Rate-Based Congestion Control for ATM Networks." Computer Commurtication Review, April 1995.13. K.Y. Siu and H.Y. Tzeng, "Adaptive proportional rate control (APRC) with intelligent congestion indication," ATM Forum Contribution 94-0888,September 1994.
14. K.Y. Siu and H.Y. Tzeng, "Limits of performance in rate-based control schemes," ATM Forum Contribution 94-1078, November 1994.
15. K.Y. Siu and H.Y. Tzeng, "Intelligent Congestion Contxol for ABR Service in ATM Networks." Computer Communication Review, April 1995.
16. L. Roberts, "Enhanced PRCA (Proportional Rate-Control Algorithm)," ATM Forum cont.94-0735R1, Aug. 1994.
17. W.K. Tsai, Y. Ge, and G. Huang. "Stability Analysis of Intelligent Marking EPRCAfor ABR Congestion Control in ATM." Irtforcom' 97,pp. 4a.1,1-4a.1.8.
18. M. Ritter. "Network buffer requirements of the rate-based control mechanism for ABR Service." IEEE Infocom' 96, 1996.
19. B.Vandalore, et al, Designed Analysis of Queue Control Function for Switch Schemes. ATM Forum/97-1087R1.
20. W.K.Tsai, Y.Kim, C.K.Toh. "A Stability and Sensitivity Theory for Rate-based Max-Min Flow Control for ABR Service," IEEESICON98, Singapore, July 1998.
21. R. Jain et al. "ERICA Switch Algorithm: A Complete description." ATM Forum/96-1172, August 1996.
22. S. Kalyanaraman et.al. "The ERICA Switch Algorithm for ABR Traffic Management in ATM Networks." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, November 1997.
23. S. Fahmy et.al. "On Determining the Fair Bandwidth Share for ABR Connections in ATM Networks." ICC'98, June 1998.
24. B. Vandalore et.al. "A Definition of General Weighted Faimess and its Support in Explicit Rate Switch Algorithms." ICNP'98.
25. R. Bellman, K.L. Cooke, "Differential-Difference Equations." Academic press, 1963.
26. Y. Kuang, "Delay differential equations, with applications in population dynamics." Academic press, 1993.27. V. Paxson, "Fast, Approximate Synthesis of Fractional Gaussian Noise for Generation Self-Similar Network Traffic." Computer Communication Review 27(5), pp.5-18. October 1997.
28. P. Flandrin, "Wavelet Analysis and Synthesis of Fractional Bmwnian Motion." IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, 1992,IT-38, (2), pp. 910-917.
29. A.H. Tewfik, M. Kim, "Correlation Structure of the Discrete Wavelet Coefficients of Fractional Bmwnian Motion." IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, 1992, IT-38, (2), pp.904-909.
30. M. A. Stoksik, R.G. Lane and D.T. Nguyen, "Accurate synthesis of fractional Brownian motion using wavelets." Electronics Letters, 1994, 30, (5), pp.383-384.
31. Z. Fan, P. Mars, "Self-Similar Traffic Generation and Parameter Estimation using wavelet Transform." Globelcom' 97,pp.1419-1423.
32. C. Tryfonas," MPEG-2 Transport over ATM Networks." M.S Thesis, UC Santa Cruz, Sept 1996.
33. B. Maglaris, et al, "Performance Models of Statistical multiplexing in Packet Video Communications." IEEE Transactions on Communications, VOL.36, No. 7, July 1988.
34. M. Raguparan, "Performance Analysis of Simple ABR Congestion Controllers augmented with a Minimum Variance Predictor." Master Thesis, University of Kansas, May 1998.
35. L.O. Chua, R.Brown and N. Hamilton, Fractals in the Twist-and-flip Circuit, Proceeding of IEEE, Vol.81, NO.10, pp.1466-1491, Oct 1993.
36. A. Ermmilli, O. Namyan and W.Willinger, "Experimental Queuing Analysis with long-range Dependent Packet Traffic," IEEE/ACM Trans on Networking, Vol.4, No.2, pp209-223, April 1996.
37. W.E. Leland, M.S. Taqqu, W. Willinger and D.V. Wilson, "On the Self-Similar Nature of Ethemet Traffic (Extended Version)," IEEE/ACM Trans on Networking, Vol.2, No.1, pp1-14, Feb 1994.38. I. Norros, "On the Use of Fractional Bmwnian Motion in the Theory of Connectionless Networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, Vol. 13, No.6, pp.953-962, August 1995.
39. B.K. Ryu and S.B. Lowen, "Point Process Approaches to the Modeling and Analysis of Self-Similar Trffic-Part Ⅰ: Model Construction," Infocom'96, pp. 11d.3.1-11 d.3.8.
40．孙海荣，李乐民，具有自相似特性的业务及其对ATM网络性能的影响，电路与系统学报，1997年六月，pp52-57。
41. W.E. Leland, M.S. Taqqu, "On the Self-Similar Nature of Ethemet Traffic," Computer Communication Review, Vol.23, No.4, October 1993.
42. A. Erramilli, R.P. Singh, "An application of deterministic chaotic maps to model packet traffic." Queuing Systerns 20 (1995) 171-206.
43. L.S. Brakmo, L.L. Peterson, "TCP Vegas: End to End Congestion Avoidance on a Global Interact," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communicatiom, vol.13, pp. 1465-1480, October 1995.
44. T.V. Lakshman, U. Madhow, "The performance of TCP/IP for networks with high bandwidth-delay products and random loss," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, pp.336-350, June 1997.
45. O.A. Hellal, E. Altrnan, "Analysis of TCP Vegas and TCP Reno." ICC97, Montreal, pp. 8-12, June 1997.
46. V. Jacobson. "Congestion avoidance and control? ACM SIGCOMM 88, pp. 273-288, 1988.
47. V. Jacobson. "Modified TCP congestion avoidance algorithm." message to end2end-interest mailing list, April 1990.
48. G. Hasegawa, M. Murata, H. Miyahara, "Fairness and Stability of Congestion Control Mechanisms of TCP," pp.255-262, 11th ITC Specialist Seminar, Yokohama, Japart, Oct. 1998.
49. S. Chan, M. Zukerman, Eric. Wong, K.T. Ko, E. Yeung, "Achieving Fair and High Packet-level Throughput in ABR Service." Pp.635-639, ICC98.50. S. Chart, Eric. Wong, K.T. Ko, "Fair Packet Discarding for Controlling ABR Traffic in ATM Networks." IEEE Trans. on Commun. Vol. 45, pp. 913-916, August 1997.
51. E. Airman, F. Boccara, J. Bolot, et.al, "Analysis of the TCP/IP Flow Control Mechanism in High-Speed Wide-Area Networks." IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control,. pp. 368-373, New Orleans, LA, USA, Dec. 1995.
52. R. Satyavolu, K. Duvedi, S. Kalyanaranman, "Explicit rate control of TCP application," ATM_Forum/98-0152R1, February 1998.
53. A. Amlambalam, X. Q. Chen, N.Ansari. "Allocating Fair Rates for Available Bit Rate Service in ATM Networks." IEEE Communications Magazine, pp92-100, November 1996.
54. J.M. Jaffe, "Bottleneck Flow Control," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.29, July 1981.
55. N. Yin, "Fairness Defirtition in ABR Service Model," ATM Forum/94-0928R2. Sept 1994.
56．顾学道，异步转移模式(ATM)的研究现状及前景，通信学报，Vol．15，No．13，1994．5。
57．孙海容、李乐民编著，ATM技术-概念、原理和应用，电子科技大学出版社，1995．10。
58．常义林、胡征，变速率视频编码的统计特性及模型研究，电子学报，1996．1。
59．程时端、刘斌译，马丁．德普瑞克著，异步转移方式-宽带ISDN技术，人民邮电出版社，1995．5。
60．冯穗力，高速为了带宽动态分配与包调度策略的研究，华南理工大学博士论文，1998．1。
61．廖建新，ATM网络中的业务量控制研究，电子科技大学博士论文，1996．2。
62．良友翻译组译，Uyless Black著，TCP／IP及相关协议，机械工业出版社，1998．5。
63. U. Guarene, P. Fasano, V. Vercellone, "IP and ATM Integration Perspectives," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.74-80, January 1998.64. S. Keshav, R. Sharma, "Issues and Trends in Router Design," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.144-151, May 1998.
65. V.P. Kumar, T.V. Lakshrnan, "Beyond Best Effort: Router Architectures for the Differentiated Services of Tomorrow s Internet," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.152-164, May, 1998.
66. P.P. White, "ATM Switching and IP Routing Integration: The Next Stage in Internet Evolution?" IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.79-83, April 1998.
67. Ramakrishnan, K.K., Floyd, S., "A proposal to add Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IPv6 and to TCP," IETF Internet Draft, November 1997.
68．李哓明，“第三层交换技术，”DD．47-52，中国通信，1998．2。
69. Stevens, W. R, "TCP Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, and Fast Recovery Algorithms," January 1997.
70. Mathis, M., J. Mahdavi, S. Floyd, A. Rornanow, "TCP Selective Acknowledgement Options," Internet RFC 2018, October 1996.
71. Demers, A., S. Keshav, and S. Shenker, "Analysis and Simulation of a Fair Queuing Algorithm," Internetworking Research and Experience, Vol.1, 1990, pp. 3-26.
72. Romanow, A., and S. Floyd, "Dynamics of TCP Traffic over ATM Networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 13, No. 4, May 1996.
73. Floyd, S., and V. Jacobsort, "Random Early Detection Gateways for Congestion Avoidance," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 1, No. 4, August 1993, pp. 397-413.
74. W. Stallings, "Integrated Services Architecture: The Next Generation Internet." Intemational Journal of Network Management, pp. 38-43, 9, (1999).
75. J.S. Ahrt, P.B. Danzig, Z. Liu, et al, "Evaluation of TCP Vegas: Emulation and Experiment," Proc. SIGCOMM95 Symp., August, 1995.
76．候自强，“宽带IP网技术进展”，中国通信技术，pp．9-13，1998．8。
77. M.A. Marsan, A. Bianco, E. Leonardi, et al, "All-Optical WDM Multi-Rings with Differentiated QoS." IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.58-66, February 1999.78. L.H. Sahasrabuddhe, B. Mukherjee, "Light-Trees: Optical Multicasting for improved Performance in Wavelength-Routed Networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.67-73, February, 1999.
79. Y. Part, C. Qiao, Y.Y. Yang, "Optical Multistage Interconnection Networks: New Challenges and Approaches," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.50-56, February 1999.
80. H. Yoshimura, K.I. Sato, N. Takachio, "Future Photon Transport Networks Based on WDM Technologies," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.74-81, February 1999.
81. M. Zukerman, S. Chan, "Fairness in ATM Networks? Computer Networks and ISDN Systems." Vol.26(1993), pp. 109-117.
82．候自强，“IP路由技术演化及发展趋势”，现代电信科技，1999．2，pp．4-7。
83．荆瑞泉，“服务质量技术综述”，现代电信科技，pp．12-16，1999．2。
84．姚宝富，戈玲，钟培军，“基于SDH的IP交换技术”，现代电信科技，pp．17-20，1999．2。
85．许飞，许晓明，孙海荣，李乐民，“TCP over ATM的拥塞控制研究进展”，通信学报，pp．56-63，1999．1。
86. Hellal, et.al, "Perforrnance of TCP/IP: the case of two Controlled Sources," ICCC97, Cannes, France, November 19-21, 1997.
87. J.C.R. Bennett and H. Zhang, H'Hierarchical Packet Fair Queuing Algorithms," Proc. ACM SIGCOMM '96, Palo Alto, CA, Aug. 1996, pp. 143-156.
88. D. Stilliadis and A. Varma, "A General Methodology for Designing Efficient Traffic Schelduling and Shaping Algorithms," Proceeding of IEEE INFOCOM' 97, 1997.
89. D. Stiliadis and A. Varma, "Rate-Proportional Servers: A Design Methodology for Fair Queuing Algorithms," IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, Apr. 1998.
90. T.N. Saadawi, M.H. Ammar, A.E1. Hakeem 著，黄岩译，“远程通信网络基础，”电子工业出版社，1997。
91. S. Kalyanaraman, B. Vandalore, R. Jain, et.al. "Performance of TCP over ABR??with long-range Dependent VBR Background Traffic over Terrestrial and Satellite ATM networks," Proceedings of 23rd Annual Conference on Local Computer Networks 1998 (LCN'98), Lowell, MA, October 11-14, 1998, pp. 70-78.
2．唐俊华，诸鸿文，顾尚杰，ATM网络中ABR业务及其反馈流量控制。通信技术，1998年第2期，pp．18-22。
3．钱炜宏，李乐民，ATM业务量管理及其对ATM交换初设计的影响。电路与系统学报，1998年6月，pp．56-61。
4. T.M. Chen, S.S. Liu, "The available bit rate service for data in ATM networks." IEEE Communications Magazine. May, 1996, pp.56-71.
5. Sathaye. ATM Forum traffic management specification version 4.0. ATM Forum: af-tm-0056.000.
6. A. Chamy, D. Clark, and R. Jain, "Congestion Control with Explicit Rate Indication," Proc.ICC95, June 1995.
7. S. Muddu et al., "Max-Min Rate Control Algorithm for Available Bit Rate Service in ATM Networks," Proc ICC' 96,June 1996.
8. Chiussi, Y. Xia, and V.P. Kumar, "Dynamic Max Rate Control Algorithm for Available Bit Rate Service in ATMNetworks," GLOBECOM' 96, 1996.
9. A.W. Bamhart, "Explicit Rate Performance Evaluations," ATM Forum cont. 94-0983, Sept. 1994.
10. R. Jain S. Kalyanaraman, and R. Viswanathan, "Sample Switch Algorithm," ATM Forum cont. 95-0178R, Feb. 1995..
11. L. Kalampoukas, A. Varma, and K.K. Ramakrishnan, "An Efficient Rate Allocation Algorithm for ATM Networks Providing Max-Min Fairness," Proc. IFIP Int. Conf. High Performance Networking, Sept. 1995, pp. 143-54.
12. H. Ohsaki, et al, "Rate-Based Congestion Control for ATM Networks." Computer Commurtication Review, April 1995.13. K.Y. Siu and H.Y. Tzeng, "Adaptive proportional rate control (APRC) with intelligent congestion indication," ATM Forum Contribution 94-0888,September 1994.
14. K.Y. Siu and H.Y. Tzeng, "Limits of performance in rate-based control schemes," ATM Forum Contribution 94-1078, November 1994.
15. K.Y. Siu and H.Y. Tzeng, "Intelligent Congestion Contxol for ABR Service in ATM Networks." Computer Communication Review, April 1995.
16. L. Roberts, "Enhanced PRCA (Proportional Rate-Control Algorithm)," ATM Forum cont.94-0735R1, Aug. 1994.
17. W.K. Tsai, Y. Ge, and G. Huang. "Stability Analysis of Intelligent Marking EPRCAfor ABR Congestion Control in ATM." Irtforcom' 97,pp. 4a.1,1-4a.1.8.
18. M. Ritter. "Network buffer requirements of the rate-based control mechanism for ABR Service." IEEE Infocom' 96, 1996.
19. B.Vandalore, et al, Designed Analysis of Queue Control Function for Switch Schemes. ATM Forum/97-1087R1.
20. W.K.Tsai, Y.Kim, C.K.Toh. "A Stability and Sensitivity Theory for Rate-based Max-Min Flow Control for ABR Service," IEEESICON98, Singapore, July 1998.
21. R. Jain et al. "ERICA Switch Algorithm: A Complete description." ATM Forum/96-1172, August 1996.
22. S. Kalyanaraman et.al. "The ERICA Switch Algorithm for ABR Traffic Management in ATM Networks." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, November 1997.
23. S. Fahmy et.al. "On Determining the Fair Bandwidth Share for ABR Connections in ATM Networks." ICC'98, June 1998.
24. B. Vandalore et.al. "A Definition of General Weighted Faimess and its Support in Explicit Rate Switch Algorithms." ICNP'98.
25. R. Bellman, K.L. Cooke, "Differential-Difference Equations." Academic press, 1963.
26. Y. Kuang, "Delay differential equations, with applications in population dynamics." Academic press, 1993.27. V. Paxson, "Fast, Approximate Synthesis of Fractional Gaussian Noise for Generation Self-Similar Network Traffic." Computer Communication Review 27(5), pp.5-18. October 1997.
28. P. Flandrin, "Wavelet Analysis and Synthesis of Fractional Bmwnian Motion." IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, 1992,IT-38, (2), pp. 910-917.
29. A.H. Tewfik, M. Kim, "Correlation Structure of the Discrete Wavelet Coefficients of Fractional Bmwnian Motion." IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, 1992, IT-38, (2), pp.904-909.
30. M. A. Stoksik, R.G. Lane and D.T. Nguyen, "Accurate synthesis of fractional Brownian motion using wavelets." Electronics Letters, 1994, 30, (5), pp.383-384.
31. Z. Fan, P. Mars, "Self-Similar Traffic Generation and Parameter Estimation using wavelet Transform." Globelcom' 97,pp.1419-1423.
32. C. Tryfonas," MPEG-2 Transport over ATM Networks." M.S Thesis, UC Santa Cruz, Sept 1996.
33. B. Maglaris, et al, "Performance Models of Statistical multiplexing in Packet Video Communications." IEEE Transactions on Communications, VOL.36, No. 7, July 1988.
34. M. Raguparan, "Performance Analysis of Simple ABR Congestion Controllers augmented with a Minimum Variance Predictor." Master Thesis, University of Kansas, May 1998.
35. L.O. Chua, R.Brown and N. Hamilton, Fractals in the Twist-and-flip Circuit, Proceeding of IEEE, Vol.81, NO.10, pp.1466-1491, Oct 1993.
36. A. Ermmilli, O. Namyan and W.Willinger, "Experimental Queuing Analysis with long-range Dependent Packet Traffic," IEEE/ACM Trans on Networking, Vol.4, No.2, pp209-223, April 1996.
37. W.E. Leland, M.S. Taqqu, W. Willinger and D.V. Wilson, "On the Self-Similar Nature of Ethemet Traffic (Extended Version)," IEEE/ACM Trans on Networking, Vol.2, No.1, pp1-14, Feb 1994.38. I. Norros, "On the Use of Fractional Bmwnian Motion in the Theory of Connectionless Networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, Vol. 13, No.6, pp.953-962, August 1995.
39. B.K. Ryu and S.B. Lowen, "Point Process Approaches to the Modeling and Analysis of Self-Similar Trffic-Part Ⅰ: Model Construction," Infocom'96, pp. 11d.3.1-11 d.3.8.
40．孙海荣，李乐民，具有自相似特性的业务及其对ATM网络性能的影响，电路与系统学报，1997年六月，pp52-57。
41. W.E. Leland, M.S. Taqqu, "On the Self-Similar Nature of Ethemet Traffic," Computer Communication Review, Vol.23, No.4, October 1993.
42. A. Erramilli, R.P. Singh, "An application of deterministic chaotic maps to model packet traffic." Queuing Systerns 20 (1995) 171-206.
43. L.S. Brakmo, L.L. Peterson, "TCP Vegas: End to End Congestion Avoidance on a Global Interact," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communicatiom, vol.13, pp. 1465-1480, October 1995.
44. T.V. Lakshman, U. Madhow, "The performance of TCP/IP for networks with high bandwidth-delay products and random loss," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, pp.336-350, June 1997.
45. O.A. Hellal, E. Altrnan, "Analysis of TCP Vegas and TCP Reno." ICC97, Montreal, pp. 8-12, June 1997.
46. V. Jacobson. "Congestion avoidance and control? ACM SIGCOMM 88, pp. 273-288, 1988.
47. V. Jacobson. "Modified TCP congestion avoidance algorithm." message to end2end-interest mailing list, April 1990.
48. G. Hasegawa, M. Murata, H. Miyahara, "Fairness and Stability of Congestion Control Mechanisms of TCP," pp.255-262, 11th ITC Specialist Seminar, Yokohama, Japart, Oct. 1998.
49. S. Chan, M. Zukerman, Eric. Wong, K.T. Ko, E. Yeung, "Achieving Fair and High Packet-level Throughput in ABR Service." Pp.635-639, ICC98.50. S. Chart, Eric. Wong, K.T. Ko, "Fair Packet Discarding for Controlling ABR Traffic in ATM Networks." IEEE Trans. on Commun. Vol. 45, pp. 913-916, August 1997.
51. E. Airman, F. Boccara, J. Bolot, et.al, "Analysis of the TCP/IP Flow Control Mechanism in High-Speed Wide-Area Networks." IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control,. pp. 368-373, New Orleans, LA, USA, Dec. 1995.
52. R. Satyavolu, K. Duvedi, S. Kalyanaranman, "Explicit rate control of TCP application," ATM_Forum/98-0152R1, February 1998.
53. A. Amlambalam, X. Q. Chen, N.Ansari. "Allocating Fair Rates for Available Bit Rate Service in ATM Networks." IEEE Communications Magazine, pp92-100, November 1996.
54. J.M. Jaffe, "Bottleneck Flow Control," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.29, July 1981.
55. N. Yin, "Fairness Defirtition in ABR Service Model," ATM Forum/94-0928R2. Sept 1994.
56．顾学道，异步转移模式(ATM)的研究现状及前景，通信学报，Vol．15，No．13，1994．5。
57．孙海容、李乐民编著，ATM技术-概念、原理和应用，电子科技大学出版社，1995．10。
58．常义林、胡征，变速率视频编码的统计特性及模型研究，电子学报，1996．1。
59．程时端、刘斌译，马丁．德普瑞克著，异步转移方式-宽带ISDN技术，人民邮电出版社，1995．5。
60．冯穗力，高速为了带宽动态分配与包调度策略的研究，华南理工大学博士论文，1998．1。
61．廖建新，ATM网络中的业务量控制研究，电子科技大学博士论文，1996．2。
62．良友翻译组译，Uyless Black著，TCP／IP及相关协议，机械工业出版社，1998．5。
63. U. Guarene, P. Fasano, V. Vercellone, "IP and ATM Integration Perspectives," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.74-80, January 1998.64. S. Keshav, R. Sharma, "Issues and Trends in Router Design," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.144-151, May 1998.
65. V.P. Kumar, T.V. Lakshrnan, "Beyond Best Effort: Router Architectures for the Differentiated Services of Tomorrow s Internet," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.152-164, May, 1998.
66. P.P. White, "ATM Switching and IP Routing Integration: The Next Stage in Internet Evolution?" IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.79-83, April 1998.
67. Ramakrishnan, K.K., Floyd, S., "A proposal to add Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IPv6 and to TCP," IETF Internet Draft, November 1997.
68．李哓明，“第三层交换技术，”DD．47-52，中国通信，1998．2。
69. Stevens, W. R, "TCP Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, and Fast Recovery Algorithms," January 1997.
70. Mathis, M., J. Mahdavi, S. Floyd, A. Rornanow, "TCP Selective Acknowledgement Options," Internet RFC 2018, October 1996.
71. Demers, A., S. Keshav, and S. Shenker, "Analysis and Simulation of a Fair Queuing Algorithm," Internetworking Research and Experience, Vol.1, 1990, pp. 3-26.
72. Romanow, A., and S. Floyd, "Dynamics of TCP Traffic over ATM Networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 13, No. 4, May 1996.
73. Floyd, S., and V. Jacobsort, "Random Early Detection Gateways for Congestion Avoidance," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 1, No. 4, August 1993, pp. 397-413.
74. W. Stallings, "Integrated Services Architecture: The Next Generation Internet." Intemational Journal of Network Management, pp. 38-43, 9, (1999).
75. J.S. Ahrt, P.B. Danzig, Z. Liu, et al, "Evaluation of TCP Vegas: Emulation and Experiment," Proc. SIGCOMM95 Symp., August, 1995.
76．候自强，“宽带IP网技术进展”，中国通信技术，pp．9-13，1998．8。
77. M.A. Marsan, A. Bianco, E. Leonardi, et al, "All-Optical WDM Multi-Rings with Differentiated QoS." IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.58-66, February 1999.78. L.H. Sahasrabuddhe, B. Mukherjee, "Light-Trees: Optical Multicasting for improved Performance in Wavelength-Routed Networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.67-73, February, 1999.
79. Y. Part, C. Qiao, Y.Y. Yang, "Optical Multistage Interconnection Networks: New Challenges and Approaches," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.50-56, February 1999.
80. H. Yoshimura, K.I. Sato, N. Takachio, "Future Photon Transport Networks Based on WDM Technologies," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.74-81, February 1999.
81. M. Zukerman, S. Chan, "Fairness in ATM Networks? Computer Networks and ISDN Systems." Vol.26(1993), pp. 109-117.
82．候自强，“IP路由技术演化及发展趋势”，现代电信科技，1999．2，pp．4-7。
83．荆瑞泉，“服务质量技术综述”，现代电信科技，pp．12-16，1999．2。
84．姚宝富，戈玲，钟培军，“基于SDH的IP交换技术”，现代电信科技，pp．17-20，1999．2。
85．许飞，许晓明，孙海荣，李乐民，“TCP over ATM的拥塞控制研究进展”，通信学报，pp．56-63，1999．1。
86. Hellal, et.al, "Perforrnance of TCP/IP: the case of two Controlled Sources," ICCC97, Cannes, France, November 19-21, 1997.
87. J.C.R. Bennett and H. Zhang, H'Hierarchical Packet Fair Queuing Algorithms," Proc. ACM SIGCOMM '96, Palo Alto, CA, Aug. 1996, pp. 143-156.
88. D. Stilliadis and A. Varma, "A General Methodology for Designing Efficient Traffic Schelduling and Shaping Algorithms," Proceeding of IEEE INFOCOM' 97, 1997.
89. D. Stiliadis and A. Varma, "Rate-Proportional Servers: A Design Methodology for Fair Queuing Algorithms," IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, Apr. 1998.
90. T.N. Saadawi, M.H. Ammar, A.E1. Hakeem 著，黄岩译，“远程通信网络基础，”电子工业出版社，1997。
91. S. Kalyanaraman, B. Vandalore, R. Jain, et.al. "Performance of TCP over ABR??with long-range Dependent VBR Background Traffic over Terrestrial and Satellite ATM networks," Proceedings of 23rd Annual Conference on Local Computer Networks 1998 (LCN'98), Lowell, MA, October 11-14, 1998, pp. 70-78.