长白落叶松苗木质量动态评价与施肥技术研究
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摘要
苗木质量对造林效果有重要影响。研究各生长时期反映苗木质量的阶段性指标及主要培育措施对苗木质量的影响,对于苗木培育技术的改进、苗木质量的提高以及造林成效的保障有重要意义。
本文以长白落叶松为研究对象,采用Logistic曲线拟合和方程求导的方法,将播种苗(1-0)和移植苗(1-1)全年生长过程分别划分为4个时期,对各时期结束时所有形质指标分别进行主成分分析,得到了相应时期最有代表性并简便易测的苗木质量控制指标。各生长期及相应的质量控制指标分别是：①播种苗(1-0)：幼苗期为苗高和地上干重(R>0.927),高径速生期为地径、地上和地下干重(R>0.929)地径持续速生期为地径、地上和地下干重(R>0.937),生长后期为苗高、地上和地下干重(R>0.931)。②移植苗(1-1)：生长初期为地下干重(R=0.971)、先高后径速生期为地径、地上和地下干重(R>0.902)、地径持续速生期和苗木硬化期为地径、地上和地下干重及质量指数(R>0.919)。以上述指标为目标参数进行苗木质量管理及相应的栽培措施调整,为实现长白落叶松苗木质量评价与控制的动态化管理提供了理论依据。
采用随机区组和四元二次回归正交旋转组合设计方法,分别对不同基肥、不同氮磷供给条件下播种苗质量及移植密度、施P量、施N量和N肥追施次数4个因子组合下移植苗质量变化进行研究,初步得出如下结论：(1)有机肥做基肥对长白落叶松播种苗的生长和质量提高有显著的促进作用。有机肥处理的苗高、地径和总干重分别为无机肥处理的1.60、1.26、2.78倍,整株N、P、K含量分别为无机肥处理的2.38、2.15、2.60倍；无机肥的基肥效应呈报酬递减趋势,过量施用抑制播种苗生长,降低苗木质量。(2)不同比例的氮磷供给对长白落叶松播种苗的生长和质量影响显著。在本试验地土壤条件下,随着氮磷供应比例加大,苗木高、径生长呈下降趋势。(3)移植密度、施P量、施N量和N肥追施次数显著影响长白落叶松移植苗>1cm侧根数、根系K浓度和全株K含量。在试验设定的水平范围内,随着N、P肥用量的增加,>1cm侧根数量减少；施N量对根系K浓度的提高有显著促进作用；随着N肥用量和追N次数的增加,全株K含量增加。(4)P肥用量、N和P配施比例及追N肥时机影响长白落叶松移植苗高、径生长和干物质积累。在试验设定的水平范围内,苗高生长量随着速生前期N肥用量增加而增加,随着后期追N次数增加而减小；地径生长量随P肥用量的增加而减小；随着N、P肥施用比例增加,总干重呈增大趋势。
通过长白落叶松播种苗和移植苗分级造林成活率和生长量的比较研究,建立了苗木质量与造林效果的关系。大于1cm新根数量(TNR>1cm)可作为评价不同苗龄和等级长白落叶松苗木的活力指标；造林成活率和当年生长量与茎根比和高径比关系密切。当播种苗和移植苗茎根比分别为0.59-1.27和1.20-2.35时,造林成活率达到95%标准,高径比分别为38.20-52.40和69.29-99.27时,当年高生长量分别达到24cm和12cm以上；在吉林地区,播种苗Ⅰ级苗(苗高>20cm,地径>0.45cm)造林是可行的,过大的移植苗(苗高>70cm,地径>0.75cm)造林效果不理想。
Seedling quality is a key factor in establishing forest plantations. It is important for improving cultural technique, increasing seedling quality and ensuring afforestation success to study staged seedling quality indicators in various growth periods and effects of major cultural operations on seedling quality.
The annual growth span of Larix olgensis Henry seedling (1-0) and transplanted seedling (1-1) were divided into 4 periods respectively through Logistic Curve Fitting, and the best representative indicators, seedling quality control indicators that can be measured easily, were obtained through Principal Component Analysis of all morphological indicators at the end of each period. These periods and corresponding representative indicators were①for seedling (1-0), height and aboveground dry weight in young seedling period (R>0.927), diameter and dry weight of aboveground and underground in the rapid growth period of height and diameter (R>0.929) and in sustained rapid growth period of diameter (R>0.937), height and dry weight of aboveground and underground in later growth period (R>0.93l).②for transplanted seedling (1-1), dry weight of underground in the initial growth period (R=0.971), diameter and dry weight of aboveground and underground in the height-then-diameter rapid growth period (R>0.902), diameter, dry weight of aboveground and underground, quality index in sustained rapid growth period of diameter and in hardening period (R>0.919). These seedling quality control indicators above can be taken as the staged target to manage seedling quality and adjust cultural operations accordingly, which provide a theoretical foundation for L. olgensis seedling quality evaluation and dynamic management.
Effects of basic fertilizer and the combined proportion of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on L. olgensis seedling quality, and the integrated effect of transplanting density, applying quantity of N and P and additional times of N fertilizer on transplanted seedling quality were studied through randomized complete block design and quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design, respectively. The results ware shown as follow:(1) Organic fertilizer significantly improved the growth and quality of L. olgensis seedling. The height, diameter, total dry weight and N, P and K contents of the seedlings treated with organic fertilizer were 1.60,1.26,2.78, and 2.38,2.15,2.60 times of that with inorganic fertilizer, respectively. Excessive application of inorganic fertilizer restrained the growth of L. olgensis seedlings and reduced their quality. (2) Combined proportion of N and P affected significantly the growth and quality of L. olgensis seedling. In this trial site that effective nitrogen is abundant, seedling height and diameter showed a decrease trend as combined proportion of N and P increased. (3) Transplanting density, applying quantity of N and P and additional times of N had significant effects on the amount of lateral root longer than 1cm, K concentration of roots and total K content of transplanted seedling. In this trial levels, the amount of lateral root longer than 1cm decreased as applying quantity of N and P increased; N significantly enhanced the K concentration of roots; total K content increased as applying quantity and additional times of N increased. (4) Applying quantity of P, combined proportion of N and P and additional times of N affected the growth of height, diameter and biomass of the transplanted seedlings. In this trial levels, the height increased as the applying quantity of N increased prior to the period of rapid growth and reduced as the additional times of N increased later; diameter decreased as the applying quantity of P increased; total biomass showed an increasing tendency as the applying proportion of N and P increased.
The relationship between seedling quality and outplanting performances was established through comparing the survival rate and the growth of seedlings and transplanted seedlings between grades. Total new roots longer than 1cm (TNR>1cm) can be used to evaluate the viability of seedlings between various ages and grades. The survival rate and growth of the first year showed a close relation with shoot-root ratio and height-diameter ratio. The seedling survival rate reached up to 95 percent when shoot-root ratio was between 0.59-1.27 (1-0) and 1.20-2.35 (1-1), respectively, and the height growth in the first year was greater than 24 cm and 12 cm when height-diameter ratio was between 38.20-52.40 (1-0) and 69.29-99.27 (1-1), respectively. GradeⅠseedlings (1-0) (height>20cm, diameter>0.45cm) could be used to afforest in Jilin province and the field performances of too big transplanted seedlings (1-1) (height>70cm, diameter>0.75cm) were not as good as expected.
本文以长白落叶松为研究对象,采用Logistic曲线拟合和方程求导的方法,将播种苗(1-0)和移植苗(1-1)全年生长过程分别划分为4个时期,对各时期结束时所有形质指标分别进行主成分分析,得到了相应时期最有代表性并简便易测的苗木质量控制指标。各生长期及相应的质量控制指标分别是：①播种苗(1-0)：幼苗期为苗高和地上干重(R>0.927),高径速生期为地径、地上和地下干重(R>0.929)地径持续速生期为地径、地上和地下干重(R>0.937),生长后期为苗高、地上和地下干重(R>0.931)。②移植苗(1-1)：生长初期为地下干重(R=0.971)、先高后径速生期为地径、地上和地下干重(R>0.902)、地径持续速生期和苗木硬化期为地径、地上和地下干重及质量指数(R>0.919)。以上述指标为目标参数进行苗木质量管理及相应的栽培措施调整,为实现长白落叶松苗木质量评价与控制的动态化管理提供了理论依据。
采用随机区组和四元二次回归正交旋转组合设计方法,分别对不同基肥、不同氮磷供给条件下播种苗质量及移植密度、施P量、施N量和N肥追施次数4个因子组合下移植苗质量变化进行研究,初步得出如下结论：(1)有机肥做基肥对长白落叶松播种苗的生长和质量提高有显著的促进作用。有机肥处理的苗高、地径和总干重分别为无机肥处理的1.60、1.26、2.78倍,整株N、P、K含量分别为无机肥处理的2.38、2.15、2.60倍；无机肥的基肥效应呈报酬递减趋势,过量施用抑制播种苗生长,降低苗木质量。(2)不同比例的氮磷供给对长白落叶松播种苗的生长和质量影响显著。在本试验地土壤条件下,随着氮磷供应比例加大,苗木高、径生长呈下降趋势。(3)移植密度、施P量、施N量和N肥追施次数显著影响长白落叶松移植苗>1cm侧根数、根系K浓度和全株K含量。在试验设定的水平范围内,随着N、P肥用量的增加,>1cm侧根数量减少；施N量对根系K浓度的提高有显著促进作用；随着N肥用量和追N次数的增加,全株K含量增加。(4)P肥用量、N和P配施比例及追N肥时机影响长白落叶松移植苗高、径生长和干物质积累。在试验设定的水平范围内,苗高生长量随着速生前期N肥用量增加而增加,随着后期追N次数增加而减小；地径生长量随P肥用量的增加而减小；随着N、P肥施用比例增加,总干重呈增大趋势。
通过长白落叶松播种苗和移植苗分级造林成活率和生长量的比较研究,建立了苗木质量与造林效果的关系。大于1cm新根数量(TNR>1cm)可作为评价不同苗龄和等级长白落叶松苗木的活力指标；造林成活率和当年生长量与茎根比和高径比关系密切。当播种苗和移植苗茎根比分别为0.59-1.27和1.20-2.35时,造林成活率达到95%标准,高径比分别为38.20-52.40和69.29-99.27时,当年高生长量分别达到24cm和12cm以上；在吉林地区,播种苗Ⅰ级苗(苗高>20cm,地径>0.45cm)造林是可行的,过大的移植苗(苗高>70cm,地径>0.75cm)造林效果不理想。
Seedling quality is a key factor in establishing forest plantations. It is important for improving cultural technique, increasing seedling quality and ensuring afforestation success to study staged seedling quality indicators in various growth periods and effects of major cultural operations on seedling quality.
The annual growth span of Larix olgensis Henry seedling (1-0) and transplanted seedling (1-1) were divided into 4 periods respectively through Logistic Curve Fitting, and the best representative indicators, seedling quality control indicators that can be measured easily, were obtained through Principal Component Analysis of all morphological indicators at the end of each period. These periods and corresponding representative indicators were①for seedling (1-0), height and aboveground dry weight in young seedling period (R>0.927), diameter and dry weight of aboveground and underground in the rapid growth period of height and diameter (R>0.929) and in sustained rapid growth period of diameter (R>0.937), height and dry weight of aboveground and underground in later growth period (R>0.93l).②for transplanted seedling (1-1), dry weight of underground in the initial growth period (R=0.971), diameter and dry weight of aboveground and underground in the height-then-diameter rapid growth period (R>0.902), diameter, dry weight of aboveground and underground, quality index in sustained rapid growth period of diameter and in hardening period (R>0.919). These seedling quality control indicators above can be taken as the staged target to manage seedling quality and adjust cultural operations accordingly, which provide a theoretical foundation for L. olgensis seedling quality evaluation and dynamic management.
Effects of basic fertilizer and the combined proportion of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on L. olgensis seedling quality, and the integrated effect of transplanting density, applying quantity of N and P and additional times of N fertilizer on transplanted seedling quality were studied through randomized complete block design and quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design, respectively. The results ware shown as follow:(1) Organic fertilizer significantly improved the growth and quality of L. olgensis seedling. The height, diameter, total dry weight and N, P and K contents of the seedlings treated with organic fertilizer were 1.60,1.26,2.78, and 2.38,2.15,2.60 times of that with inorganic fertilizer, respectively. Excessive application of inorganic fertilizer restrained the growth of L. olgensis seedlings and reduced their quality. (2) Combined proportion of N and P affected significantly the growth and quality of L. olgensis seedling. In this trial site that effective nitrogen is abundant, seedling height and diameter showed a decrease trend as combined proportion of N and P increased. (3) Transplanting density, applying quantity of N and P and additional times of N had significant effects on the amount of lateral root longer than 1cm, K concentration of roots and total K content of transplanted seedling. In this trial levels, the amount of lateral root longer than 1cm decreased as applying quantity of N and P increased; N significantly enhanced the K concentration of roots; total K content increased as applying quantity and additional times of N increased. (4) Applying quantity of P, combined proportion of N and P and additional times of N affected the growth of height, diameter and biomass of the transplanted seedlings. In this trial levels, the height increased as the applying quantity of N increased prior to the period of rapid growth and reduced as the additional times of N increased later; diameter decreased as the applying quantity of P increased; total biomass showed an increasing tendency as the applying proportion of N and P increased.
The relationship between seedling quality and outplanting performances was established through comparing the survival rate and the growth of seedlings and transplanted seedlings between grades. Total new roots longer than 1cm (TNR>1cm) can be used to evaluate the viability of seedlings between various ages and grades. The survival rate and growth of the first year showed a close relation with shoot-root ratio and height-diameter ratio. The seedling survival rate reached up to 95 percent when shoot-root ratio was between 0.59-1.27 (1-0) and 1.20-2.35 (1-1), respectively, and the height growth in the first year was greater than 24 cm and 12 cm when height-diameter ratio was between 38.20-52.40 (1-0) and 69.29-99.27 (1-1), respectively. GradeⅠseedlings (1-0) (height>20cm, diameter>0.45cm) could be used to afforest in Jilin province and the field performances of too big transplanted seedlings (1-1) (height>70cm, diameter>0.75cm) were not as good as expected.
引文
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