基于网络均衡的物流系统环境政策设计研究
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摘要
物流系统是社会经济系统的重要组成部分。随着我国经济发展,物流量快速增加,物流活动更加频繁,对生态环境的影响也越来越严重。要有效减少物流系统的环境危害,需要公众和企业的积极参与,也离不开政府的宏观调控。在物流环境管理过程中,政府需要通过收费和补贴等经济杠杆,促进物流活动负外部性的减少,调节经济发展与环境保护之间的关系。环境经济政策是与法律、行政、教育等手段相配合的经济手段,已经受到了广泛的重视。
本文综合运用现代物流学、环境经济学、运筹学和决策科学等理论,对物流系统的系统理论及其环境政策设计做了较系统的研究。将物流系统分为正向物流、逆向物流和运输物流,将交通均衡原理、用户选择理论、厂商竞争理论与变分不等式方法相结合,对物流系统中含环境经济政策的一些均衡问题构建了均衡模型,重点研究了排污收费、排污权交易和回收补贴等热点环境政策。主要完成了以下工作：
1、从系统论和超网络理论两个维度分析了物流系统,给出了物流系统的定义、要素和功能,总结了物流系统的超网络特征和网络均衡问题；根据物流过程的功能结构特征和污染来源,将物流系统分为运输物流子系统、正向物流子系统和逆向物流子系统。研究了物流系统与环境系统、政策系统的关系,给出了基于网络均衡的物流系统环境政策设计流程。
2、研究了面向运输物流的排污收费政策及均衡问题。假设网络中存在多类用户,用户差异体现在时间价值和废气排放量两个方面。在政府实施拥挤和污染双目标管理的情况下,建立了基于随机用户均衡的多车型交通网络均衡模型,推导了依车型的最优拥挤和排污收费政策,该政策能保证用户均衡流和系统最优流一致。最后讨论了排污收费政策的效率评价问题。
3、研究了面向运输物流的排污权交易政策及均衡问题。假设网络中存在多类用户,用户差异体现在时间价值和废气排放量两个方面。在政府实施排污权总额控制的情况下,用户可通过初始分配和排污权交易市场获得足够的排污权,建立了含排污权交易均衡的交通网络均衡变分不等式系统。研究了用户均衡流和排污权均衡价格的关系,得到了均衡解的存在性和唯一性条件。
4、研究了面向正向物流的排污权交易政策及均衡问题。假设网络中存在多类制造商,制造商生产单位商品的排污量不同。政府通过限制排污权总额来促使制造商减少生产过程产生的污染。运用纳什均衡分析了制造商之间、零售商之间、消费者之间的竞争行为,建立了含排污权交易均衡的多商品流供应链网络均衡变分不等式模型。研究发现,当排污权交易政策实施后,商品制造的总排污量不超过排污权上限,制造商单位商品排污量的差异对排污权交易政策的实施效果影响显著。
5、研究了面向逆向物流的再制造补贴政策及均衡问题。假设网络中有新制造和再制造两类商品,基于消费者对再制造商品的价值判断,推导了市场需求函数。然后针对三种不同的再制造市场结构,分别构建了市场均衡模型,得到了均衡价格和均衡交易量,得到了再制造补贴政策与市场份额的关系。
6、研究了面向逆向物流的回收补贴政策及均衡问题。假设网络中存在多类商品,且市场需求随机,在政府实施回收补贴政策和回收率管理的情况下,建立了含回收补贴的闭环供应链网络均衡变分不等式模型。研究发现,回收补贴政策实施后,原材料的交易量降低,但商品交易量上升；回收率的高低同时受到补贴额和商品类别的影响。
本文是管理科学领域的前沿研究,得到了一些创新性成果,丰富了现代物流管理理论、环境经济学理论和多类别网络均衡理论,能为政府制定环境经济政策提供科学的参考,具有一定的理论和实践意义。
As a main part of the whole social economy system, modern logistics is one of the key chains in the sustainable development of the social economy. Along with China's economy development, logistics demand increases rapidly, logistics activities are more frequent, and at the same time, its negative effect on environment is getting more and more serious. To reduce environmental damage caused by logistics, the government's macroeconomic management is considered as a necessary measure.
Based on the theory of morden logistics management, environmental economics, operation research, management science and so on, we do a systematic research on logistics system and corresponding environmental economic policies. By integrating transportation equilibrium theory, consumer choice theory, firm competition theory with variational inequality approach, we establish equilibrium models with environmental economic policies for transportation logistics subsystem, production logistics subsystem and reverse logistics subsystem. Details are as follows:
1. We analyse logistics system theory from dimensions of systems science and super-network theory, and give the corresponding definition, elements, functions and features. According to the functional structure and pollution sources of logistics system, we focuse on transportation logistics subsystem, production logistics subsystem and reverse logistics subsystem, and then summarizes the environmental policies corresponding to these subsystems.
2. Transportation equilibrium problem and emission charge policy design. We suppose that there are heterogeneous users in the traffic network, the difference is reflected in their value of time and exhaust emission. Suppose the government control congestion and pollution simultaneously, we establish a multi-model transportation equilibrium model based on stochastic user equilibrium. The optimal congestion and emission charge policy according to type of user is derived, which can ensure the user equilibrium flow and system optimal flow is consistent. Finally, we discuss how to evaluate this optimal policy.
3. Transportation equilibrium problem and emission permit trading policy design. We suppose that there are heterogeneous users in the traffic network, the difference is reflected in their value of time and exhaust emission. Suppose the government controls the total amount of emission permit, a transportation equilibrium model including permit trading market equilibrium is established. We study the relationship between the user equilibrium flow and the equilibrium price, and find the conditions of existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium solution.
4. Production logistics equilibrium problem and emission permit trading policy design. We suppose that there are heterogeneous manufacturers in the supply chain network, the difference between them embodies in their pollution extent. After analyses the behavior of manufacturers, retailers and consumers by using the Nash equilibrium, we established multi-commodity supply chain network equilibrium model including permit trading market equilibrium. Results show that the total pollution will not exceed the total amount of emission permit, the manufacturers' differences can affect the policy performance significantly.
5. Reverse logistics equilibrium problem and remanufacturing subsidies policy design. We suppose that there are two types of production, new and remanufactured goods, in the reverse logistics network. Based on the value function of consumers, the market demand functions for new goods and remanufactured ones are derived. Then for three different remanufacturing market structures, we establish market equilibrium model respectively and get the function of equilibrium price and trading volume. The study finds out the relations between subsidies and market share.
6. Reverse logistics equilibrium problem and recycling subsidies policy design. We suppose that there are many types of production in the supply chain network, and the demand is stochastic. Suppose the government controls the total amount of recycled goods and subsidies, a closed-loop supply chain network equilibrium model including recycling subsidies is established. The study shows that, after the implementation of the subsidy policy, the trading volume of raw materials decreased, but commodity trading volume rising.
This paper has both theoretical value and practical significance to a certain extent.
本文综合运用现代物流学、环境经济学、运筹学和决策科学等理论,对物流系统的系统理论及其环境政策设计做了较系统的研究。将物流系统分为正向物流、逆向物流和运输物流,将交通均衡原理、用户选择理论、厂商竞争理论与变分不等式方法相结合,对物流系统中含环境经济政策的一些均衡问题构建了均衡模型,重点研究了排污收费、排污权交易和回收补贴等热点环境政策。主要完成了以下工作：
1、从系统论和超网络理论两个维度分析了物流系统,给出了物流系统的定义、要素和功能,总结了物流系统的超网络特征和网络均衡问题；根据物流过程的功能结构特征和污染来源,将物流系统分为运输物流子系统、正向物流子系统和逆向物流子系统。研究了物流系统与环境系统、政策系统的关系,给出了基于网络均衡的物流系统环境政策设计流程。
2、研究了面向运输物流的排污收费政策及均衡问题。假设网络中存在多类用户,用户差异体现在时间价值和废气排放量两个方面。在政府实施拥挤和污染双目标管理的情况下,建立了基于随机用户均衡的多车型交通网络均衡模型,推导了依车型的最优拥挤和排污收费政策,该政策能保证用户均衡流和系统最优流一致。最后讨论了排污收费政策的效率评价问题。
3、研究了面向运输物流的排污权交易政策及均衡问题。假设网络中存在多类用户,用户差异体现在时间价值和废气排放量两个方面。在政府实施排污权总额控制的情况下,用户可通过初始分配和排污权交易市场获得足够的排污权,建立了含排污权交易均衡的交通网络均衡变分不等式系统。研究了用户均衡流和排污权均衡价格的关系,得到了均衡解的存在性和唯一性条件。
4、研究了面向正向物流的排污权交易政策及均衡问题。假设网络中存在多类制造商,制造商生产单位商品的排污量不同。政府通过限制排污权总额来促使制造商减少生产过程产生的污染。运用纳什均衡分析了制造商之间、零售商之间、消费者之间的竞争行为,建立了含排污权交易均衡的多商品流供应链网络均衡变分不等式模型。研究发现,当排污权交易政策实施后,商品制造的总排污量不超过排污权上限,制造商单位商品排污量的差异对排污权交易政策的实施效果影响显著。
5、研究了面向逆向物流的再制造补贴政策及均衡问题。假设网络中有新制造和再制造两类商品,基于消费者对再制造商品的价值判断,推导了市场需求函数。然后针对三种不同的再制造市场结构,分别构建了市场均衡模型,得到了均衡价格和均衡交易量,得到了再制造补贴政策与市场份额的关系。
6、研究了面向逆向物流的回收补贴政策及均衡问题。假设网络中存在多类商品,且市场需求随机,在政府实施回收补贴政策和回收率管理的情况下,建立了含回收补贴的闭环供应链网络均衡变分不等式模型。研究发现,回收补贴政策实施后,原材料的交易量降低,但商品交易量上升；回收率的高低同时受到补贴额和商品类别的影响。
本文是管理科学领域的前沿研究,得到了一些创新性成果,丰富了现代物流管理理论、环境经济学理论和多类别网络均衡理论,能为政府制定环境经济政策提供科学的参考,具有一定的理论和实践意义。
As a main part of the whole social economy system, modern logistics is one of the key chains in the sustainable development of the social economy. Along with China's economy development, logistics demand increases rapidly, logistics activities are more frequent, and at the same time, its negative effect on environment is getting more and more serious. To reduce environmental damage caused by logistics, the government's macroeconomic management is considered as a necessary measure.
Based on the theory of morden logistics management, environmental economics, operation research, management science and so on, we do a systematic research on logistics system and corresponding environmental economic policies. By integrating transportation equilibrium theory, consumer choice theory, firm competition theory with variational inequality approach, we establish equilibrium models with environmental economic policies for transportation logistics subsystem, production logistics subsystem and reverse logistics subsystem. Details are as follows:
1. We analyse logistics system theory from dimensions of systems science and super-network theory, and give the corresponding definition, elements, functions and features. According to the functional structure and pollution sources of logistics system, we focuse on transportation logistics subsystem, production logistics subsystem and reverse logistics subsystem, and then summarizes the environmental policies corresponding to these subsystems.
2. Transportation equilibrium problem and emission charge policy design. We suppose that there are heterogeneous users in the traffic network, the difference is reflected in their value of time and exhaust emission. Suppose the government control congestion and pollution simultaneously, we establish a multi-model transportation equilibrium model based on stochastic user equilibrium. The optimal congestion and emission charge policy according to type of user is derived, which can ensure the user equilibrium flow and system optimal flow is consistent. Finally, we discuss how to evaluate this optimal policy.
3. Transportation equilibrium problem and emission permit trading policy design. We suppose that there are heterogeneous users in the traffic network, the difference is reflected in their value of time and exhaust emission. Suppose the government controls the total amount of emission permit, a transportation equilibrium model including permit trading market equilibrium is established. We study the relationship between the user equilibrium flow and the equilibrium price, and find the conditions of existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium solution.
4. Production logistics equilibrium problem and emission permit trading policy design. We suppose that there are heterogeneous manufacturers in the supply chain network, the difference between them embodies in their pollution extent. After analyses the behavior of manufacturers, retailers and consumers by using the Nash equilibrium, we established multi-commodity supply chain network equilibrium model including permit trading market equilibrium. Results show that the total pollution will not exceed the total amount of emission permit, the manufacturers' differences can affect the policy performance significantly.
5. Reverse logistics equilibrium problem and remanufacturing subsidies policy design. We suppose that there are two types of production, new and remanufactured goods, in the reverse logistics network. Based on the value function of consumers, the market demand functions for new goods and remanufactured ones are derived. Then for three different remanufacturing market structures, we establish market equilibrium model respectively and get the function of equilibrium price and trading volume. The study finds out the relations between subsidies and market share.
6. Reverse logistics equilibrium problem and recycling subsidies policy design. We suppose that there are many types of production in the supply chain network, and the demand is stochastic. Suppose the government controls the total amount of recycled goods and subsidies, a closed-loop supply chain network equilibrium model including recycling subsidies is established. The study shows that, after the implementation of the subsidy policy, the trading volume of raw materials decreased, but commodity trading volume rising.
This paper has both theoretical value and practical significance to a certain extent.
引文
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