基于QFD方法的机电产品方案评价方法研究
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摘要
质量功能配置是一种顾客驱动的产品开发方法,将顾客需求转换成为产品特征、零部件特征、工艺特征、质量与生产计划等技术需求信息,使所设计和制造的产品能真正地满足顾客需求。
本文在分析了国内外有关质量功能配置理论和产品方案评价理论及相关技术的研究成果基础上,针对面向顾客满意理论的特点及实际需要,对面向顾客满意的机电产品设计方案的评价关键技术进行了系统深入的研究,提出了基于改进的质量功能配置与熵理论(I-QFD-E)的机电产品评价模型与方法,全文的主要内容如下：
将面向顾客满意的产品质量概念拓展到产品的全生命周期。现代产品质量要求在产品的整个生命周期内全面满足顾客的需求,而传统观点对质量的看法仅仅局限于产品最终质量。本文将现有的产品质量概念予以扩展,从横向上将产品的质量扩展到产品的技术性能、经济性和社会影响等方面；从纵向上将产品的质量扩展到产品的整个生命周期,即从市场调研直到产品回收来考虑影响产品质量的因素。
改进了传统的质量功能配置框架。根据质量功能配置的基本原理,在传统结构(将用户需求展开为技术要求、零件特征、工艺特征、生产计划)的基础上,将框架拓展到流通销售和产品的使用、回收阶段,将用户需求拓展到产品的全生命周期,实现面向顾客满意的产品全生命周期的瀑布式分解。
由于传统的质量屋采用离散型标度对顾客要求及相应的设计要求进行打分得到的权重值的精度很低,同时传统质量屋的结构限制了多属性评价方法的应用,本文研究了一种I-QFD-E的属性权重确定方法。该方法将改进的质量功能配置方法与熵权理论相结合对产品的设计要求进行赋权。首先将AHP应用于改进的质量功能配置模型中,获得先验性的属性权重值,再应用熵理论获得校验权重值,两种权值相结合所得到的结果既避免了AHP方法主观性过强的缺陷,同时也弥补了熵权理论完全客观性而没有专家经验支持的弊端,主客观相结合得到的结果优化了各因素的权重,真实准确地反映了顾客的需求。
建立了基于I-QFD-E方法的产品方案评价模型。鉴于产品方案属性的多样性,研究了基于I-QFD-E方法的模糊评价理论、灰色评价理论和可拓评价理论。最后用实例验证了本文提出的三种评价理论下的六种评价方法。
针对QFD判断过程的主观性的问题,本文给出了基于I-QFD-E方法的模糊评价方法以及基于I-QFD-E和欧氏范数的模糊评价方法,从而达到将定性属性定量化的目的。基于I-QFD-E方法的模糊评价对影响因素层次性强的问题具有极好的适用性。基于I-QFD-E和欧氏范数的模糊评价方法通过引入欧氏范数将多目标评价问题转化为单目标评价问题。
为了能够充分利用已有信息做出决策,本文利用有限的信息将实际方案构成的序列与最优的参考序列建立关联,对传统的灰关联分析方法中的分辨系数进行了改进,建立了基于I-QFD-E方法的灰色关联投影评价模型。该方法将灰色关联投影集成于评价模型之中,不仅考虑了比较序列与理想参考序列的距离相似程度,而且解决了序列之间方向的一致性问题。本文建立的I-QFD-E-F-G综合评价模型不仅解决了输入时的模糊化和语言化的特点,而且解决了对于新设计或是小批量的产品具有一定灰性的问题。
提出了基于I-QFD-E方法的多级优度评价方法与基于I-QFD-E方法的可拓评价方法。当评价指标较多时,采用基于I-QFD-E方法的多级优度评价方法,利用优度值对方案进行排序。基于I-QFD-E方法的可拓综合评价方法可以对方案进行等级划分,大大简化评价过程。两种方法突出不可替代条件,缩小方案集维数,减少计算量,并且解决了矛盾问题的转化,将各个评价指标转化为一种相容的问题,将定性与定量相结合。
基于Visual C++6.0开发了基于I-QFD-E方法的方案评价软件系统,实现了对模糊理论、灰色理论和可拓理论这三种评价理论下各方案评价值的计算与方案之间的优选。
Quality function deployment, a kind of product developing method driven by customers, transfers customer requirement to product characteristic, part characteristic, technics characteristic and quality and production plan. Thus, the product can truly satisfy the customer requirements.
Aiming at the trait of customer satisfaction theory and actual requirement, the dissertation researched the key evaluation techniques of the schemes of electromechanical product oriented to customer satisfaction based on the fruit of quality function deployment and related product scheme evaluation theories. An electromechanical product evaluation model and method based on improved QFD and entropy theory (I-QFD-E) was brought forward. The main content is as following:
The concept of product quality oriented to customer satisfaction was extended to the whole cycle of the product. Compared with the traditional product quality, modern product quality requires to meet the customer requirement around the whole life cycle. The dissertation extended the product quality from two aspects:product quality was extended to the technical performance, economical performance and social influence from transverse aspect while from the lengthways aspect the product quality was extended to the whole life cycle, that is, from market investigation to product reclaim to consider the factors of product quality.
Traditional QFD framework was improved. According to the basic principle of QFD, the improve framework extended QFD to the phases of distribution and reclaim. Therefore, customer requirement was extended to the whole life cycle, which fulfilled the waterfall decomposing of product life cycle oriented to customer requirement.
Traditional house of quality adopts the discrete scales to value customer requirement and related design requirement. In this way, not only the precision is very low but the structure of traditional house of quality limited the use of multi-attribute evaluation method. An attribute weight confirming method, I-QFD-E, had been researched. This method had been brought forward to value the weight of design requirement. First, AHP was adopted in the QFD model to acquire the first weight. Then the entropy theory was adopted to get the revised weight. In this way, the result avoids the disadvantage of AHP of over-subjective. Meanwhile, the new method offsets the disadvantage of entropy theory of absolute impersonal without the support of experts. The results optimized the weight of each factor and truly reflected the customer requirement.
The product scheme evaluation model was established based on I-QFD-E. According to the variety of attributes, fuzzy evaluation theory, grey evaluation theory and extension evaluation theory based on I-QFD-E had been researched. Finally, these three kinds evaluation theories including six evaluation methods had been testified by a case.
A fuzzy evaluation method based on I-QFD-E and an evaluation method based on I-QFD-E and Euclid norm which have solved the subjective problem during the judging procedures and the aim of transferring the qualitative attributes to quantitative attributes had been achieved. The fuzzy evaluation method based on I-QFD-E has great applicability aiming at the problem with many levels while the evaluation method based on I-QFD-E and Euclid norm transfers the multi-object problem to single objective problem.
A grey relation projection evaluation model base on I-QFD-E improved the traditional grey method by ameliorating the identification coefficient. The new model first established the relation among the optimal sequence and actual schemes using the limited information. Then the grey relation projection was integrated in the evaluation model. Therefore not only the distance similar degree was considered but the direction among sequences was resolved. The fuzzy grey comprehensive evaluation mode based on I-QFD-E was established. The new model solved the problem of the fuzzy input and grey characteristic in small-batch.
The multilevel priority degree evaluation method based on I-QFD-E and the extension evaluation method based on I-QFD-E had been established. The multi-level priority degree evaluation method based on I-QFD-E can deal with the scheme with a good deal of guidelines and achieved the sequence by priority degree. The extension evaluation method based on I-QFD-E can partition the scheme rank, thus the evaluation procedures have been predigested. Both of the methods give prominence to irreplaceable condition, reduce the dimension of scheme and calculation quantity and transfer the incompatible problem to consistent problem. Both of the methods combine the qualitative guidelines with quantitative guidelines.
The evaluation software system had been developed by using Visual C++6.0. Each functional module calculates the scheme value and sequences the schemes under fuzzy theory, grey theory and extension theory.
本文在分析了国内外有关质量功能配置理论和产品方案评价理论及相关技术的研究成果基础上,针对面向顾客满意理论的特点及实际需要,对面向顾客满意的机电产品设计方案的评价关键技术进行了系统深入的研究,提出了基于改进的质量功能配置与熵理论(I-QFD-E)的机电产品评价模型与方法,全文的主要内容如下：
将面向顾客满意的产品质量概念拓展到产品的全生命周期。现代产品质量要求在产品的整个生命周期内全面满足顾客的需求,而传统观点对质量的看法仅仅局限于产品最终质量。本文将现有的产品质量概念予以扩展,从横向上将产品的质量扩展到产品的技术性能、经济性和社会影响等方面；从纵向上将产品的质量扩展到产品的整个生命周期,即从市场调研直到产品回收来考虑影响产品质量的因素。
改进了传统的质量功能配置框架。根据质量功能配置的基本原理,在传统结构(将用户需求展开为技术要求、零件特征、工艺特征、生产计划)的基础上,将框架拓展到流通销售和产品的使用、回收阶段,将用户需求拓展到产品的全生命周期,实现面向顾客满意的产品全生命周期的瀑布式分解。
由于传统的质量屋采用离散型标度对顾客要求及相应的设计要求进行打分得到的权重值的精度很低,同时传统质量屋的结构限制了多属性评价方法的应用,本文研究了一种I-QFD-E的属性权重确定方法。该方法将改进的质量功能配置方法与熵权理论相结合对产品的设计要求进行赋权。首先将AHP应用于改进的质量功能配置模型中,获得先验性的属性权重值,再应用熵理论获得校验权重值,两种权值相结合所得到的结果既避免了AHP方法主观性过强的缺陷,同时也弥补了熵权理论完全客观性而没有专家经验支持的弊端,主客观相结合得到的结果优化了各因素的权重,真实准确地反映了顾客的需求。
建立了基于I-QFD-E方法的产品方案评价模型。鉴于产品方案属性的多样性,研究了基于I-QFD-E方法的模糊评价理论、灰色评价理论和可拓评价理论。最后用实例验证了本文提出的三种评价理论下的六种评价方法。
针对QFD判断过程的主观性的问题,本文给出了基于I-QFD-E方法的模糊评价方法以及基于I-QFD-E和欧氏范数的模糊评价方法,从而达到将定性属性定量化的目的。基于I-QFD-E方法的模糊评价对影响因素层次性强的问题具有极好的适用性。基于I-QFD-E和欧氏范数的模糊评价方法通过引入欧氏范数将多目标评价问题转化为单目标评价问题。
为了能够充分利用已有信息做出决策,本文利用有限的信息将实际方案构成的序列与最优的参考序列建立关联,对传统的灰关联分析方法中的分辨系数进行了改进,建立了基于I-QFD-E方法的灰色关联投影评价模型。该方法将灰色关联投影集成于评价模型之中,不仅考虑了比较序列与理想参考序列的距离相似程度,而且解决了序列之间方向的一致性问题。本文建立的I-QFD-E-F-G综合评价模型不仅解决了输入时的模糊化和语言化的特点,而且解决了对于新设计或是小批量的产品具有一定灰性的问题。
提出了基于I-QFD-E方法的多级优度评价方法与基于I-QFD-E方法的可拓评价方法。当评价指标较多时,采用基于I-QFD-E方法的多级优度评价方法,利用优度值对方案进行排序。基于I-QFD-E方法的可拓综合评价方法可以对方案进行等级划分,大大简化评价过程。两种方法突出不可替代条件,缩小方案集维数,减少计算量,并且解决了矛盾问题的转化,将各个评价指标转化为一种相容的问题,将定性与定量相结合。
基于Visual C++6.0开发了基于I-QFD-E方法的方案评价软件系统,实现了对模糊理论、灰色理论和可拓理论这三种评价理论下各方案评价值的计算与方案之间的优选。
Quality function deployment, a kind of product developing method driven by customers, transfers customer requirement to product characteristic, part characteristic, technics characteristic and quality and production plan. Thus, the product can truly satisfy the customer requirements.
Aiming at the trait of customer satisfaction theory and actual requirement, the dissertation researched the key evaluation techniques of the schemes of electromechanical product oriented to customer satisfaction based on the fruit of quality function deployment and related product scheme evaluation theories. An electromechanical product evaluation model and method based on improved QFD and entropy theory (I-QFD-E) was brought forward. The main content is as following:
The concept of product quality oriented to customer satisfaction was extended to the whole cycle of the product. Compared with the traditional product quality, modern product quality requires to meet the customer requirement around the whole life cycle. The dissertation extended the product quality from two aspects:product quality was extended to the technical performance, economical performance and social influence from transverse aspect while from the lengthways aspect the product quality was extended to the whole life cycle, that is, from market investigation to product reclaim to consider the factors of product quality.
Traditional QFD framework was improved. According to the basic principle of QFD, the improve framework extended QFD to the phases of distribution and reclaim. Therefore, customer requirement was extended to the whole life cycle, which fulfilled the waterfall decomposing of product life cycle oriented to customer requirement.
Traditional house of quality adopts the discrete scales to value customer requirement and related design requirement. In this way, not only the precision is very low but the structure of traditional house of quality limited the use of multi-attribute evaluation method. An attribute weight confirming method, I-QFD-E, had been researched. This method had been brought forward to value the weight of design requirement. First, AHP was adopted in the QFD model to acquire the first weight. Then the entropy theory was adopted to get the revised weight. In this way, the result avoids the disadvantage of AHP of over-subjective. Meanwhile, the new method offsets the disadvantage of entropy theory of absolute impersonal without the support of experts. The results optimized the weight of each factor and truly reflected the customer requirement.
The product scheme evaluation model was established based on I-QFD-E. According to the variety of attributes, fuzzy evaluation theory, grey evaluation theory and extension evaluation theory based on I-QFD-E had been researched. Finally, these three kinds evaluation theories including six evaluation methods had been testified by a case.
A fuzzy evaluation method based on I-QFD-E and an evaluation method based on I-QFD-E and Euclid norm which have solved the subjective problem during the judging procedures and the aim of transferring the qualitative attributes to quantitative attributes had been achieved. The fuzzy evaluation method based on I-QFD-E has great applicability aiming at the problem with many levels while the evaluation method based on I-QFD-E and Euclid norm transfers the multi-object problem to single objective problem.
A grey relation projection evaluation model base on I-QFD-E improved the traditional grey method by ameliorating the identification coefficient. The new model first established the relation among the optimal sequence and actual schemes using the limited information. Then the grey relation projection was integrated in the evaluation model. Therefore not only the distance similar degree was considered but the direction among sequences was resolved. The fuzzy grey comprehensive evaluation mode based on I-QFD-E was established. The new model solved the problem of the fuzzy input and grey characteristic in small-batch.
The multilevel priority degree evaluation method based on I-QFD-E and the extension evaluation method based on I-QFD-E had been established. The multi-level priority degree evaluation method based on I-QFD-E can deal with the scheme with a good deal of guidelines and achieved the sequence by priority degree. The extension evaluation method based on I-QFD-E can partition the scheme rank, thus the evaluation procedures have been predigested. Both of the methods give prominence to irreplaceable condition, reduce the dimension of scheme and calculation quantity and transfer the incompatible problem to consistent problem. Both of the methods combine the qualitative guidelines with quantitative guidelines.
The evaluation software system had been developed by using Visual C++6.0. Each functional module calculates the scheme value and sequences the schemes under fuzzy theory, grey theory and extension theory.
引文
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