大庆市水资源可持续利用研究
|
摘要
水资源问题是我国实现新世纪发展战略的重要制约因素。无论从人口及经济增长,还是从城市发展和粮食安全的需要看,都需要水资源提供重要支撑和保障。特别是当前我国普遍存在的干旱缺水、洪涝灾害和水环境恶化三大水问题,对国民经济和社会发展具有全局性影响。水资源科学研究己成为国际学术界与各国政府乃至公众关注的热点与焦点。为此需要进一步加强水资源可持续利用的战略研究,通过研究水资源供需平衡关系及承载力状况,有效管理水资源,达到水资源可持续利用,保障和促进经济社会的可持续发展。
研究区大庆市是我国目前最大的油气生产基地,由萨尔图、杏树岗等48个油气田组成,含油面积6000多平方公里。自1960年开发建设以来,大庆油田创造了中国石油工业的“三个第一”。大庆市水资源相对短缺,且供需矛盾突出,水环境质量不容乐观。原生劣质地下水面积大,次生水污染现象明显,水质状况不佳。大庆市正面临资源枯竭型城市向经济发达城市转型,对水的需求更加迫切。因此,在分析预测大庆市水资源供需平衡的基础上,深入研究该地区水资源承载力和优化配置问题对提高水资源可持续承载能力,实现生态资源可持续利用显得尤为重要。同时,对推动油田可持续发展及建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会具有重要意义,也为大庆石油的高产稳产提供有力的保障。
本文对于大庆市水资源开发利用状况进行系统分析研究,主要研究内容及成果如下:
(1)结合相关调研资料,对大庆市水资源开发利用情况进行分析,大庆市地表水资源年内具有明显的丰、枯交替变化的特点,降水、径流年内分配不均。水资源利用主体是靠外引嫩江水形成的客水资源。地下水经过多年的开采,已形成东西两大地下水降落漏斗。农业灌溉用水灌溉定额高,灌溉水利用系数低;工业、生活用水用水量逐年增加,且浪费情况严重。
(2)根据大庆市社会经济发展格局预测和可持续发展下的水资源需求两个方面预测未来十年大庆主要需水量,分别利用趋势外延法、重复利用率提高法、定额法对工业、农业、生活以及生态环境的用水需求进行计算分析。经计算,2008、2015、2020年大庆市各区县生活、工业、农业、生态总需水量分别为13.4亿m~3、15.92亿m~3、18.21亿m~3。经“三引”及四大需水工程通过水资源分配、工程建设和管理调度,大庆市可供水量为32.76亿m~3,其中地表水可供水量为22.7亿m~3,地下水可供水量为10.06亿m~3,可以满足大庆市满足国民经济发展及城市建设的用水需求。
(3)采用层次分析法,分别利用宏观指标计算模型、单项指标计算模型、综合指标计算模型对大庆市2008年水资源承载力进行评价,对2015年和2020年大庆市水资源承载力进行预测。经计算,2008年大庆市承载力指数平均为0.718,协调指数为0.693,大庆市水资源承载能力整体上已经超出了参考评价区域的承载能力,开发利用潜力相对较低,同时开发利用不合理,结果造成协调状况较差。根据大庆市水资源状况、经济发展规划,对按水资源承载力计算评价指标体系进行调整、由预测结果得出: 2015年、2020年由于采用了综合节水措施,提高了水资源的利用效率,全市各区县均是水资源均是可承载的。
The issue of water resources is an important constraint to the China’s development strategy in the new century. In terms of the growth of the population and economic, are all need to be provided the important support and guarantee by water resources. China in particular, the three major water issues of current widespread are drought, flooding and degradation of water environment, have a overall impact to the development of national economic and society. The scientific research on water resource has become hotspot and focus of international academic, governments and the public. So it is need to further strengthen the sustainable use of water resources in strategic research , through research the balance between supply and demand and capacity conditions of water resources, manage water resources effectively, reach the sustainable utilization, protect and promote the sustainable development of the economic society,
Study area, Daqing City is China's largest oil and gas production base now, 48 oil and gas fields are composed of Saertu and Xingshugang etc., oil-bearing area is of over 6000 square kilometers. Since the development and construction in 1960, Daqing oilfield has created the "Three First " in China's oil industry. Relative shortage of water resources in Daqing City, and have the obvious contradiction between supply and demand, water quality is not optimistic. Large area of native low-quality groundwater, secondary water pollution phenomenon is obvious, and poor water quality. Daqing City is facing a transition that resource-exhausted city to the economically developed city, and have more urgent demand for water. Therefore , Daqing City is on the basis of analysis and forecast supply and demand balance of water, depth study on the carrying capacity of water resources and optimization problem to improve the sustainable carrying capacity of water resources, to achieve sustainable use of ecological resources is particularly important .At the same time,it is of great significance to promot the field to have a sustainable development and building a resource-and environment-friendly society, and it also provide effective protection on high and stable oil production in Daqing.
This paper for the utilization of water resources development in Daqing City will have a systematic analysis, and main contents and results are as follows:
(1)With relevant research data, water resources development in Daqing City, analysis of the situation, Daqing has obvious characteristics of surface water resources during the year, such as the alternate Changes in the amount of water, uneven distribution of rainfall during the year. Outside water use subject is introduced by the formation of water off water Nen. After years of exploitation of groundwater has been formed in two groundwater cone of depression. High agriculture irrigation quota, Low utilization coefficient of irrigation water, Industrial and domestic water consumption increased year by year.
( 2 ) Projections Water demand over the next decade according to the Pattern of socio-economic development forecast and Sustainable Development of Daqing city. Use the Trend epitaxial and recycling rate increased law to Calculate the demand of Industry, agriculture, life and ecological water. Total water demand of 2008、2015、2020 were 13.4×10~8m~3、15.92×10~8m~3、18.21×10~8m~3. Availability of water in Daqing City is 32.67×10~8m~3 by distribution of water resources engineering. Availability of water, surface water was 22.7×10~8m~3, underground water was 10.06×10~8m~3. Meet the economic development of Daqing and the water needs of urban construction.
(3)Use the AHP to evaluate the Water Capacity of Daqing city. After calculation the Capacity Index of Daqing city was 0.718,the Coordination index was 0.693. The overall carrying capacity of water resources has exceeded the carrying capacity of reference region, potential for development and utilization is relatively low, the exploitation Unreasonable at the same time. According to the Water resources, economic development planning, adjust the Carrying Capacity Evaluation of water resources, we could see from the result, because the using of Integrated water-saving measures, Water use efficiency was improved, The water capacity of city's districts and counties are available.
研究区大庆市是我国目前最大的油气生产基地,由萨尔图、杏树岗等48个油气田组成,含油面积6000多平方公里。自1960年开发建设以来,大庆油田创造了中国石油工业的“三个第一”。大庆市水资源相对短缺,且供需矛盾突出,水环境质量不容乐观。原生劣质地下水面积大,次生水污染现象明显,水质状况不佳。大庆市正面临资源枯竭型城市向经济发达城市转型,对水的需求更加迫切。因此,在分析预测大庆市水资源供需平衡的基础上,深入研究该地区水资源承载力和优化配置问题对提高水资源可持续承载能力,实现生态资源可持续利用显得尤为重要。同时,对推动油田可持续发展及建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会具有重要意义,也为大庆石油的高产稳产提供有力的保障。
本文对于大庆市水资源开发利用状况进行系统分析研究,主要研究内容及成果如下:
(1)结合相关调研资料,对大庆市水资源开发利用情况进行分析,大庆市地表水资源年内具有明显的丰、枯交替变化的特点,降水、径流年内分配不均。水资源利用主体是靠外引嫩江水形成的客水资源。地下水经过多年的开采,已形成东西两大地下水降落漏斗。农业灌溉用水灌溉定额高,灌溉水利用系数低;工业、生活用水用水量逐年增加,且浪费情况严重。
(2)根据大庆市社会经济发展格局预测和可持续发展下的水资源需求两个方面预测未来十年大庆主要需水量,分别利用趋势外延法、重复利用率提高法、定额法对工业、农业、生活以及生态环境的用水需求进行计算分析。经计算,2008、2015、2020年大庆市各区县生活、工业、农业、生态总需水量分别为13.4亿m~3、15.92亿m~3、18.21亿m~3。经“三引”及四大需水工程通过水资源分配、工程建设和管理调度,大庆市可供水量为32.76亿m~3,其中地表水可供水量为22.7亿m~3,地下水可供水量为10.06亿m~3,可以满足大庆市满足国民经济发展及城市建设的用水需求。
(3)采用层次分析法,分别利用宏观指标计算模型、单项指标计算模型、综合指标计算模型对大庆市2008年水资源承载力进行评价,对2015年和2020年大庆市水资源承载力进行预测。经计算,2008年大庆市承载力指数平均为0.718,协调指数为0.693,大庆市水资源承载能力整体上已经超出了参考评价区域的承载能力,开发利用潜力相对较低,同时开发利用不合理,结果造成协调状况较差。根据大庆市水资源状况、经济发展规划,对按水资源承载力计算评价指标体系进行调整、由预测结果得出: 2015年、2020年由于采用了综合节水措施,提高了水资源的利用效率,全市各区县均是水资源均是可承载的。
The issue of water resources is an important constraint to the China’s development strategy in the new century. In terms of the growth of the population and economic, are all need to be provided the important support and guarantee by water resources. China in particular, the three major water issues of current widespread are drought, flooding and degradation of water environment, have a overall impact to the development of national economic and society. The scientific research on water resource has become hotspot and focus of international academic, governments and the public. So it is need to further strengthen the sustainable use of water resources in strategic research , through research the balance between supply and demand and capacity conditions of water resources, manage water resources effectively, reach the sustainable utilization, protect and promote the sustainable development of the economic society,
Study area, Daqing City is China's largest oil and gas production base now, 48 oil and gas fields are composed of Saertu and Xingshugang etc., oil-bearing area is of over 6000 square kilometers. Since the development and construction in 1960, Daqing oilfield has created the "Three First " in China's oil industry. Relative shortage of water resources in Daqing City, and have the obvious contradiction between supply and demand, water quality is not optimistic. Large area of native low-quality groundwater, secondary water pollution phenomenon is obvious, and poor water quality. Daqing City is facing a transition that resource-exhausted city to the economically developed city, and have more urgent demand for water. Therefore , Daqing City is on the basis of analysis and forecast supply and demand balance of water, depth study on the carrying capacity of water resources and optimization problem to improve the sustainable carrying capacity of water resources, to achieve sustainable use of ecological resources is particularly important .At the same time,it is of great significance to promot the field to have a sustainable development and building a resource-and environment-friendly society, and it also provide effective protection on high and stable oil production in Daqing.
This paper for the utilization of water resources development in Daqing City will have a systematic analysis, and main contents and results are as follows:
(1)With relevant research data, water resources development in Daqing City, analysis of the situation, Daqing has obvious characteristics of surface water resources during the year, such as the alternate Changes in the amount of water, uneven distribution of rainfall during the year. Outside water use subject is introduced by the formation of water off water Nen. After years of exploitation of groundwater has been formed in two groundwater cone of depression. High agriculture irrigation quota, Low utilization coefficient of irrigation water, Industrial and domestic water consumption increased year by year.
( 2 ) Projections Water demand over the next decade according to the Pattern of socio-economic development forecast and Sustainable Development of Daqing city. Use the Trend epitaxial and recycling rate increased law to Calculate the demand of Industry, agriculture, life and ecological water. Total water demand of 2008、2015、2020 were 13.4×10~8m~3、15.92×10~8m~3、18.21×10~8m~3. Availability of water in Daqing City is 32.67×10~8m~3 by distribution of water resources engineering. Availability of water, surface water was 22.7×10~8m~3, underground water was 10.06×10~8m~3. Meet the economic development of Daqing and the water needs of urban construction.
(3)Use the AHP to evaluate the Water Capacity of Daqing city. After calculation the Capacity Index of Daqing city was 0.718,the Coordination index was 0.693. The overall carrying capacity of water resources has exceeded the carrying capacity of reference region, potential for development and utilization is relatively low, the exploitation Unreasonable at the same time. According to the Water resources, economic development planning, adjust the Carrying Capacity Evaluation of water resources, we could see from the result, because the using of Integrated water-saving measures, Water use efficiency was improved, The water capacity of city's districts and counties are available.
引文
陈家琦. 1995.可持续的水资源开发与利用.自然资源学报.(3)
陈守煜. 2001.区域水资源可持续利用评价理论模型与方法.中国工程科学. 3(2): 33-38
陈守煜,胡吉敏.2006.可变模糊评价法及在水资源承载能力评价中的应用.水利学报. 37(3): 264- 272
陈洋波,陈俊合,李长兴等. 2004 .基于DPSIR模型的深圳市水资源承载能力评价指标体系.水利学报. (7): 98-103
陈洋波,李长兴,冯智瑶等. 2004.深圳市水资源承载能力模糊综合评价.水力发电.30(3) : 10-14
冯宝平,张展羽. 2004 .区域水资源合理配置研究.中国农村水利水电.(4)
冯尚友,刘国全. 1997 .水资源持续利用的框架.水科学进展.8(4): 301-307
付强. 2006.数据处理方法及其农业应用.北京:科学出版社
付强,梁川. 2002.节水灌溉系统建模与优化技术.成都:四川科学技术出版社
付强,姜秋香,焦立国等. 2010.黑龙江省半干旱区水土资源可持续利用研究.北京:中国水利水电出版社
傅湘,纪昌明. 1999.区域水资源承载能力综合评价——主成分分析法的应用.长江流域资源与环境. 8(2): 168-173
惠泱河,蒋晓辉,黄强等. 2001.二元模式下水资源承载力系统动态仿真模型研究.地理研究.20 (2) : 191-198
李发东,李隆海,张秋英等. 2001 .我国农业水资源可持续利用面临的问题与对策.节水灌溉.(4)
莫辉. 2004.关于深圳市水资源可持续利用问题初探.中国农村水利水电.(8)
丘德明. 2003.合理开发利用水资源实现可持续发展.节水灌溉.(1)
宋松柏. 2003 .区域水资源可持续利用指标体系及评价方法研究.西北农林科技大学博士学位论文
宋松柏,蔡焕杰,徐良芳. 2003.水资源可持续利用指标体系及评价方法研究.水科学进展. 14 (5): 648-652
王浩,陈敏建,何希吾等.2004.西北地区水资源合理配置与承载能力研究.中国水利.(22): 43-45
王林生. 2003.河南省旱农区水资源存在的问题及调控途径.节水灌溉.(1)
王研,何士华,2004.多目标层次分析法评价区域水资源可持续利用.云南水力发电.20(1): 5-8
夏军,朱一中. 2002.水资源安全的度量:水资源承载力的研究与挑战.自然资源学报. 17(3): 262-269
许有鹏. 1993.干旱区水资源承载能力综合评价研究:以新疆和田河流域为例.自然资源学报.8(3): 229-237
薛小杰,惠泱河,黄强等. 2000 .城市水资源承载力及其实证研究.西北农业大学学报.28(6) : 135-139
杨伟红,郭茂. 2003 .开封市水资源保护与污染防治研究.中国农村水利水电.(6)
阮本青,沈晋. 1998.区域水资源适度承载能力计算模型研究.水土保持学报.4(3): 57-61
张俊栋,赵云峰,张彩霞等. 2009.唐山市水资源保障能力评价.工业安全与环保. 35 (2): 14-17
张鑫,王纪科,蔡焕杰. 2001.区域地下水资源承载力综合评价研究.水土保持通报. 21(3): 24-27
赵建世,王忠静,秦韬等. 2008 .海河流域水资源承载能力演变分析.水利学报.39(6) : 647-651
赵志贡,荣晓明,马绍君. 2005.开封市水资源供需分析及可持续利用策略.中国农村水利水电. (1)
郑永杰. 2005.山东海河流域区水资源供需平衡对策.海河水利.(3)
朱一中,夏军,谈戈. 2002.关于水资源承载力理论与方法的研究.地理科学进展. 21(2): 180-188
朱一中,夏军,谈戈. 2003.西北地区水资源承载力分析预测与评价.资源科学.25(4):43-48
CHAPAGAIN A K,HOEKSTRA A Y,SAVENIJE H HG,et al. 2006. The water footprint of cotton consumption: Anassessment of the impact of worldwide consumption of cotton products on the water resources in the cotton producing countries. Ecological Economics .60(1):186-203
ELENA G C,ESTHER V. 2010. From water to energy: Thevirtual water content and water footprint of biofuel consumption in Spain. Energy Policy.38 (3):1345-1352
FENG Lihua,ZHANG Xingcai,LUO Gaoyuan. 2008 .Application of system dynamics in analyzing the carrying capacity of water resources in Yiwu City,China. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation.79(3):269-278
GERBENS LEENES P W,HOEKSTRA A Y,Van DerMEER T. 2009. The water footprint of energy from biomass: Aquantitative assessment and consequences of an increasing share of energy in energy supply. Ecological Economics .68(4):1052-1060
HOEKSTRA A Y. 2009 .Human appropriation of natural capital: A comparison of ecological footprint and water footprint analysis. Ecological Economics. 68(7):1963 -1974.
HOEKSTRA A Y,CHAPAGAIN A K. 2007. The water footprints of Morocco and the Netherlands: Global water useas a result of domestic consumption of agricultural commodities. Ecological Economics .64(1):143-151
HUBACEK K,GUAN Dabo,BARRETT J,et al. 2009. Environmental implications of urbanization and lifestylechange in China: Ecological and water footprints.Journal of Cleaner Production.17: 1241-1248
JENERETTE G D,MARUSSICH W A,NEWELL J P. 2006. Linking ecological footprints with ecosystem valuation in the provisioning of urban freshwater. Ecological Economics .59(1):38-47
JENERETTE G D,WU Wanli,GOLDSMITH S,et al. 2006. Contrasting water footprints of cities in China and the United States. Ecological Economics .57(3):346-358
TAN R R,FOOD C Y,AVISO K B,et al. 2009. The use of graphical pinch analysis for visualizing water footprint constraints in biofuel production. Applied Energy.86: 605-609
VENETOULIS J. 2001. Accessing ecological impact of a university the ecological footprint for the university of Redlands. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education .2(2):180-196
XIA Y Q,SHAO M A. 2008 .Soil water carrying capacity for vegetation: A hydrologic and biogeochemical process model solution. Ecological Modelling .214(2-4):112-124
YU Yang,HUBACEK K,FENG Kuishuang,et al. 2010. Assessing regional and global water footprints for the UK.Ecological Economics. 69(5):1140-1147
陈守煜. 2001.区域水资源可持续利用评价理论模型与方法.中国工程科学. 3(2): 33-38
陈守煜,胡吉敏.2006.可变模糊评价法及在水资源承载能力评价中的应用.水利学报. 37(3): 264- 272
陈洋波,陈俊合,李长兴等. 2004 .基于DPSIR模型的深圳市水资源承载能力评价指标体系.水利学报. (7): 98-103
陈洋波,李长兴,冯智瑶等. 2004.深圳市水资源承载能力模糊综合评价.水力发电.30(3) : 10-14
冯宝平,张展羽. 2004 .区域水资源合理配置研究.中国农村水利水电.(4)
冯尚友,刘国全. 1997 .水资源持续利用的框架.水科学进展.8(4): 301-307
付强. 2006.数据处理方法及其农业应用.北京:科学出版社
付强,梁川. 2002.节水灌溉系统建模与优化技术.成都:四川科学技术出版社
付强,姜秋香,焦立国等. 2010.黑龙江省半干旱区水土资源可持续利用研究.北京:中国水利水电出版社
傅湘,纪昌明. 1999.区域水资源承载能力综合评价——主成分分析法的应用.长江流域资源与环境. 8(2): 168-173
惠泱河,蒋晓辉,黄强等. 2001.二元模式下水资源承载力系统动态仿真模型研究.地理研究.20 (2) : 191-198
李发东,李隆海,张秋英等. 2001 .我国农业水资源可持续利用面临的问题与对策.节水灌溉.(4)
莫辉. 2004.关于深圳市水资源可持续利用问题初探.中国农村水利水电.(8)
丘德明. 2003.合理开发利用水资源实现可持续发展.节水灌溉.(1)
宋松柏. 2003 .区域水资源可持续利用指标体系及评价方法研究.西北农林科技大学博士学位论文
宋松柏,蔡焕杰,徐良芳. 2003.水资源可持续利用指标体系及评价方法研究.水科学进展. 14 (5): 648-652
王浩,陈敏建,何希吾等.2004.西北地区水资源合理配置与承载能力研究.中国水利.(22): 43-45
王林生. 2003.河南省旱农区水资源存在的问题及调控途径.节水灌溉.(1)
王研,何士华,2004.多目标层次分析法评价区域水资源可持续利用.云南水力发电.20(1): 5-8
夏军,朱一中. 2002.水资源安全的度量:水资源承载力的研究与挑战.自然资源学报. 17(3): 262-269
许有鹏. 1993.干旱区水资源承载能力综合评价研究:以新疆和田河流域为例.自然资源学报.8(3): 229-237
薛小杰,惠泱河,黄强等. 2000 .城市水资源承载力及其实证研究.西北农业大学学报.28(6) : 135-139
杨伟红,郭茂. 2003 .开封市水资源保护与污染防治研究.中国农村水利水电.(6)
阮本青,沈晋. 1998.区域水资源适度承载能力计算模型研究.水土保持学报.4(3): 57-61
张俊栋,赵云峰,张彩霞等. 2009.唐山市水资源保障能力评价.工业安全与环保. 35 (2): 14-17
张鑫,王纪科,蔡焕杰. 2001.区域地下水资源承载力综合评价研究.水土保持通报. 21(3): 24-27
赵建世,王忠静,秦韬等. 2008 .海河流域水资源承载能力演变分析.水利学报.39(6) : 647-651
赵志贡,荣晓明,马绍君. 2005.开封市水资源供需分析及可持续利用策略.中国农村水利水电. (1)
郑永杰. 2005.山东海河流域区水资源供需平衡对策.海河水利.(3)
朱一中,夏军,谈戈. 2002.关于水资源承载力理论与方法的研究.地理科学进展. 21(2): 180-188
朱一中,夏军,谈戈. 2003.西北地区水资源承载力分析预测与评价.资源科学.25(4):43-48
CHAPAGAIN A K,HOEKSTRA A Y,SAVENIJE H HG,et al. 2006. The water footprint of cotton consumption: Anassessment of the impact of worldwide consumption of cotton products on the water resources in the cotton producing countries. Ecological Economics .60(1):186-203
ELENA G C,ESTHER V. 2010. From water to energy: Thevirtual water content and water footprint of biofuel consumption in Spain. Energy Policy.38 (3):1345-1352
FENG Lihua,ZHANG Xingcai,LUO Gaoyuan. 2008 .Application of system dynamics in analyzing the carrying capacity of water resources in Yiwu City,China. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation.79(3):269-278
GERBENS LEENES P W,HOEKSTRA A Y,Van DerMEER T. 2009. The water footprint of energy from biomass: Aquantitative assessment and consequences of an increasing share of energy in energy supply. Ecological Economics .68(4):1052-1060
HOEKSTRA A Y. 2009 .Human appropriation of natural capital: A comparison of ecological footprint and water footprint analysis. Ecological Economics. 68(7):1963 -1974.
HOEKSTRA A Y,CHAPAGAIN A K. 2007. The water footprints of Morocco and the Netherlands: Global water useas a result of domestic consumption of agricultural commodities. Ecological Economics .64(1):143-151
HUBACEK K,GUAN Dabo,BARRETT J,et al. 2009. Environmental implications of urbanization and lifestylechange in China: Ecological and water footprints.Journal of Cleaner Production.17: 1241-1248
JENERETTE G D,MARUSSICH W A,NEWELL J P. 2006. Linking ecological footprints with ecosystem valuation in the provisioning of urban freshwater. Ecological Economics .59(1):38-47
JENERETTE G D,WU Wanli,GOLDSMITH S,et al. 2006. Contrasting water footprints of cities in China and the United States. Ecological Economics .57(3):346-358
TAN R R,FOOD C Y,AVISO K B,et al. 2009. The use of graphical pinch analysis for visualizing water footprint constraints in biofuel production. Applied Energy.86: 605-609
VENETOULIS J. 2001. Accessing ecological impact of a university the ecological footprint for the university of Redlands. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education .2(2):180-196
XIA Y Q,SHAO M A. 2008 .Soil water carrying capacity for vegetation: A hydrologic and biogeochemical process model solution. Ecological Modelling .214(2-4):112-124
YU Yang,HUBACEK K,FENG Kuishuang,et al. 2010. Assessing regional and global water footprints for the UK.Ecological Economics. 69(5):1140-1147